''Canarium'' is a genus of about 100 species of tropical and

subtropical The subtropical zones or subtropics are geographical zone, geographical and Köppen climate classification, climate zones to the Northern Hemisphere, north and Southern Hemisphere, south of the tropics. Geographically part of the Geographical z ...

trees, in the family Burseraceae. They grow naturally across tropical Africa, south and southeast Asia, Indochina, Malesia,

Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a Sovereign state, sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous List of islands of Australia, sma ...

and western

Pacific Islands Collectively called the Pacific Islands, the islands in the Pacific Ocean are further categorized into three major island groups: Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia. Depending on the context, the term ''Pacific Islands'' may refer to one of se ...

; including from southern Nigeria east to Madagascar, Mauritius,

Sri Lanka Sri Lanka (, ; si, ශ්‍රී ලංකා, Śrī Laṅkā, translit-std=ISO (); ta, இலங்கை, Ilaṅkai, translit-std=ISO ()), formerly known as Ceylon and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an ...

and India; from Burma, Malaysia and Thailand through the

Malay Peninsula The Malay Peninsula (Malay: ''Semenanjung Tanah Melayu'') is a peninsula in Mainland Southeast Asia. The landmass runs approximately north–south, and at its terminus, it is the southernmost point of the Asian continental mainland. The area ...

and Vietnam to south

China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...

, Taiwan and the Philippines; through Borneo, Indonesia, Timor and New Guinea, through to the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu,

New Caledonia ) , anthem = "" , image_map = New Caledonia on the globe (small islands magnified) (Polynesia centered).svg , map_alt = Location of New Caledonia , map_caption = Location of New Caledonia , mapsize = 290px , subdivision_type = Sovereign st ...

Fiji Fiji ( , ,; fj, Viti, ; Fiji Hindi: फ़िजी, ''Fijī''), officially the Republic of Fiji, is an island country in Melanesia, part of Oceania in the South Pacific Ocean. It lies about north-northeast of New Zealand. Fiji consists ...

, Samoa, Tonga and Palau. ''Canarium'' species grow up to large evergreen trees of tall, and have alternately arranged, pinnate leaves. They are

dioecious Dioecy (; ; adj. dioecious , ) is a characteristic of a species, meaning that it has distinct individual organisms (unisexual) that produce male or female gametes, either directly (in animals) or indirectly (in seed plants). Dioecious reproductio ...

, with male and female flowers growing on separate trees.

Common names

The trees and their edible nuts have a large number of common names in their range. These include Pacific almond, canarium nut, pili nut, Java almond, Kenari nut, galip nut, nangai, and ngali.

Species

This species listing was sourced from ''

The Plant List The Plant List was a list of botanical names of species of plants created by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and the Missouri Botanical Garden and launched in 2010. It was intended to be a comprehensive record of all known names of plant species ...

'' data aggregation website that takes in some inaccurate data. The brief species distribution information was sourced from '' Flora Malesiana'', the ''Flora of China'' (series) and the ''Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants'' information system. Canarium resinieferum

* ''

Canarium acutifolium ''Canarium acutifolium'' is a forest tree species, of the plant family Burseraceae, growing naturally in New Guinea, the Moluccas, Sulawesi, New Britain, New Ireland, Bougainville and in lowland north-eastern Queensland, Australia. In 1917 bot ...

'' – New Guinea, Maluku, Sulawesi, New Britain, New Ireland, Bougainville, Qld Australia * ''

Canarium album ''Canarium album'' is a tree species in the genus ''Canarium'' and the family Burseraceae, found in Indo-China; the Catalogue of Life does not record any sub-species. ''Canarium album'' produces a fruit commonly called Chinese olive or white oli ...

'' Chinese white olive (橄榄) – Taiwan, S China, Vietnam * ''

Canarium apertum ''Canarium apertum'' is a tree in the family Burseraceae. The specific epithet ' is from the Latin meaning "open", referring to the basal openings between petals. Description ''Canarium apertum'' grows up to tall with a trunk diameter of up t ...

'' – Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo * ''

Canarium asperum ''Canarium asperum'' is a species of plant in the family Burseraceae. It is found in Brunei, Indonesia (Java), Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, and the Solomon Islands Solomon Islands is an island country consisting of six ma ...

'' – New Guinea, Maluku, Sulawesi, Philippines, Borneo, Java, Sumbawa, Sumba, Flores, Timor, Solomon Is., * ''

Canarium australasicum ''Canarium australasicum'', commonly named mango bark, brown cudgerie or parsnip wood, is a species of rainforest trees, of the plant family Burseraceae. They are endemic to Australia, in eastern Queensland and far northeastern New South Wales. ...

