The Cape Peninsula Urban Police provided policing in and around

Cape Town Cape Town ( af, Kaapstad; , xh, iKapa) is one of South Africa's three capital cities, serving as the seat of the Parliament of South Africa. It is the legislative capital of the country, the oldest city in the country, and the second largest ...

from 1652 to 1913.

1652-1840

Fiscal's law enforcement officers (1652-1840)

Formal law enforcement began shortly after the

Dutch East India Company The United East India Company ( nl, Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie, the VOC) was a chartered company established on the 20th March 1602 by the States General of the Netherlands amalgamating existing companies into the first joint-stock ...

established its

Table Bay Table Bay (Afrikaans: ''Tafelbaai'') is a natural bay on the Atlantic Ocean overlooked by Cape Town (founded 1652 by Van Riebeeck) and is at the northern end of the Cape Peninsula, which stretches south to the Cape of Good Hope. It was named b ...

outpost in April 1652. By December that year, there had been enough problems to warrant the appointment of a ''geweldiger'' to ensure order and the security of the

Fort de Goede Hoop The Fort de Goede Hoop ('Fort of Good Hope') was the first military building to be erected in what is now Cape Town. It was built in 1652, and was in use until 1674 when it was superseded by the Castle of Good Hope. History The Fort was bu ...

. Michiel Gleve was the first ''geweldiger''.Resolution of the Council of Policy (5 December 1652). From 1653, the ''geweldiger'' reported to the Fiscal, who was the outpost's chief law officer. The outpost began to develop into a colony in 1657. As the population grew, the ''geweldiger's'' duties increased, and by the mid-1680s he was assisted by a gang of convict slaves,Resolution of the Council of Policy (14 May 1686). An additional ''geweldiger'' was later appointed, and a third in 1776.Resolution of the Council of Policy (2 January 1776). In August 1780, after complaints about the geweldiger's convict slaves being sent to arrest Whites, the Van Plettenberg administration assigned a few White law enforcement officials, called ''geregtsdienaars'' to the Fiscal's staff.Resolution of the Council of Policy (22 August 1780). From 1790, the Fiscal's men were headed by an ''onder-schout'' (later called 'under-sheriff'). Jan Hendrik Matthysen was the first appointee.Resolution of the Council of Policy (13 March 1790).

Night watch (1686-1840)

From July 1686, the burgher councillors (who were responsible for looking after the town) employed watchmen to patrol the streets at night, when the fiscal's men were off duty.Resolutions of the Council of Policy (3 July 1686 and 11 September 1686). This system was followed until 1840. As the men were equipped with wooden rattles, to raise the alarm when necessary, they were known as the ''ratelwagt'' (rattle watch). Regulations issued in 1714 defined their duties as watching out for fire, public mischief, housebreaking, theft or other offences, uproars in taverns, and unlocked doors and windows.Resolution of the Council of Policy (9 January 1714). Under British rule, the ''ratelwagt'' became known as the 'night watch'. Control of the watch passed to the new Burgher Senate in 1796. From 1817, the watchmen were divided into two groups, headed by commandants.

Burgher watch (1699-1795)

The ''ratelwagt'' were not the only ones patrolling the streets at night. From 1699, the burgher militia (citizen force) also patrolled the town. In this context, they were known as the 'burgher watch'. The militia was controlled by the krygsraad (council of war), presided over by the commander of the garrison. The burgher watch system ended when the militia was disbanded in 1795.

Landdrost's "officers of justice" (1809-28)

In March 1809, the Caledon administration appointed a ''landdrost'' to administer the district. This gave the district the status of a ''drostdy''. The landdrost's responsibilities included law and order, and he had a few police riders to patrol the district, guard prisoners, keep the peace, enforce the liquor laws and prevent smuggling.Theal, G.M. (1900). ''Records of the Cape Colony'' Vol VI p 469. From 1812, the landdrost was assisted by an under-sheriff, who supervised the law enforcement officers.

1825-1882

Police Office (1825-40)

In November 1825, the

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administration established a Police Office to oversee both the under-sheriff and his men, and the night watch. Its duties included suppressing riots and breaches of the peace, removing public nuisances, maintaining peace and decorum in public places, maintaining

port regulations, protecting property, supervising foreigners, locking up vagrants, maintaining order in markets and taverns and retail shops, and registering births and deaths and various licences.Ordinances 11 and 12 of 1825 (Cape). A police court, presided over by a commissioner (later called 'Judge of Police'), was established in May 1826 to try police cases in Cape Town. From January 1828, the court also had jurisdiction in the Cape Drostdy. The Police Office was headed by a Superintendent of Police, a post held by Baron Charles de Lorentz from 1826 to 1860. From 1834, he also presided over the police court, his title being changed to 'Judge and Superintendent of Police'.

