Cap analysis gene expression

Cap analysis gene expression (CAGE) is a gene expression technique used in molecular biology to produce a snapshot of the 5′ end of the messenger RNA population in a biological sample (the transcriptome). The small fragments (historically 27 nucleotides long, but now limited only by sequencing technologies) from the very beginnings of mRNAs (5' ends of capped transcripts) are extracted, reverse-transcribed to cDNA, PCR amplified (if needed) and sequenced. CAGE was first published by Hayashizaki, Carninci and co-workers in 2003.
CAGE has been extensively used within the FANTOM research projects.

Analysis

The output of CAGE is a set of short nucleotide sequences (often called ''tags'' in analogy to expressed sequence tags) with their observed counts. Copy numbers of CAGE tags provide a digital quantification of the RNA transcript abundances in biological samples. Using a reference genome, a researcher can usually determine, with some confidence, the original mRNA (and therefore which gene) the tag was extracted from.

Unlike a similar technique serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) in which tags come from other parts of transcripts, CAGE is primarily used to locate exact transcription start sites in the genome. This knowledge in turn allows a researcher to investigate promoter structure necessary for gene expression.

CAGE tags tend to start with an extra guanine (G) that is not encoded in the genome, which is attributed to the template-free 5′-extension during the first-strand cDNA synthesis or reverse-transcription of the cap itself. When not corrected, this can induce erroneous mapping of CAGE tags, for instance to nontranscribed pseudogenes. On the other hand, this addition of Gs was also utilised as a signal to filter more reliable TSS peaks.

History

The original CAGE method (Shiraki ''et al.'', 2003) was using CAP Trapper for capturing the 5′ ends, oligo-dT primers for synthesizing the cDNAs, the type IIs restriction enzyme MmeI for cleaving the tags, and the Sanger method for sequencing them.

Random reverse-transcription primers were introduced in 2006 by Kodzius ''et al.'' to better detect the non-polyadenylated RNAs.

In ''DeepCAGE'' (Valen ''et al.'', 2008), the tag concatemers were sequenced at a higher throughput on the 454 “''next-generation''” sequencing platform.

In 2008, barcode multiplexing was added to the DeepCAGE protocol (Maeda ''et al.'', 2008).

In ''nanoCAGE'' (Plessy ''et al.'', 2010), the 5′ ends or RNAs were captured with the template-switching method instead of CAP Trapper, in order to analyze smaller starting amounts of total RNA. Longer tags were cleaved with the type III restriction enzyme EcoP15I and directly sequenced on the Solexa (then Illumina) platform without concatenation.

The ''CAGEscan'' methodology (Plessy ''et al.'', 2010), where the enzymatic tag cleavage is skipped, and the 5′ cDNAs sequenced paired-end, was introduced in the same article to connect novel promoters to known annotations.

With ''HeliScopeCAGE'' (Kanamori-Katayama ''et al.'', 2011), the CAP-trapped CAGE protocol was changed to skip the enzymatic tag cleavage and sequence directly the capped 5′ ends on the HeliScope platform, without PCR amplification. It was then automated by Itoh ''et al.'' in 2012.

In 2012, the standard CAGE protocol was updated by Takahashi ''et al.'' to cleave tags with EcoP15I and sequence them on the Illumina-Solexa platform.

In 2013, Batut ''et al.'' combined CAP trapper, template switching, and 5′-phosphate-dependent exonuclease digestion in ''RAMPAGE'' to maximize promoter specificity.

In 2014, Murata ''et al.'' published the ''nAnTi-CAGE'' protocol, where capped 5′ ends are sequenced on the Illumina platform with no PCR amplification and no tag cleavage.

In 2017, Poulain ''et al.'' updated the ''nanoCAGE'' protocol to use the ''tagmentation'' method (based on Tn5 transposition) for multiplexing.

In 2018, Cvetesic '' et al.'' increased the sensitivity of CAP-trapped CAGE by introducing selectively degradable carrier RNA (SLIC-CAGE, "Super-Low Input Carrier-CAGE").

In 2021, Takahashi ''et al.'' simplified the sequencing of CAGE libraries on Illumina sequencers by skipping second-strand synthesis directly loading single-strand cDNAs (Low Quantity Single Strand CAGE, "LQ-ssCAGE").

See also

*Serial analysis of gene expression
* RNA-Seq
*Transcriptomics

References

External links

CAGE homepage
at the RIKEN Omics Science Center.

Protocols page
on the FANTOM5 website.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cap Analysis Gene Expression
Molecular biology
Gene expression