'' – Qld, NSW, Australia endemic * ''

Canarium australianum ''Canarium australianum'' is a species of trees, native to Australia and Papua New Guinea, of the plant family Burseraceae. Common names include mango bark, scrub turpentine, carrot wood, parsnip wood, Melville Island white beech and brown cudg ...

'' – New Guinea, Qld, NT, WA, Australia * '' Canarium balansae'' – New Caledonia endemic * '' Canarium balsamiferum'' – Maluku, Sulawesi * '' Canarium batjanense'' – * '' Canarium bengalense'' – India, Burma, Laos, Thailand, S China * ''

Canarium caudatum ''Canarium caudatum'' is a tree in the family Burseraceae. The specific epithet ' is from the Latin meaning "tailed", referring to the tapering of the tree's leaflet. Description ''Canarium caudatum'' grows up to tall with a trunk diameter of u ...

'' – Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo * '' Canarium cestracion'' – E New Guinea * ''

Canarium chinare ''Canarium'' is a genus of about 100 species of tropical and subtropical trees, in the family Burseraceae. They grow naturally across tropical Africa, south and southeast Asia, Indochina, Malesia, Australia and western Pacific Islands; ...

'' – Solomon Is., Admiralty Is. * '' Canarium cinereum'' – * '' Canarium copaliferum'' – * ''

Canarium decumanum ''Canarium decumanum'' is a tree in the family Burseraceae. The specific epithet In taxonomy, binomial nomenclature ("two-term naming system"), also called nomenclature ("two-name naming system") or binary nomenclature, is a formal syste ...

'' – E Borneo, Maluku, New Guinea, Sulawesi * '' Canarium denticulatum'' – Andaman Is., Burma, Sumatra, Malay Penin., Java, Borneo, Philippines * ''

Canarium dichotomum ''Canarium dichotomum'' is a tree in the family Burseraceae. The specific epithet ' is from the Latin meaning "forked", referring to the branching of the inflorescences. Description ''Canarium dichotomum'' grows up to tall with a trunk diame ...

'' – Sumatra, Borneo * ''

Canarium divergens ''Canarium divergens'' is a tree in the family Burseraceae. The specific epithet ' is from the Latin meaning "diverging", referring to the branching of the inflorescences. Description ''Canarium divergens'' grows up to tall with a trunk diamete ...

'' – Borneo * '' Canarium elegans'' — Madagascar * ''

Canarium engleri ''Canarium'' is a genus of about 100 species of tropical and subtropical trees, in the family Burseraceae. They grow naturally across tropical Africa, south and southeast Asia, Indochina, Malesia, Australia and western Pacific Islands; ...

'' – * ''

Canarium euphyllum ''Canarium'' is a genus of about 100 species of tropical and subtropical trees, in the family Burseraceae. They grow naturally across tropical Africa, south and southeast Asia, Indochina, Malesia, Australia and western Pacific Islands; ...

'' – * '' Canarium euryphyllum'' – Philippines * '' Canarium fuscocalycinum'' – Borneo * '' Canarium gracile'' – Philippines * '' Canarium grandifolium'' – Malay Peninsula * ''

Canarium harami ''Canarium'' is a genus of about 100 species of tropical and subtropical trees, in the family Burseraceae. They grow naturally across tropical Africa, south and southeast Asia, Indochina, Malesia, Australia and western Pacific Islands; includin ...

'' – * ''

Canarium harveyi ''Canarium'' is a genus of about 100 species of tropical and subtropical trees, in the family Burseraceae. They grow naturally across tropical Africa, south and southeast Asia, Indochina, Malesia, Australia and western Pacific Islands; includin ...

'' – * ''

Canarium hirsutum ''Canarium hirsutum'' is a tree in the family Burseraceae. The specific epithet ' comes from the Latin meaning "bristly", referring to the rough hairs of the fruit. Description ''Canarium hirsutum'' grows up to tall with a trunk diameter of u ...

'' – New Guinea to throughout Malesia, Solomon Is., Palau * '' Canarium indicum'' – New Guinea, New Britain, New Ireland, Solomon Is., Vanuatu, Maluku, Sulawesi * '' Canarium intermedium'' – S Sumatra * '' Canarium kaniense'' – New Guinea * ''

Canarium karoense ''Canarium'' is a genus of about 100 species of tropical and subtropical trees, in the family Burseraceae. They grow naturally across tropical Africa, south and southeast Asia, Indochina, Malesia, Australia and western Pacific Islands; ...

