Campos do Jordão () is a municipality in the state of

São Paulo São Paulo (, ; Portuguese for 'Saint Paul') is the most populous city in Brazil, and is the capital of the state of São Paulo, the most populous and wealthiest Brazilian state, located in the country's Southeast Region. Listed by the GaWC a ...

in southeastern

Brazil Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area ...

. It is part of the

Metropolitan Region of Vale do Paraíba e Litoral Norte Metropolitan may refer to: * Metropolitan area, a region consisting of a densely populated urban core and its less-populated surrounding territories * Metropolitan borough, a form of local government district in England * Metropolitan county, a typ ...

. The population is 52,405 (2020 est.) in an area of . The city is situated above sea level and is the highest city in Brazil. There are numerous outdoor activities for tourists and winter residents. These include

hiking Hiking is a long, vigorous walk, usually on trails or footpaths in the countryside. Walking for pleasure developed in Europe during the eighteenth century.AMATO, JOSEPH A. "Mind over Foot: Romantic Walking and Rambling." In ''On Foot: A Histor ...

mountain climbing Mountaineering or alpinism, is a set of outdoor activities that involves ascending tall mountains. Mountaineering-related activities include traditional outdoor climbing, skiing, and traversing via ferratas. Indoor climbing, sport climbing, a ...

, treetop cable swings (''arborismo''),

horseback riding Equestrianism (from Latin , , , 'horseman', 'horse'), commonly known as horse riding (Commonwealth English) or horseback riding (American English), includes the disciplines of riding, driving, and vaulting. This broad description includes the ...

, and ATV and

motorbike A motorcycle (motorbike, bike, or trike (if three-wheeled)) is a two or three-wheeled motor vehicle steered by a handlebar. Motorcycle design varies greatly to suit a range of different purposes: long-distance travel, commuting, cruisin ...

riding. July, of

winter Winter is the coldest season of the year in polar and temperate climates. It occurs after autumn and before spring. The tilt of Earth's axis causes seasons; winter occurs when a hemisphere is oriented away from the Sun. Different cultures ...

season vacations, sees an enormous influx of visitors (more than quadrupling the city's population), due in part to the winter

festival A festival is an event ordinarily celebrated by a community and centering on some characteristic aspect or aspects of that community and its religion or cultures. It is often marked as a local or national holiday, mela, or eid. A festival c ...

classical music Classical music generally refers to the art music of the Western world, considered to be distinct from Western folk music or popular music traditions. It is sometimes distinguished as Western classical music, as the term "classical music" also ...

. Its attractions throughout the year include German, Swiss and Italian cuisine restaurants, bars, and a cable car. There are many ''pousadas'' (

inn Inns are generally establishments or buildings where travelers can seek lodging, and usually, food and drink. Inns are typically located in the country or along a highway; before the advent of motorized transportation they also provided accommo ...

s) and

chalet A chalet (pronounced in British English; in American English usually ), also called Swiss chalet, is a type of building or house, typical of the Alpine region in Europe. It is made of wood, with a heavy, gently sloping roof and wide, well-suppo ...

s. Also, in order to cater to the large number of visitors, several bars, lounges, discos and

clubs Club may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media * ''Club'' (magazine) * Club, a '' Yie Ar Kung-Fu'' character * Clubs (suit), a suit of playing cards * Club music * "Club", by Kelsea Ballerini from the album ''kelsea'' Brands and enterprises ...

open during the winter months.

Demography

*Total Population: 51,454 * Population Density (inhabitants/km²): 152.86 * Infant Mortality (0 to one year old) (per one thousand): 8.52 * Life Expectancy (years): 75.73 * Total Fertility Rate (Children per Woman): 2.18 * Literacy Rate: 92.28% * Human Development Index (IHDI): 0.820 ** IHDI-M Income: 0.763 ** IHDI-M Life Expectancy: 0.846 ** IHDI-M Education: 0.851 (Source: IPEADATA)

Economy

The city's economy is based mainly on

tourism Tourism is travel for pleasure or business; also the theory and practice of touring (disambiguation), touring, the business of attracting, accommodating, and entertaining tourists, and the business of operating tour (disambiguation), tours. Th ...

; due to its location at high elevation in the

Mantiqueira The Mantiqueira Mountains (Portuguese: ''Serra da Mantiqueira iterally: Mantiqueira Mountains Chain') are a mountain range in Southeastern Brazil, with parts in the states of São Paulo, Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro. It rises abruptly from the ...

mountains, and traditional European-style architecture. Buildings are mostly

vernacular architecture Vernacular architecture is building done outside any academic tradition, and without professional guidance. This category encompasses a wide range and variety of building types, with differing methods of construction, from around the world, bo ...

from

German German(s) may refer to: * Germany (of or related to) ** Germania (historical use) * Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language ** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law **Ge ...

Swiss Swiss may refer to: * the adjectival form of Switzerland * Swiss people Places * Swiss, Missouri * Swiss, North Carolina *Swiss, West Virginia * Swiss, Wisconsin Other uses *Swiss-system tournament, in various games and sports *Swiss Internation ...