Resident magistrates' police (1828-48)

Under the new system of courts introduced in January 1828, the ''landdrosts' ''judicial duties were transferred to resident magistrates. The Cape drostdy was divided into two magisterial districts : Cape (i.e. Cape Town) and

Simon's Town Simon's Town ( af, Simonstad), sometimes spelled Simonstown, is a town in the Western Cape, South Africa and is home to Naval Base Simon's Town, the South African Navy's largest base. It is located on the shores of False Bay, on the eastern ...

. The magistrates took over the ''landdrost's ''police riders. The southern part of the Cape district, including Simon's Town, was formed into the Wynberg magisterial district in March 1839. Simon's Town and its environs were proclaimed a separate district again in March 1848.

Town Police (1840-82)

In May 1840, the Napier administration replaced the Police Office with the Town Police, a professional police force, modeled on the London Metropolitan Police. Its functions were defined as preserving the peace, preventing crime, apprehending offenders, and enforcing the Lord's Day Observance Ordinance and the liquor licensing laws. The force was confined to the Cape Town municipal area, but could pursue fleeing offenders anywhere within the Cape district.Ordinance 2 of 1840 (Cape). The Town Police were headed by an Inspector of Police, who reported to the Judge & Superintendent. John King, recruited from the London 'Met', was the first inspector. Headquarters were at 35 Burg Street, Cape Town. The Town Police were severely tested during the 1849–50 anti-convict agitation, which saw many incidents of public violence and unrest.Hattersley, A.F. (1960). ''The First South African Detectives''. The police court was closed in 1860. After that, police cases were heard in the magistrate's court, and the Inspector of Police was under the authority of the magistrate instead of a superintendent.Abolition of Office of Judge & Superintendent of Police Act 1860.

'Rural' police forces (1848-82)

From 1848, each magisterial district in the colony had a small uniformed police force, headed by a chief constable who reported to the magistrate.Ordinance 24 of 1847 (Cape). These forces were known collectively as the "rural police". Simon's Town established its police force, under John Kinsley, in March 1848. Wynberg followed, with the appointment of Thomas Shannon as chief constable in April 1848. The Cape district police force was established under Thomas Pope in May 1848. His headquarters were at Papendorp (later

Woodstock Woodstock Music and Art Fair, commonly referred to as Woodstock, was a music festival held during August 15–18, 1969, on Max Yasgur's dairy farm in Bethel, New York, United States, southwest of the town of Woodstock. Billed as "an Aq ...

Water Police (1860-82)

The

Grey Grey (more common in British English) or gray (more common in American English) is an intermediate color between black and white. It is a neutral or achromatic color, meaning literally that it is "without color", because it can be composed o ...

administration formed the Water Police in September 1860, to prevent theft in ships and on the wharves, suppress mutinies, and protect property and maintain order in Table Bay harbour.Cape Town Water Police Act 1860 (Cape). William Scott was the first Boat Officer in charge of the Water Police. The post was upgraded to inspector in 1880.

1882-1913

Cape Police District No 1 (1882-88)

The Scanlen ministry had the Police Regulation Act passed in 1882, to enable the government to establish police forces. The Act authorised it to declare "police districts" and establish police forces for them, to preserve the peace, prevent crime and apprehend offenders.Police Regulation Act 1882 (Cape). These forces were "chiefly intended for the detection and investigation of crime and the arrest of offenders."''Cape of Good Hope Government Gazette'' 6284 (25 August 1882) : Rules and Regulations for Police Forces. They were known collectively as the ' Cape Police'. The Cape Town, Wynberg and Simon's Town districts were proclaimed as District No 1 in August 1882, and Bernard V. Shaw, formerly of the London 'Met', was appointed commissioner. He had direct control over the Town Police (which he renamed 'City Police') and the Water Police (which he renamed 'Dock & Harbour Police'). By arrangement with the Wynberg and Simon's Town magistrates, he had operational control over their police too, but they remained under the magistrates' ultimate authority. The Wynberg district police were later renamed 'Suburban Police'. By 1883, the City Police had at least one detective.Police Regulation Act 1883. Police stations were opened in Sir Lowry Road (Cape Town), Claremont and

Sea Point Sea Point (Afrikaans: ''Seepunt'') is one of Cape Town's most affluent and densely populated suburbs, situated between Signal Hill and the Atlantic Ocean, a few kilometres to the west of Cape Town's Central Business District (CBD). Moving from ...

.''Reports of the Commissioners of Police for the Year 1886''. From 1884, headquarters, the police stations and the Dock & Harbour Police were connected by telephone.''Reports of the Commissioners of Police of the Several Police Districts of the Colony'' (1884) Cape Police District No 1 was closed in 1888. The commissioner's authority was transferred to the assistant magistrate of Cape Town, who was given the title 'Chief of Police'.