'' – N Sumatra * '' Canarium kerrii'' – * '' Canarium kinabaluense'' – N Borneo * ''

Canarium kipella ''Canarium kipella'' is a species of plant in the Burseraceae family. It is endemic to Java in Indonesia. It is an endangered species An endangered species is a species that is very likely to become extinct in the near future, either ...

'' – W Java * '' Canarium kostermansii'' – Borneo * ''

Canarium lamii ''Canarium'' is a genus of about 100 species of tropical and subtropical trees, in the family Burseraceae. They grow naturally across tropical Africa, south and southeast Asia, Indochina, Malesia, Australia and western Pacific Islands; ...

'' – New Guinea * '' Canarium latistipulatum'' – Borneo * ''

Canarium liguliferum ''Canarium liguliferum'' is a species of plant in the Burseraceae family. It is endemic to the Solomon Islands. References Flora of the Solomon Islands (archipelago) liguliferum Data deficient plants Endemic flora of the Solomon Isla ...

'' – * '' Canarium littorale'' – Indo-China, Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Java, Borneo * '' Canarium luzonicum'' – Philippines * '' Canarium lyi'' – * ''

Canarium macadamii ''Canarium'' is a genus of about 100 species of tropical and subtropical trees, in the family Burseraceae. They grow naturally across tropical Africa, south and southeast Asia, Indochina, Malesia, Australia and western Pacific Islands; inclu ...

'' – New Guinea * '' Canarium madagascariense'' – * ''

Canarium maluense ''Canarium'' is a genus of about 100 species of tropical and subtropical trees, in the family Burseraceae. They grow naturally across tropical Africa, south and southeast Asia, Indochina, Malesia, Australia and western Pacific Islands; ...

'' – Sulawesi, Maluku, New Guinea, Borneo * '' Canarium megacarpum'' – New Guinea * ''

Canarium megalanthum ''Canarium megalanthum'' is a tree in the family Burseraceae. The specific epithet ' is from the Greek meaning "large flower". Description ''Canarium megalanthum'' grows up to tall with a trunk diameter of up to . The grey bark is smooth to s ...

'' – Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo * '' Canarium merrillii'' – Borneo * ''

Canarium muelleri ''Canarium muelleri'', commonly named scrub turpentine or mangobark, is a species of Australian rainforest trees in the plant family Burseraceae. They are endemic to northeastern Queensland, widespread in the rainforests of the Wet Tropics re ...

'' – Queensland endemic, Australia * ''

Canarium odontophyllum ''Canarium odontophyllum'' is a fruit-bearing tree of the genus Canarium in the family Burseraceae. It is a native of Borneo, where it is locally known as dabai in Sarawak and kembayau in Sabah and Brunei. Its fruit is a prized seasonal delicacy ...

'' – Sumatra, Borneo, Philippines (Palawan) * '' Canarium oleiferum'' – New Caledonia endemic * ''

Canarium oleosum ''Canarium'' is a genus of about 100 species of tropical and subtropical trees, in the family Burseraceae. They grow naturally across tropical Africa, south and southeast Asia, Indochina, Malesia, Australia and western Pacific Islands; includin ...

'' – New Guinea, New Britain, Timor, Maluku, Sulawesi * ''

Canarium ovatum ''Canarium ovatum'', the pili (Central Bikol and Filipino: ''pili'', ;), is a species of tropical tree belonging to the genus ''Canarium''. It is one of approximately 600 species in the family Burseraceae. ''C. ovatum'' are native to the Ph ...

'' – Philippines, cultivated Asia–Pacific * ''

Canarium paniculatum ''Canarium paniculatum'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Burseraceae. It is endemic to Mauritius Mauritius ( ; french: Maurice, link=no ; mfe, label=Mauritian Creole, Moris ), officially the Republic of Mauritius, is an isla ...

'' – * ''

Canarium parvum ''Canarium'' is a genus of about 100 species of tropical and subtropical trees, in the family Burseraceae. They grow naturally across tropical Africa, south and southeast Asia, Indochina, Malesia, Australia and western Pacific Islands; ...

'' – S China, Vietnam * '' Canarium patentinervium'' – Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Banka, Borneo * ''

Canarium perlisanum ''Canarium perlisanum'' is a species of plant in the Burseraceae family. It is a tree endemic to Peninsular Malaysia. It is threatened by habitat loss Habitat destruction (also termed habitat loss and habitat reduction) is the process by wh ...