, or

Italian Italian(s) may refer to: * Anything of, from, or related to the people of Italy over the centuries ** Italians, an ethnic group or simply a citizen of the Italian Republic or Italian Kingdom ** Italian language, a Romance language *** Regional Ita ...

models. Many of the wealthiest residents in the state of São Paulo have winter

country house An English country house is a large house or mansion in the English countryside. Such houses were often owned by individuals who also owned a town house. This allowed them to spend time in the country and in the city—hence, for these peopl ...

s here. Despite the high income of many visitors, the

HDI The Human Development Index (HDI) is a statistic composite index of life expectancy, education (mean years of schooling completed and expected years of schooling upon entering the education system), and per capita income indicators, wh ...

(0.820 in 2004) of Campos do Jordão is not very high because the owners of the houses in the best neighbourhoods are not regular inhabitants; these houses are used only during the holidays. The city can be reached from

mainly by road through the

Rodovia Floriano Rodrigues Pinheiro Rodovia Floriano Rodrigues Pinheiro (official designation SP-123) is a single-lane highway in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. It connects the Rodovia Carvalho Pinto (SP-070) and the Rodovia Presidente Dutra (BR-116) nearby the city of Taubaté, ...

. There is also a picturesque railroad from

Pindamonhangaba Pindamonhangaba is a municipality in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, located in the Paraíba Valley, between the two most active production and consumption regions in the country, São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. It is accessible by the Via Dutra ( ...

, used mostly by tourists. At the end of the main road going through Campos do Jordão, there is a state park called Horto Florestal.

Geography

The municipality contains the Campos do Jordão State Park, created in 1941. It contains the Mananciais de Campos do Jordão State Park, created in 1993 to protect the water supply of the municipal seat. It also contains the Campos do Jordão Environmental Protection Area, created in 1984. The

Mantiqueira Mountains The Mantiqueira Mountains (Portuguese: ''Serra da Mantiqueira iterally: Mantiqueira Mountains Chain') are a mountain range in Southeastern Brazil, with parts in the states of São Paulo, Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro. It rises abruptly from the ...

provide unique panoramic views, and the municipality's region still has undeveloped old growth

Atlantic Forest The Atlantic Forest ( pt, Mata Atlântica) is a South American forest that extends along the Atlantic coast of Brazil from Rio Grande do Norte state in the northeast to Rio Grande do Sul state in the south and inland as far as Paraguay and th ...

habitat In ecology, the term habitat summarises the array of resources, physical and biotic factors that are present in an area, such as to support the survival and reproduction of a particular species. A species habitat can be seen as the physical ...

. The native Brazilian Paraná pine (''Araucaria angustifolia'') is found here. A former

state governor A governor is an administrative leader and head of a polity or political region, ranking under the head of state and in some cases, such as governors-general, as the head of state's official representative. Depending on the type of political ...

had a winter residence in the city, the Boa Vista Palace, which is now a museum in the city. The city is located in the northeastern side of the State of São Paulo, bordering

Minas Gerais Minas Gerais () is a state in Southeastern Brazil. It ranks as the second most populous, the third by gross domestic product (GDP), and the fourth largest by area in the country. The state's capital and largest city, Belo Horizonte (literally ...

in the north. Campos do Jordão is at a distance of 180 km (112 miles) from the

City of São Paulo A city is a human settlement of notable size.Goodall, B. (1987) ''The Penguin Dictionary of Human Geography''. London: Penguin.Kuper, A. and Kuper, J., eds (1996) ''The Social Science Encyclopedia''. 2nd edition. London: Routledge. It can be def ...

, 334 km (208 miles) from the City of Rio de Janeiro, and 486 km (302 miles) from

Belo Horizonte Belo Horizonte (, ; ) is the sixth-largest city in Brazil, with a population around 2.7 million and with a metropolitan area of 6 million people. It is the 13th-largest city in South America and the 18th-largest in the Americas. The metropol ...

. Campos do Jordão is located on a crystalline plateau where the High Felds are located (in

Portuguese Portuguese may refer to: * anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Portugal ** Portuguese cuisine, traditional foods ** Portuguese language, a Romance language *** Portuguese dialects, variants of the Portuguese language ** Portu ...

: Altos Campos) formed from the

quaternary The Quaternary ( ) is the current and most recent of the three periods of the Cenozoic Era in the geologic time scale of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS). It follows the Neogene Period and spans from 2.58 million years ...

, increasing the geomorphological risks with the increase of

urbanization Urbanization (or urbanisation) refers to the population shift from rural to urban areas, the corresponding decrease in the proportion of people living in rural areas, and the ways in which societies adapt to this change. It is predominantly t ...

and seen inadequate occupations as in straight slopes. These areas may be at risk of

landslide Landslides, also known as landslips, are several forms of mass wasting that may include a wide range of ground movements, such as rockfalls, deep-seated grade (slope), slope failures, mudflows, and debris flows. Landslides occur in a variety of ...

