Location
The Cananéia-Iguape-Peruíbe Environmental Protection Area (APA) covers an area of of coastal marine biome.
It was created on 6 November 1985 and is administered by the
Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation
The Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation (Portuguese: ''Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade'', ICMBio) is the Brazilian Ministry of the Environment's administrative arm."Brazilian Federal Law 11.516/2007 (Por ...
.
It covers parts of the municipalities of
Ilha Comprida
Ilha Comprida (Portuguese for "long island") is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. Stretching southwest along the Atlantic coast of the state, it is coextensive with the barrier island of Ilha Comprida, the longest of its kind in ...
,
Peruíbe
Peruíbe is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. It is part of the Metropolitan Region of Baixada Santista. The population is 69,001 (2020 est.) in an area of . Peruíbe is located to the southwest of the city of São Paulo and wes ...
,
Miracatu
Miracatu is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 19,643 (2020 est.) in an area of 1001 km². The elevation is 27 m.
The municipality contains part of the Serra do Mar Environmental Protection Area, created in 198 ...
,
Itariri
Itariri is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 17,598 (2020 est.) in an area of 273.67 km². The elevation is 55 m. Itariri is situated on the BR-101 highway, 18 km west of the coastal city Peruíbe.
The municipa ...
,
Iguape
Iguape is a municipality located into the Ribeira Valley in the southern portion of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The population is 30,989 (2020 estimate) in an area of , making it the largest municipality area in São Paulo state. The city was ...
and
Cananéia in the state of São Paulo.
The area includes the basin of the
Ribeira de Iguape River
The Ribeira de Iguape River ( pt, Rio Ribeira de Iguape), or simply the Ribeira River ( pt, Rio Ribeira), is a river of Paraná and São Paulo states in southeastern Brazil. It flows into the Atlantic Ocean near Iguape.
The river is home to sever ...
.
The highest point is above sea level.
The APA contains part of the
Mandira Extractive Reserve
The Mandira Extractive Reserve ( pt, Reserva Extrativista do Mandira) is an extractive reserve in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. It covers an area of mangroves. The main commercial product extracted by the traditional population is the oyster.
...
.
It overlaps with the state-level
Ilha Comprida Environmental Protection Area
The Ilha Comprida Environmental Protection Area ( pt, Área de Proteção Ambiental da Ilha Comprida) is an environmental protection area in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. It protects an island with an environment of dunes, salt marshes and mang ...
, created in 1987.
The conservation unit is part of the
Lagamar mosaic
The Lagamar Mosaic ( pt, Mosaico do Lagamar is a protected area mosaic that includes a number of conservation units in the states of São Paulo and Paraná, Brazil.
History
The Lagamar Mosaic was established by federal ordinance 150 of 8 May 20 ...
.
Environment
Annual rainfall is .
Temperatures range from with an average of .
The area has a wide variety of
Atlantic
The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's five oceans, with an area of about . It covers approximately 20% of Earth's surface and about 29% of its water surface area. It is known to separate the " Old World" of Africa, Europe an ...
domain environments, and includes about 1,200 plant species.
Environments range from
tropical rainforest
Tropical rainforests are rainforests that occur in areas of tropical rainforest climate in which there is no dry season – all months have an average precipitation of at least 60 mm – and may also be referred to as ''lowland equatori ...
in the coastal plain to
montane forest
Montane ecosystems are found on the slopes of mountains. The alpine climate in these regions strongly affects the ecosystem because temperatures fall as elevation increases, causing the ecosystem to stratify. This stratification is a crucial f ...
,
cloud forest
A cloud forest, also called a water forest, primas forest, or tropical montane cloud forest (TMCF), is a generally tropical or subtropical, evergreen, montane, moist forest characterized by a persistent, frequent or seasonal low-level cloud c ...
and
alpine meadow
Alpine tundra is a type of natural region or biome that does not contain trees because it is at high elevation, with an associated harsh climate. As the latitude of a location approaches the poles, the threshold elevation for alpine tundra gets ...
s.
The slopes of the hills and mountains are typically covered by dense forest.
The coastal strip includes fresh water and brackish marshes, sandbanks and mangrove.
It is part of the
Iguape-Cananéia-Paranaguá estuary lagoon complex
The Iguape-Cananéia-Paranaguá estuary lagoon complex ( pt, Complexo Estuarino Lagunar de Iguape-Cananéia-Paranaguá) is a stretch of interconnected coastal estuaries and lagoons that extends southwest from Iguape in the south of São Paulo past ...
.
Common plant species of the forest include
Brasimopsis lactescens,
Ficus
''Ficus'' ( or ) is a genus of about 850 species of woody trees, shrubs, vines, epiphytes and hemiepiphytes in the family Moraceae. Collectively known as fig trees or figs, they are native throughout the tropics with a few species extending in ...
species,
Tabebuia cassinoides,
Schyzolobium parahyba,
Cedrela fissilis
''Cedrela fissilis'' is a species of tree in the family Meliaceae. It is native to Central and South America, where it is distributed from Costa Rica to Argentina.[Ocotea teleiandra
''Ocotea'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Lauraceae. Many are evergreen trees with lauroid leaves.
