Canada
Canada is a country in North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering over , making it the world's second-largest country by tot ...
was active in the negotiations that led to the
Kyoto Protocol in 1997.
The
Liberal
Liberal or liberalism may refer to:
Politics
* a supporter of liberalism
** Liberalism by country
* an adherent of a Liberal Party
* Liberalism (international relations)
* Sexually liberal feminism
* Social liberalism
Arts, entertainment and m ...
government that signed the accord in 1997 ratified it in parliament in 2002.
Canada's Kyoto target was a 6% total reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2012, compared to 1990 levels of 461 megatonnes (Mt) (Government of Canada (GC) 1994).
["'Base year' refers to the base year under the Kyoto Protocol, which is 1990 for all gases."] Despite signing the accord, greenhouse gas emissions increased approximately 24.1% between 1990 and 2008.
In 2011,
Conservative
Conservatism is a cultural, social, and political philosophy that seeks to promote and to preserve traditional institutions, practices, and values. The central tenets of conservatism may vary in relation to the culture and civilization in ...
Prime Minister
Stephen Harper withdrew Canada from the Kyoto Protocol.
Debates surrounding the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in Canada is influenced by the nature of relationships between national, provincial, territorial and municipal jurisdictions. The federal government can negotiate multilateral agreements and enact legislation to respect their terms. However, the provinces have jurisdiction in terms of energy and therefore, to a large extent, climate change. In 1980, when the
National Energy Program
The National Energy Program (french: Programme énergétique national, NEP) was an energy policy of the Canadian federal government from 1980 to 1985. Created under the Liberal government of Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau by Energy Minister Marc ...
was introduced, the country was almost torn apart, deeply dividing the provinces along an east–west axis. Since then, no federal government has implemented an intergovernmental, long-term, cohesive energy plan.
Harper administration
Some argue that when Prime Minister
Stephen Harper took office in 2006, his strong opposition to the Kyoto Accord, his market-centred policies and "deliberate indifference"
contributed to a dramatic rise in GHG emissions.
Harper had previously denounced the Kyoto Protocol as a "socialist scheme to suck money out of wealth-producing nations" and pledged to fight against it in a 2002 fundraising letter addressed to
Canadian Alliance
The Canadian Alliance (french: Alliance canadienne), formally the Canadian Reform Conservative Alliance (french: Alliance réformiste-conservatrice canadienne), was a centre-right to right-wing federal political party in Canada that existed ...
members.
Harper opposed the imposition of binding targets at the 2007
Bali Conference unless such targets were also imposed on such countries as
China and
India
India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...
, which are exempt from GHG reduction requirements under the terms of the Kyoto Protocol. Although Canadian GHG emissions fell in 2008 and 2009 due to the global recession, Canada's emissions were expected to increase again with the economic recovery, fueled largely by the expansion of the oil sands.
In 2009, Canada signed the
Copenhagen Accord
The Copenhagen Accord is a document which delegates at the 15th session of the Conference of Parties (COP 15) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change agreed to "take note of" at the final plenary on 18 December 2009.
The Accor ...
, which, unlike the Kyoto Accord, is a non-binding agreement. Canada agreed to reduce its GHG emissions by 17% from its 2005 levels by 2020, which translates to a reduction of 124 megatonnes (Mt).
In December 2011, the
Ministry of the Environment Peter Kent
James Peter Kent (born July 27, 1943) is a former Canadian journalist and former politician who served as the Conservative Member of Parliament for the riding of Thornhill from 2008 to 2021. He served as Minister of the Environment in the 28th ...
announced Canada's withdrawal from the Kyoto Accord one day after negotiators from nearly 200 countries meeting in Durban, South Africa, at the
2011 United Nations Climate Change Conference
The 2011 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP17) was held in Durban, South Africa, from 28 November to 11 December 2011 to establish a new treaty to limit carbon emissions.
A treaty was not established, but the conference agreed to es ...
completed a marathon of climate talks to establish a new treaty to limit carbon emissions. The Durban talks were leading to a new binding treaty with targets for all countries to take effect in 2020.
Kent argued that "The Kyoto protocol does not cover the world's largest two emitters, the
United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...
and China, and therefore cannot work." In 2010 Canada, Japan and Russia said they would not accept new Kyoto commitments. Canada is the only country to repudiate the Kyoto Accord. Kent argued that since Canada could not meet targets, it needed to avoid the $14 billion in penalties for not achieving its goals.
This decision drew a widespread international response. Finally, the cost of compliance has been estimated 20 times lower.
States for which the emissions are not covered by the Kyoto Protocol (the US and China) have the largest emissions, being responsible for 41% of the Kyoto Protocol. China's emissions increased by over 200% from 1990 to 2009.