City, Suburban and Simon's Town Police (1888-1901)

City Police headquarters moved from Burg Street to Wale Street, Cape Town in 1890. Several more police stations were opened in Cape Town and neighbouring villages during the 1890s, namely Constantia,

Hout Bay Hout Bay ( af, Houtbaai, meaning "Wood Bay") is a harbour town in the Western Cape province of South Africa. It is situated in a valley on the Atlantic seaboard of the Cape Peninsula, twenty kilometres south of Cape Town. The name "Hout Bay" can ...

Maitland Maitland is an English and Scottish surname. It arrived in Britain after the Norman conquest of 1066. There are two theories about its source. It is either a nickname reference to "bad temper/disposition" (Old French, ''Maltalent''; Anglo Norm ...

,''Report of the Assistant Resident Magistrate in Charge of the Cape Town, Suburban, Simon's Town and Durbanville Police Forces'' (1894)

Durbanville Durbanville is a town in the Western Cape province of South Africa, part of the greater Cape Town metropolitan area. Durbanville is a semi-rural residential suburb on the north-eastern outskirts of the metropolis and is surrounded by farms prod ...

, Kloof Street (Cape Town), Durban Road (later ' Bellville') (1895),''Report of the Chief of the Cape Town, Suburban, Simon's Town and Durbanville Police Forces'' (1895) Observatory,

Philadelphia Philadelphia, often called Philly, is the List of municipalities in Pennsylvania#Municipalities, largest city in the Commonwealth (U.S. state), Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, the List of United States cities by population, sixth-largest city i ...

, Philippi,''Report of the Chief of the Cape Town, Suburban, Simon's Town and Durbanville Police Forces'' (1897)

Kalk Bay Kalk Bay (Afrikaans: ''Kalkbaai'') is a fishing village on the coast of False Bay, South Africa and is now a suburb of greater Cape Town. It lies between the ocean and sharply rising mountainous heights that are buttressed by crags of grey Table M ...

and

Muizenberg Muizenberg ( , Dutch for "mice mountain") is a beach-side town in the Western Cape, South Africa. It is situated where the shore of the Cape Peninsula curves round to the east on the False Bay coast. It is considered to be the main surfing spo ...

.''Report of the Chief of the Cape Town, Suburban, Simon's Town and Durbanville Police Forces'' (1898). A detective department, headed by a detective sub-inspector, was established in 1894.

Cape Police District No 3 (1901-04)

The City Police, Dock & Harbour Police, Suburban Police and Simon's Town Police were combined as Cape Police District No 3 in November 1901.''The Bandolier'' (Dec 1901). Lt Col Macleod Robinson was commissioner. District No 3 was divided into A Division (Cape Town, except the docks), Green & Sea Point and Camps Bay); B Division (Docks); and C Division (the rest of the Cape district, Wynberg and Simon's Town districts). This organisation was later changed to HQ Division (Cape Town and Camps Bay); A Division (Docks and Green & Sea Point); B Division (Woodstock and Maitland); and C Division (rest of Cape district, Wynberg and Simon's Town districts). A Morals Squad was established in 1902 to deal with prostitution.Van Onselen, C. (2007). ''The Fox and the Flies''. Two more police stations were opened in Cape Town : one in Hanover Street (

District Six District Six (Afrikaans ''Distrik Ses'') is a former inner-city residential area in Cape Town, South Africa. Over 60,000 of its inhabitants were forcibly removed during the 1970s by the apartheid regime. The area of District Six is now ...

(1902) and one in Riebeeck Street (1903).

Cape Peninsula Urban Police District (1904-13)

In April 1904. the government amalgamated the mounted divisions of the Cape Police districts into a single Cape Mounted Police. It combined the Cape Peninsula and other urban police forces into the 'Urban Police District'.''Cape of Good Hope Government Gazette'' 8638 (8 April 1904) : Government Notice 365. District Inspector Robert Crawford was appointed commissioner.''Cape of Good Hope Government Gazette'' 8642 (22 April 1904) : Government Notice 408. As this fragmented district proved unsatisfactory, most of the towns concerned were transferred to the CMP, and Cape Town and Kimberley each became an UPD in its own right.''Report of the Commissioner of Urban Police'' (1904). Crawford was Commissioner of the Cape Peninsula UPD until 1913.Kilpin, E.F. (Ed) (1910). ''Cape of Good Hope Civil Service List 1910''. A fingerprint registry was established in 1904, and soon proved useful.

South African Police (1913)

The Cape Peninsula Urban Police were taken over by the new

South African Police The South African Police (SAP) was the national police force and law enforcement agency in South Africa from 1913 to 1994; it was the ''de facto'' police force in the territory of South West Africa (Namibia) from 1939 to 1981. After South Af ...

in April 1913. Since then, Cape Town and its environs have been the responsibility of the national police services.

References

{{reflist Defunct law enforcement agencies of South Africa