'' – Malay Peninsula (Perlis) * ''

Canarium pilososylvestre ''Canarium'' is a genus of about 100 species of tropical and subtropical trees, in the family Burseraceae. They grow naturally across tropical Africa, south and southeast Asia, Indochina, Malesia, Australia and western Pacific Islands; ...

'' – W New Guinea * ''

Canarium pilosum ''Canarium pilosum'' is a tree in the family Burseraceae. The specific epithet ' is from the Latin meaning "hairy", referring to the soft hairs of the twigs and leaves. Description ''Canarium pilosum'' grows up to tall with a trunk diameter of ...

'' – Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo ** subsp. ''borneensis'' – Borneo * ''

Canarium pimela ''Canarium pimela'' called Chinese black olive ( zh, 乌榄) is a tree species in the genus ''Canarium'' and the family Burseraceae found in Indo-China; in Vietnam it is called ''trám đen'' or ''cà na''. The Catalogue of Life The Catalogue ...

'' Chinese black olive (乌榄) – Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, S China * '' Canarium polyphyllum'' – New Guinea * ''

Canarium pseudodecumanum ''Canarium pseudodecumanum'' is a tree of tropical Asia in the incense tree family Burseraceae. The specific epithet ' is from the Latin meaning "false ''decumanum''", referring to the species' resemblance to '' Canarium decumanum''. Descripti ...

'' – Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo * '' Canarium pseudopatentinervium'' – S Sumatra, Banka, Borneo * '' Canarium pseudopimela'' – * '' Canarium pseudosumatranum'' – Malay Peninsula * ''

Canarium reniforme ''Canarium reniforme'' is a species of plant in the Burseraceae family."Canarium reniforme"
''Inter ...

'' – * ''

Canarium resiniferum ''Canarium'' is a genus of about 100 species of tropical and subtropical trees, in the family Burseraceae. They grow naturally across tropical Africa, south and southeast Asia, Indochina, Malesia, Australia and western Pacific Islands; includin ...

'' – * ''

Canarium rigidum ''Canarium'' is a genus of about 100 species of tropical and subtropical trees, in the family Burseraceae. They grow naturally across tropical Africa, south and southeast Asia, Indochina, Malesia, Australia and western Pacific Islands; ...

'' – New Guinea * ''

Canarium rotundifolium ''Canarium'' is a genus of about 100 species of tropical and subtropical trees, in the family Burseraceae. They grow naturally across tropical Africa, south and southeast Asia, Indochina, Malesia, Australia and western Pacific Islands; ...

'' – * '' Canarium sarawakanum'' – * '' Canarium schweinfurthii'' – African canarium; from Nigeria and Angola to Uganda * '' Canarium sikkimense'' – * ''

Canarium solomonense ''Canarium'' is a genus of about 100 species of tropical and subtropical trees, in the family Burseraceae. They grow naturally across tropical Africa, south and southeast Asia, Indochina, Malesia, Australia and western Pacific Islands; ...

'' – New Guinea * ''

Canarium strictum ''Canarium strictum'', known by common names including black dhup, Raal, Raal dhup and black dammar, is a species of tree in the family Burseraceae (the incense tree family). It is known for the medicinal and commercial use of the resin it exudat ...

'' – India, Burma, S China * '' Canarium subulatum'' – Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, S China * ''

Canarium sumatranum ''Canarium'' is a genus of about 100 species of tropical and subtropical trees, in the family Burseraceae. They grow naturally across tropical Africa, south and southeast Asia, Indochina, Malesia, Australia and western Pacific Islands; ...

'' – Sumatra, Malay Peninsula * '' Canarium sylvestre'' – New Guinea, Maluku * '' Canarium thorelianum'' – * ''

Canarium trifoliolatum ''Canarium'' is a genus of about 100 species of tropical and subtropical trees, in the family Burseraceae. They grow naturally across tropical Africa, south and southeast Asia, Indochina, Malesia, Australia and western Pacific Islands; ...

'' – New Caledonia endemic * ''

Canarium trigonum ''Canarium'' is a genus of about 100 species of tropical and subtropical trees, in the family Burseraceae. They grow naturally across tropical Africa, south and southeast Asia, Indochina, Malesia, Australia and western Pacific Islands; ...

'' – Sulawesi * '' Canarium vanikoroense'' – * ''

Canarium venosum ''Canarium'' is a genus of about 100 species of tropical and subtropical trees, in the family Burseraceae. They grow naturally across tropical Africa, south and southeast Asia, Indochina, Malesia, Australia and western Pacific Islands; ...