Canadian Council of Chief Executives
[The Canadian business community has taken the most active interest in politics at the CEO level than any other business community in the world (Tom D'Acquino, CEO of the Canadian Council of Chief Executives cited in Brownlee 2005: 9 Newman 1998:159-160). And this interest and influence have been on the rise in the last decades. Canada's business community has had more influence on Canadian public policy in the years 1995-2005 than in any other period since 1900. "Look at what we stand for and look at what all the governments, all the major parties . . . have done, and what they want to do. They have adopted the agendas we've been fighting for in the past few decades (Aquino cited in Brownlee 2005: 12 Newman 1998:151)."] VP John Dillon argued that a further extension of Kyoto would not be effective, as many countries, not just Canada, were not on track to meet their 1997 Kyoto commitments to reduce emissions.
The
Bill C-38 Jobs, Growth and Long-term Prosperity Act
The ''Jobs, Growth and Long-term Prosperity Act'' (informally referred to as Bill C-38) is an Act of the Parliament of Canada. This omnibus bill was introduced by Jim Flaherty, Minister of Finance under Prime Minister Steven Harper's majority ...
passed in June 2012
(informally referred to as "Bill C-38"), a 2012 omnibus Bill and Budget Implementation Act,
repealed the Kyoto Protocol Implementation Act.
According to the report entitled "Environment: GHG Emissions Per Capita" (July 2011), Canada ranks "15th out of 17 countries for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per capita and earns a 'D' grade. Canada's per capita GHG emissions increased by 3.2 percent between 1990 and 2008, while total GHG emissions in Canada grew 24 percent. The largest contributor to Canada's GHG emissions is the energy sector, which includes power generation (heat and electricity), transportation, and fugitive sources."
Timeline
*December 13, 2011: Canada became the first signatory to announce its withdrawal from the Kyoto Protocol.
[ This contains an interactive timeline.]
*2009: Canada signed the Copenhagen Accord. Unlike the Kyoto Accord, this is a non-binding agreement. Canada agreed to reduce its GHG emissions by 17% from its 2005 levels by 2020 to 607 megatonnes (Mt).
*February 2009: The (CED) was established between Canada and the United States "to enhance joint collaboration on the development of clean energy science and technologies to reduce greenhouse gases and combat climate change".
*December 3–15, 2007: At the
United Nations Climate Change Conference
The United Nations Climate Change Conferences are yearly conferences held in the framework of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). They serve as the formal meeting of the UNFCCC parties (Conference of the Parties, ...
in Bali, Indonesia, Environment Minister
John Baird argued that Canada would not attempt to reach its Kyoto targets because it was impossible to reach them. Baird was heavily criticized for impeding progress on 'the Bali Action Plan'.
*2007: The Canadian federal government introduced the
Clean Air Act.
*January 2006: Stephen Harper's Conservative government took power. Harper abandoned Canada's Kyoto obligations in favour of his "Made in Canada" plan. In his first year, GHG emissions rose to an all-time high of 748 Mt.
*2004: The federal government launched the ''One Tonne Challenge''.
*December 17, 2002: Canada officially ratified the Kyoto Accord under Prime Minister Jean Chrétien's Liberal government.
*2001: The United States did not ratify the Kyoto Accord, leaving Canada as the only nation in the Americas with a binding emissions-reduction obligation.
*2000: The federal government introduced the
Action Plan 2000 on Climate Change.
*1980: Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau introduced the controversial energy policy, the National Energy Program (NEP).
Tim Flannery
Timothy Fridtjof Flannery (born 28 January 1956) is an Australian mammalogist, palaeontologist, environmentalist, conservationist, explorer, author, science communicator, activist and public scientist. He was awarded Australian of the Yea ...
, the author of ''The Weathermakers'', argued that since the NEP, with its tidal wave of a negative western response, which nearly tore the country apart, no federal government—Liberal or Conservative—has been brave enough to forge a new energy policy.
Emission profiles and trends
Canada is "one of the highest per-capita emitters in the OECD and has higher energy intensity, adjusted for purchasing power parity, than any IEA country, largely the result of its size, climate (i.e. energy demands), and resource-based economy. Conversely, the Canadian power sector is one of OECD's lowest emitting generation portfolios, producing over three-quarters of its electricity from renewable energy sources and nuclear energy combined." Canada GHG emissions increased from 1997 through 2001, dipped in 2002, increased again, then decreased in 2005. By 2007 they had reached an all-time high of 748 Mt followed by a decrease.
[ Data retrieved from CBC interactive graph based on Environment Canada, Statistics Canada.]
*1990 (461 Mt)
*1997 (671 Mt)
*1998 (677 Mt)
*2000 (716 Mt)
*2001 (709 Mt)
*2002 (715 Mt)
*2003 (738 Mt)
*2004 (742 Mt)
*2005 (747 Mt); 33% higher than the Kyoto target
["Much of the increase in emissions is a result of the extraction, processing, refinement and transportation of oil and gas."]
*2006 (719 Mt)
[ 721 Mt (29% above Kyoto targets)]
*2007 (748 Mt)
*2008 (732 Mt)
*2009 (690 Mt)
These are the emission profiles based on the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Review of Canada's Annual Report, which includes data from 1990 to 2008.
