''Heteropoda venatoria'' is a species of
spider
Spiders (order Araneae) are air-breathing arthropods that have eight legs, chelicerae with fangs generally able to inject venom, and spinnerets that extrude silk. They are the largest order of arachnids and rank seventh in total species ...
in the family
Sparassidae, the huntsman spiders. It is native to the
tropical
The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the Equator. They are defined in latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the Northern Hemisphere at N and the Tropic of Capricorn in
the Southern Hemisphere at S. The tropics are also referred to ...
regions of the world, and it is present in some
subtropical
The subtropical zones or subtropics are geographical and climate zones to the north and south of the tropics. Geographically part of the temperate zones of both hemispheres, they cover the middle latitudes from to approximately 35° north a ...
areas as an
introduced species
An introduced species, alien species, exotic species, adventive species, immigrant species, foreign species, non-indigenous species, or non-native species is a species living outside its native distributional range, but which has arrived there ...
. Its common names include giant crab spider, or cane spider.
[Edwards, G. B]
Huntsman Spider, ''Heteropoda venatoria'' (Linnaeus) (Arachnida: Araneae: Sparassidae).
EENY-160. Entomology and Nematology. Florida Cooperative Extension Service. University of Florida IFAS. Published 2000, revised 2009.
Description
The adult has a flat, brown body 2 to 2.5 cm (0.8 to 1 inch) long, 7 to 10 cm (3 to 4 inches) wide, including the legs. The female may be slightly larger than the male, particularly in the abdomen, but the male has longer legs and larger tips on its
pedipalp
Pedipalps (commonly shortened to palps or palpi) are the second pair of appendages of chelicerates – a group of arthropods including spiders, scorpions, horseshoe crabs, and sea spiders. The pedipalps are lateral to the chelicerae ("jaws") an ...
s. The
clypeus, the area just in front of the eyes, is cream or yellowish, and the
carapace
A carapace is a dorsal (upper) section of the exoskeleton or shell in a number of animal groups, including arthropods, such as crustaceans and arachnids, as well as vertebrates, such as turtles and tortoises. In turtles and tortoises, the unde ...
behind the eyes has a wide band which is usually tan in the female and cream in the male. The body is not very hairy, but the legs have erectile
seta
In biology, setae (singular seta ; from the Latin word for "bristle") are any of a number of different bristle- or hair-like structures on living organisms.
Animal setae
Protostomes
Annelid setae are stiff bristles present on the body. ...
e, each of which is marked with a black dot.
[
]
Biology
The female produces an egg sac up to about 2.5 centimeters wide and carries it with its pedipalps under its body.[Ross, J., et al. (1982)]
The life cycle of ''Heteropoda venatoria'' (Linnaeus) (Araneae: Heteropodidae).
''Psyche'' 89, 297-306. Egg sacs are variable in size, usually containing over 100 eggs, with larger ones holding over 400. The spiderlings undergo their first molt
In biology, moulting (British English), or molting (American English), also known as sloughing, shedding, or in many invertebrates, ecdysis, is the manner in which an animal routinely casts off a part of its body (often, but not always, an outer ...
while still in the sac.[ In one small laboratory sample, the life span of the male averaged 465 days, and that of the female was 580 days.][
As part of its ]courtship
Courtship is the period wherein some couples get to know each other prior to a possible marriage. Courtship traditionally may begin after a betrothal and may conclude with the celebration of marriage. A courtship may be an informal and private m ...
behavior, the male produces a sound by vibrating its abdomen while keeping its feet firmly planted. This is faintly audible to humans as a "buzz" or "hum".
The spider is not considered dangerous, but it does deliver enough venom to give a painful bite.[
]
Prey
The spider feeds on insects, which includes various species of butterflies and moths such as '' Deilephila elpenor''. The spider captures them directly instead of spinning webs. After capturing its prey, the spider injects them with venom
Venom or zootoxin is a type of toxin produced by an animal that is actively delivered through a wound by means of a bite, sting, or similar action. The toxin is delivered through a specially evolved ''venom apparatus'', such as fangs or a st ...
. The venom of this spider contains the toxin HpTX2, a potassium channel blocker. In some tropical areas the spider is considered a useful resident of households because of its efficient consumption of pest insects. It commonly lives in houses and other structures such as barn
A barn is an agricultural building usually on farms and used for various purposes. In North America, a barn refers to structures that house livestock, including cattle and horses, as well as equipment and fodder, and often grain.Alle ...
s and shed
A shed is typically a simple, single-story roofed structure that is used for hobbies, or as a workshop in a back garden or on an allotment. Sheds vary considerably in their size and complexity of construction, from simple open-sided ones desi ...
s, especially in areas that experience cold temperatures. It is sensitive to cold and can live outdoors only in warmer climates. In Bermuda
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, where they are mostly found indoors, they are generally called ''house spiders'' (which may cause its identity to be confused with the Southern house spider
The southern house spider is a species of large spider in the family Filistatidae. Currently given the scientific name ''Kukulcania hibernalis'', it was formerly known as ''Filistata hibernalis''. Found in the Americas, it exhibits strong sexual ...
), or sometimes ''wolf spiders''.
Besides insects it has been known to prey on scorpion
Scorpions are predatory arachnids of the order Scorpiones. They have eight legs, and are easily recognized by a pair of grasping pincers and a narrow, segmented tail, often carried in a characteristic forward curve over the back and always en ...
s and bat
Bats are mammals of the order Chiroptera.''cheir'', "hand" and πτερόν''pteron'', "wing". With their forelimbs adapted as wings, they are the only mammals capable of true and sustained flight. Bats are more agile in flight than most bi ...
s.
Gallery
Heteropoda venatoria 1.jpg, Male
File:Brown Huntsman Spider (Heteropoda venatoria) (6747996233).jpg, Female
File:Brown Huntsman Spider (Heteropoda venatoria) (6747997255).jpg, Mating
Heteropoda fg02.jpg, Female with egg sac
File:A female spider, possibly a Heteropoda venatoria, with egg sac.jpg, Female with egg sac, in India.
References
{{Taxonbar, from=Q1147592
Sparassidae
Spiders of Hawaii
Spiders described in 1802
Pantropical spiders
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus