''Candidula'' is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...

of air-breathing

land snail A land snail is any of the numerous species of snail that live on land, as opposed to the sea snails and freshwater snails. ''Land snail'' is the common name for terrestrial gastropod mollusks that have shells (those without shells are known as ...

s, terrestrial

pulmonate Pulmonata or pulmonates, is an informal group (previously an order, and before that a subclass) of snails and slugs characterized by the ability to breathe air, by virtue of having a pallial lung instead of a gill, or gills. The group includ ...

gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, from freshwater, and from land. T ...

mollusk Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 85,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized. The number of fossil species is e ...

s in the family

Geomitridae Geomitridae is a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic Family (biology), family of small to medium-sized air-breathing land snails, Terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). M ...

, . MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Candidula Kobelt, 1871. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=426353 on 2020-07-25 the hairy snails and their allies. The genus is characterized by the presence of a big dart sac, a sac containing an arrow-like structure found on a land snail's reproductive organs.

Species

Species within the genus ''Candidula

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'' include:Welter Schultes F.(2009)
"Genus summary for ''Candidula''"
AnimalBase, Accessed 14 November 2014. * ''

Candidula candidescens ''Candidula'' is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Geomitridae, . MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Candidula Kobelt, 1871. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: ht ...

'' A. J. Wagner, 1928 (taxon inquirendum) * '' Candidula castriota'' Soós, 1924 * '' Candidula cavannae'' (Paulucci, 1881) * ''

Candidula codia ''Candidula codia'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Geomitridae, the hairy snails and their allies. MolluscaBase eds. (2022). MolluscaBase. Candidula codia (Bourguignat, 1860). Ac ...

'' (Bourguignat, 1859) * ''

Candidula eustricta ''Candidula'' is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Geomitridae, . MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Candidula Kobelt, 1871. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: ht ...

'' (Bourguignat, 1863) * ''

Candidula lernaea ''Candidula lernaea'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial animal, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Geomitridae, the hairy snails and their allies. MolluscaBase eds. (2022). MolluscaBase. Candidula lernaea ...

'' Hausdorf, 1991 * ''

Candidula rhabdotoides ''Candidula rhabdotoides'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Geomitridae, the hairy snails and their allies. MolluscaBase eds. (2022). MolluscaBase. Candidula rhabdotoides (A. J. Wa ...

'' (Wagner, 1928) * ''

Candidula rugosiuscula ''Candidula'' is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Geomitridae, . MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Candidula Kobelt, 1871. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: ht ...

'' (Michaud, 1831) * † ''

Candidula soosi ''Candidula'' is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Geomitridae, . MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Candidula Kobelt, 1871. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: ht ...

'' (Gaál, 1910) * ''

Candidula syrensis ''Candidula syrensis'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Geomitridae, the hairy snails and their allies. MolluscaBase eds. (2022). MolluscaBase. Candidula syrensis (L. Pfeiffer, 184 ...

'' (Pfeiffer, 1846) species-complex! (taxon inquirendum) * ''

Candidula unifasciata ''Candidula unifasciata'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Geomitridae. MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Candidula unifasciata (Poiret, 1801). Accessed through: World Regist ...

'' (Poiret, 1801) - type species * '' Candidula verticillata'' (Pfeiffer, 1871) (taxon inquirendum, generic affiliation unclear) ;Species brought into synonymy: * ''Candidula arganica'' (Servain, 1880): synonym of ''

Zarateana arganica ''Zarateana arganica'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial animal, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Geomitridae. Distribution This species is endemic to mainland List of non-marine molluscs of Spain, Sp ...

'' (Servain, 1880) (invalid combination) * ''Candidula belemensis'' (Servain, 1880): synonym of '' Xeroplexa belemensis'' (Servain, 1880) * ''Candidula camporroblensis'' (Fez, 1944): synonym of '' Backeljaia camporroblensis'' (Fez, 1944) (invalid combination) * ''Candidula corbellai'' Martínez-Ortí, 2011: synonym of '' Backeljaia corbellai'' (Martínez-Ortí, 2011) (original combination) * ''Candidula coudensis'' Holyoak & Holyoak, 2010: synonym of '' Xeroplexa coudensis'' (Holyoak & Holyoak, 2010) (original combination) * ''Candidula fiorii'' (Alzona & Alzona Bisacchi, 1938): synonym of '' Xerogyra fiorii'' (Alzona & Alzona Bisachii, 1938) (invalid combination) * ''Candidula gigaxii'' (Pfeiffer, 1847): synonym of '' Backeljaia gigaxii'' (L. Pfeiffer, 1847) (invalid combination) * ''Candidula grovesiana'' (Paulucci, 1881): synonym of '' Xerogyra grovesiana'' (Paulucii, 1881) (invalid combination) * ''Candidula intersecta'' (Poiret, 1801): synonym of ''

Xeroplexa intersecta ''Xeroplexa intersecta'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Geomitridae. MolluscaBase eds. (2022). MolluscaBase. Xeroplexa intersecta (Poiret, 1801). Accessed through: World Registe ...

'' (Poiret, 1801) (invalid combination) * ''Candidula najerensis'' (Ortiz de Zárate y López, 1950): synonym of '' Backeljaia najerensis'' (Ortiz de Zárate y López, 1950) (invalid combination) * ''Candidula olisippensis'' (Servain, 1880): synonym of '' Xeroplexa olisippensis'' (Servain, 1880) (invalid combination) * ''Candidula rocandioi'' (Ortiz de Zárate y López, 1950): synonym of '' Zarateana rocandioi'' (Ortiz de Zárate y López, 1950) (invalid combination) * ''Candidula setubalensis'' (Pfeiffer, 1850): synonym of '' Xeroplexa setubalensis'' (L. Pfeiffer, 1850) (invalid combination) * ''Candidula spadae'' (Calcara, 1845): synonym of '' Xerogyra spadae'' (Calcara, 1845) (invalid combination) * † ''Candidula striataformis'' (Lörenthey, 1906): synonym of †

Helicella striataformis ''Helicella'' is a genus of small to medium-sized, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the subfamily Helicellinae of the family Geomitridae, the hairy snails and their allies. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). Mollusca ...

(Lörenthey, 1906) * ''Candidula ultima'' (Mousson, 1872): synonym of ''

Orexana ultima ''Orexana ultima'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a Terrestrial animal, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Geomitridae, the hairy snails and their allies. Daphnella (Asperdaphne) plutonis Thiele, 1925 The species is ...

'' (Mousson, 1872) (invalid combination)

Taxonomy

Molecular phylogenetic studies revealed the

polyphyly A polyphyletic group is an assemblage of organisms or other evolving elements that is of mixed evolutionary origin. The term is often applied to groups that share similar features known as homoplasies, which are explained as a result of converg ...

of the genus being divided into at least six genera The species of ''Candidula s.l.'' should be classified as follows: * ''

Backeljaia ''Backeljaia'' is a genus of small to medium-sized, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Geomitridae Geomitridae is a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic Family (biology), family of small to medium-siz ...

'' **''Backeljaia camporroblensis'' (Fez, 1944) ** ''Backeljaia corbellai'' (Martínez-Ortí, 2011) ** ''Backeljaia gigaxii'' (Pfeiffer, 1847)

type species In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specimen ...

** ''Backeljaia najerensis'' (Ortiz de Zárate y López, 1950) *''Candidula'' * ''

Orexana ''Orexana'' is a genus of small, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Geomitridae. It is distributed along west coast of Morocco and Canary Islands. Species Species within the genus ''Orexana'' i ...

'' **''

'' (Mousson, 1872)

* '' Xerogyra'' **''Xerogyra fiorii'' (Alzona & Alzona Bisacchi, 1938) ** ''Xerogyra grovesiana'' (Paulucci, 1881) ** '' Xerogyra spadae'' (Calcara, 1845) * ''

Xeroplexa ''Xeroplexa'' is a genus of small, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the subfamily Helicellinae of the family Geomitridae, the hairy snails and their allies. MolluscaBase eds. (2022). MolluscaBase. Xeroplex ...

'' **'' Xeroplexa arrabidensis'' (Holyoak & Holyoak, 2014) ** ''Xeroplexa belemensis'' (Servain, 1880): synonym of Xeroplexa belemensis (Servain, 1880) ** '' Xeroplexa carrapateirensis'' (Holyoak & Holyoak, 2014) ** ''Xeroplexa coudensis'' (Holyoak & Holyoak, 2010) ** ''Xeroplexa intersecta'' (Poiret, 1801) ** ''Xeroplexa olisippensis'' (Servain, 1880) ** '' Xeroplexa ponsulensis'' (Holyoak & Holyoak, 2014) ** '' Xeroplexa scabiosula'' (Locard, 1899) ** '' Xeroplexa setubalensis'' (Pfeiffer, 1850)

** ''Xeroplexa strucki'' (Maltzan, 1886) * ''

Zarateana ''Zarateana'' is a genus of small, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Geomitridae, the hairy snails and their allies. MolluscaBase eds. (2022). MolluscaBase. Zarateana Chueca, Gómez-Moliner, Madeir ...

'' **''

'' (Servain, 1880)

** '' Zarateana rocandioi'' (Ortiz de Zárate y López, 1950)

References

* Bank, R. A. (2017). Classification of the Recent terrestrial Gastropoda of the World. Last update: July 16th, 2017.

External links

Monterosato, T. A. di. (1892). Molluschi terrestri delle isole adiacenti alla Sicilia. Atti della Reale Accademia di Scienze, Lettere e Belle Arti di Palermo. 3rd Series, 2: 1-34

Chueca, L. J., Gómez-Moliner, B. J., Madeira, M. J. & Pfenninger, M. (2018). Molecular phylogeny of Candidula (Geomitridae) land snails inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear markers reveals the polyphyly of the genus. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 118: 357-368
Gastropod genera {{Geomitridae-stub