There are over 520 species currently accepted within the genus, distributed mostly in tropical and subtropical areas of t ...]
and
Euterpe edulis
''Euterpe edulis'', commonly known as juçara, jussara (an archaic alternative spelling), açaí-do-sul or palmiteiro, is a palm species in the genus '' Euterpe''. It is now predominantly used for hearts of palm. It is closely related to the aç ...
.
The pioneer formations include
Iresine portulacoides,
Remirea maritima,
Adcicarpha spathulata,
Stenotaphrum secundatum
St. Augustine grass (''Stenotaphrum secundatum''), also known as buffalo turf in Australia and buffalo grass in South Africa, is a species of grass in the family Poaceae. It is a warm-season lawn grass that is popular for cultivation in tropica ...
,
Sporobolus virginicus
''Sporobolus virginicus'', known by numerous common names including seashore dropseed, marine couch, sand couch, salt couch grass, saltwater couch, coastal rat-tail grass, and nioaka, is a species of grass with a wide distribution.
Description
...
,
Spartina ciliata and
Panicum racemosum.
Characteristic species in the mangroves are
Rhizophora mangle
''Rhizophora mangle'', the red mangrove, is distributed in Estuary, estuarine ecosystems throughout the tropics. Its Vivipary, viviparous "seeds", in actuality called propagules, become fully mature plants before dropping off the parent tree. Th ...
,
Laguncularia racemosa
''Laguncularia racemosa'', the white mangrove, is a species of flowering plant in the leadwood tree family, Combretaceae. It is native to the coasts of western Africa from Senegal to Cameroon, the Atlantic Coast of the Americas from Bermuda and ...
,
Avicennia shaueriana
''Avicennia'' is a genus of flowering plants currently placed in the bear's breeches family, Acanthaceae. It contains mangrove trees, which occur in the intertidal zones of estuarine areas and are characterized by its "pencil roots", which are a ...
and
Spatina species.
Endemic fauna include
Superagui lion tamarin (Leontopithecus caissara),
yellow-legged tinamou
The yellow-legged tinamou (''Crypturellus noctivagus'') is a species of tinamou found in wooded and shrubby habitats in tropical and subtropical eastern Brazil.Clements, J (2007) This superficially quail-like bird has a grey-brown plumage and ...
(Crypturellus noctivagus) and
red-tailed amazon
The red-tailed amazon (''Amazona brasiliensis''), also known as the red-tailed parrot, is a species of parrot in the family Psittacidae. It is endemic to coastal regions in the south-east Brazilian states of São Paulo (state), São Paulo and Para ...
(Amazona brasiliensis).
Migratory bird species include
sanderling
The sanderling (''Calidris alba'') is a small wading bird. The name derives from Old English ''sand-yrðling'', "sand-ploughman". The genus name is from Ancient Greek ''kalidris'' or ''skalidris'', a term used by Aristotle for some grey-coloure ...
(Calidris alba),
rufous-chested plover
The rufous-chested plover (''Charadrius modestus'') or rufous-chested dotterel, is a species of bird in subfamily Charadriinae of family Charadriidae.HBW and BirdLife International (2022) Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife Internat ...
(Charadrius modestus),
American golden plover
The American golden plover (''Pluvialis dominica''), is a medium-sized plover. The genus name is Latin and means relating to rain, from ''pluvia'', "rain". It was believed that golden plovers flocked when rain was imminent. The species name ''d ...
(Pluvialis Dominica) and
red knot
The red knot or just knot (''Calidris canutus'') is a medium-sized shorebird which breeds in tundra and the Arctic Cordillera in the far north of Canada, Europe, and Russia. It is a large member of the ''Calidris'' sandpipers, second only to the ...
(Calidris canutus).
Conservation goals
The protected area is classed
IUCN protected area category
IUCN protected area categories, or IUCN protected area management categories, are categories used to classify protected areas in a system developed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).
The enlisting of such areas is part ...
V: protected landscape/seascape.
The purpose is to protect biological diversity, control human occupation and ensure that natural resources are used in a sustainable way.
Specific goals include allowing the ''
caiçaras
Caiçaras () are the traditional inhabitants of the coastal regions of the southeastern and southern Brazil. They form a distinct group of people, descended from Africans, indigenous people, and Europeans.
Their traditional way of life based on ...
'' communities to exercise their traditional activities and preserving archaeological sites.
Occupation of slopes at risk of erosion is avoided, and the area tries to protect and preserve ecosystems from the coastal mangroves to the higher-altitude meadows, protect endangered species and conserve the nesting areas of birds and water resources.
Protected species include
green sea turtle
The green sea turtle (''Chelonia mydas''), also known as the green turtle, black (sea) turtle or Pacific green turtle, is a species of large sea turtle of the family Cheloniidae. It is the only species in the genus ''Chelonia''. Its range exten ...
(Chelonia mydas) and
Chaco eagle
The Chaco eagle (''Buteogallus coronatus'') or crowned solitary eagle, is an endangered bird of prey from eastern and central South America. Typically it is known simply as the crowned eagle which leads to potential confusion with the African ''S ...
(Harpyhaliaetus coronatus).
Notes
Sources
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Cananeia-Iguape e Peruibe Environmental Protection Area
Environmental protection areas of Brazil
Protected areas of São Paulo (state)
Ramsar sites in Brazil