'' – * ''

Canarium vitiense ''Canarium vitiense'' is a rainforest tree species, of the plant family Burseraceae, growing naturally in Fiji, the Solomon Islands, Samoa, Tonga, New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago, Admiralty Islands, Louisiade Archipelago, Torres Strait Islands a ...

'' – Fiji, Solomon Is., Samoa, Tonga, New Guinea, Bismarck Arch., Admiralty Is., Louisiade Arch., Torres Strait I's, Qld Australia * '' Canarium vittatistipulatum'' – * ''

Canarium vrieseanum ''Canarium'' is a genus of about 100 species of tropical and subtropical trees, in the family Burseraceae. They grow naturally across tropical Africa, south and southeast Asia, Indochina, Malesia, Australia and western Pacific Islands; includin ...

'' – Philippines, Sulawesi * ''

Canarium vulgare ''Canarium vulgare'', known as Java almond, is a species of ''Canarium'' native to eastern Java Sea ( Bawean and Kangean Islands), Lesser Sunda Islands, Sulawesi and Maluku Islands. ''C. vulgare'' is closely related to ''C. indicum'', and they u ...

'' – Flores, Timor, Sulawesi, Maluku * ''

Canarium whitei ''Canarium whitei'' is a species of plant in the Burseraceae family. It is endemic to New Caledonia ) , anthem = "" , image_map = New Caledonia on the globe (small islands magnified) (Polynesia centered).svg , map_alt = Location of New Cal ...

'' – New Caledonia endemic * '' Canarium zeylanicum'' –

Uses and ecology

Several species have edible

nuts Nut often refers to: * Nut (fruit), fruit composed of a hard shell and a seed, or a collective noun for dry and edible fruits or seeds * Nut (hardware), fastener used with a bolt Nut or Nuts may also refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media Com ...

, known as galip nut or ''nangae'' ('' C. indicum''), pili nut ('' C. ovatum''), or simply canarium nut ('' C. harveyi'' and ''C. indicum''). ''C. indicum'' are among the most important nut-bearing trees in eastern Indonesia and the Southwest Pacific. ''C. ovatum'' is cultivated as a food crop only in the Philippines.Pili Nut, ''Canarium ovatum'', New Crop Fact Sheet.
Purdue University Center for New Crops and Plant Products. Dammar

'' C. odontophyllum'', known commonly as dabai or kembayau, is a species with a nutritious fruit with a creamy taste. It is hard when raw and may be pickled or softened with hot water when prepared. Many animals feed on the fruit in the wild, such as the red-bellied lemur (''Eulemur rubriventer'') and the ruffed lemurs (''Varecia'') of Madagascar's eastern tropical forests. ''Canarium'' fruit is also an important part of the diet of the aye-aye (''Daubentonia madagascarensis''). ''

'' produces a fruit consumed in Vietnam, Thailand (where it is known as ''nam liap'' ( th, หนำเลี้ยบ), ''samo chin'' ( th, สมอจีน) or ''kana'' ( th, กาน้า)) and in China (

Chinese Chinese can refer to: * Something related to China * Chinese people, people of Chinese nationality, citizenship, and/or ethnicity **''Zhonghua minzu'', the supra-ethnic concept of the Chinese nation ** List of ethnic groups in China, people of va ...

: 橄欖) with an appearance of a big olive. '' Canarium luzonicum'', commonly known as ''elemi'', is a tree native to the Philippines. An oleoresin, which contains

Elemicin Elemicin is a phenylpropene, a natural organic compound, and is a constituent of several plant species' essential oils. Natural occurrence Elemicin is a constituent of the oleoresin and the essential oil of ''Canarium luzonicum'' (also referred ...

, is harvested from it. ''

'' produces a resin called black dammar.

Superb fruit-dove The superb fruit dove (''Ptilinopus superbus''), also known as the purple-crowned fruit dove (leading to easy confusion with the purple-capped fruit dove), is a medium-sized (22–24 cm long), colourful fruit-dove in the family Columbidae. ...

s (''Ptilinopus superbus'') are known to be fond of the fruit of

scrub turpentine Scrub turpentine is a common name for several plants and may refer to: *''Canarium australianum'', native to Australia and Papua New Guinea *'' Rhodamnia rubescens'', native to eastern Australia See also * Turpentine bush * Turpentine tree Turpent ...

(''C. australianum''), which they swallow whole.

References

External links

* {{Taxonbar, from=Q2367663 Burseraceae genera Dioecious plants