*Total GHG emissions amounted to 734,566.32 Gg CO
2 eq
*Total GHG emissions increased by 24.1% between t1990 and 2008.
Overview
Canada's overall greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by gas and percentage are:
*Carbon dioxide (CO
2) (78.1%)
*Methane (CH
4) (13.4%)
*Nitrous oxide (N
2O) (7.1%)
*Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF
6) (1.4%)
Canada's overall greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by economic sector and percentage are:
*Energy sector (81.3%)
**Transportation
**Stationary combustion sources
**Fugitive sources
*Agriculture sector (8.5%)
*Industrial processes sector (7.2%)
*Waste sector (2.9%)
*Solvent and other product use sector (0.04%)
*Land-use change and forestry sector
The following table lists CO
2 equivalent emissions by province and per capita for the year 2012.
*
Emissions data for Nunavut and Northwest territories are not given separately.
Energy sector
Fuel combustion activities
= Hydrocarbon consumption
=
Canada is the third-largest
per capita greenhouse gas polluter after
Australia and the United States. The main cause of these high GHG emissions is Canada's
hydrocarbon
In organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon. Hydrocarbons are examples of group 14 hydrides. Hydrocarbons are generally colourless and hydrophobic, and their odors are usually weak or ...
consumption—at 8,300 kilograms of crude oil equivalent per person per year, the highest in the world.
Fugitive emissions from fuels
Fugitive emissions, such as leaks, venting and accidents, from oil and gas operations contribute 9% of energy sector emissions.
Factors affecting emissions
Economic factors
Canada is the fifth-largest energy producer
in the world, producing and export quantities of crude oil, natural gas, electricity, and coal, which creates challenges in meeting emissions standards. The energy industry generates about a quarter of Canada's export revenues and employs some 650,000 people across the country.
Geographic considerations
Canada's geography, with its vast distances between many communities combined with the length and coldness of Canadian winters, contributes to Canada's high hydrocarbon consumption. As temperatures drop, fuel consumption rises and fuel efficiency drops. However, this has been largely taken into account by the structure of the Kyoto Protocol, which assigns targets depending on the given country's own emissions in 1990. Since in 1990 Canada was already vast and even colder than today, its emissions were already much higher, and, consequently, Canada's 2012 Kyoto target much more forgiving, than the targets of other countries with comparable population sizes. In fact, the 1990 emission benchmark not only implicitly accounts for objective factors, like climate and distances, but also rewards wasteful lifestyle choices—the preference to live in low-density suburbs and in large, energy-inefficient, individual homes did inflate Canada's 1990 emissions, and, therefore, further increased Canada's allowable emissions under the Kyoto Protocol.
Of the 162 Mt of emissions resulting from transportation sources in 2008, over half, or about 12 percent, of Canada's total emissions can be attributed to passenger cars and light trucks. Emissions from these areas made up approximately 55 percent of Canada's total transportation emissions in 2008: light trucks (29.2%), heavy-duty trucks (27%), cars (25.4%), domestic aviation (5.3%), rail (4.4%), domestic marine (3.6%), other (5.2%). Environment Canada, National GHG Inventory.
[
]
Another 14 percent come from non-energy sources. The rest comes from the production and manufacture of energy and power. The following table summarizes forecast changes to annual emissions by sector in megatonnes.
According to ''Canada's Energy Outlook'', the
Natural Resources Canada
Natural Resources Canada (NRCan; french: Ressources naturelles Canada; french: RNCan, label=none)Natural Resources Canada is the applied title under the Federal Identity Program; the legal title is Department of Natural Resources (). is the dep ...
(NRCan) report, Canada's GHG emissions will increase by 139 million tonnes between 2004 and 2020, with more than a third of the total coming from
petroleum
Petroleum, also known as crude oil, or simply oil, is a naturally occurring yellowish-black liquid mixture of mainly hydrocarbons, and is found in geological formations. The name ''petroleum'' covers both naturally occurring unprocessed crud ...
production and refining. Upstream emissions will decline slightly, primarily from gas field depletion and from increasing production of
coalbed methane, which requires less processing than conventional
natural gas
Natural gas (also called fossil gas or simply gas) is a naturally occurring mixture of gaseous hydrocarbons consisting primarily of methane in addition to various smaller amounts of other higher alkanes. Low levels of trace gases like carbo ...
. Meanwhile, emissions from unconventional resources and refining will soar.
References
Notes
International Regulatory Bodies that Influence Canada-Kyoto
Further reading
*
*
See also
*
Climate change in Canada
Climate change in Canada has had large impacts on the country's environment and landscapes. The number of climate change–related events, such as the 2021 British Columbia Floods and an increasing number of forest fires, has become an increasi ...
*
Energy policy of Canada
Canada has access to all main sources of energy including oil and gas, coal, hydropower, biomass, solar, geothermal, wind, marine and nuclear. It is the world's second largest producer of uranium, third largest producer of hydro-electri ...
{{Climate change in Canada
Economic history of Canada
Climate change in Canada
Climate change policy