. The municipality has rounded topos and amphitheaters where organic

clay Clay is a type of fine-grained natural soil material containing clay minerals (hydrous aluminium phyllosilicates, e.g. kaolin, Al2 Si2 O5( OH)4). Clays develop plasticity when wet, due to a molecular film of water surrounding the clay par ...

is found due to erosive processes and due to this constitution its characteristic is the concentration of

water Water (chemical formula ) is an inorganic, transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance, which is the main constituent of Earth's hydrosphere and the fluids of all known living organisms (in which it acts as a ...

Climate

Campos do Jordão features a

subtropical highland climate An oceanic climate, also known as a marine climate, is the humid temperate climate sub-type in Köppen classification ''Cfb'', typical of west coasts in higher middle latitudes of continents, generally featuring cool summers and mild winters ...

mesothermal In climatology, the term mesothermal is used to refer to certain forms of climate found typically in the Earth's temperate zones. It has a moderate span of temperature, with winters not cold enough to sustain snow cover. Summers are warm within oc ...

but technically ever moist (

Köppen Köppen is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include: * Bernd Köppen (born 1951), German pianist and composer * Carl Köppen (1833-1907), German military advisor in Meiji era Japan * Edlef Köppen (1893–1939), German author and ...

: ''Cfb''), although other sources define it as ''Cwb'', which is more common for its tropical location, except for the definition of a dry season, there is no greater difference in climate modeling of the plateau climates. According to a detailed study on the

climate classification Climate classifications are systems that categorize the world's climates. A climate classification may correlate closely with a biome classification, as climate is a major influence on life in a region. One of the most used is the Köppen climate ...

s it is affirmed that the ''Cwb'' is more frequent, but that ''Cfb'' appears more in the average in spatial distribution. In general, is characterized with warm to cool summers (with abundant precipitation during the period) and mild winters but cold for

state. Although at a higher elevation than the higher portions than Santa Catarina, the latitude compensates for such a difference by giving winters a little warmer and with unknown snow over a long period associated with the drier mid-year air. As it is a montane vegetation and with mild temperatures, trees like ''Araucaria augustifolia'' is part of the ecosystem of the highest part of the

. The annual sweating evaporation is one of the smallest of the cities of

, which can tend to water deficiencies in the driest months. The average annual precipitation is approximately 1850 mm annually, concentrated in December and January. The average annual compensated temperature is 14.5 °C (although there are cooler cities, the cooler weather tends to last longer by averaging less than municipalities like

Curitiba Curitiba () is the capital and largest city in the state of Paraná (state), Paraná in Brazil. The city's population was 1,948,626 , making it the List of cities in Brazil by population, eighth most populous city in Brazil and the largest in ...

Lages Lages is a Brazilian municipality located in the central part of the state of Santa Catarina, in the region known in Portuguese as "Planalto Serrano". It is located in the mountain region of the state and is the largest municipality of it. It ...

Canela Canela may refer to: Places * Canela, Rio Grande do Sul, a town in Brazil * Canela, Chile, a commune in Chile * La Canela, a legendary location in South America * Isla Canela, an island in Andalusia, Spain Other uses * Canela (surname), in ...

), falling to below zero in winter at the same time at a few degrees Celsius in the

Paraíba Valley The Paraíba Valley ( pt, Vale do Paraíba) is a landform that encompasses the regions: Paraíba Valley Metropolitan Region and Northern Coast, in the state of São Paulo and Sul-Fluminense Region, in the state of Rio de Janeiro, which stands out ...

, with a thermal sensation that may be even lower, but there may be years with temperatures above freezing as in 1999. As previously said even with high altitude latitude together is not enough for snowfall and therefore, the occurrence of snow in the city is rare, having been recorded in years as 1928, 1942, 1947 and 1966, four records at intervals of two decades that seems to be discontinued so far, in addition the dates are not consensual and INMET installed since 1944 did not record any occurrence of flakes. According to data from the

National Institute of Meteorology Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (INMET) is the national Meteorology, meteorological organization of Brazil, responsible for weather forecasting, collecting climate data, and alerting the public of extreme weather. It is part of the Ministry of Ag ...

(INMET), since 1961 the absolute minimum temperature recorded in Campos do Jordão from -7.2 °C on June 6, 1988. For the Forecast Center (CPTEC) the winter of this year was the most rigorous of the records, for comparison between 2008 and 2018 the lowest temperature was only -3.8 °C, being

is a factor of softer conditions Outside this period there are still other unofficial low temperature records even lower, as -7.4 °C on 26 June 1918, -8 °C on 25 July 1923 and -8.7 °C in July 1926. The absolute maximum in the same period was 30.5 °C on September 17, 1961. In other two occasions temperatures reached 30 °C, being on September 21, 1961 and October 14, 1963, with only three available data available. Cooler temperatures are more common in June and July, but during the afternoon they will be above freezing, often cool. Much of September and April is composed of pleasant days, hot days with 30 °C or more are almost null. The largest accumulated precipitation in 24 hours was 146.7 mm on March 10, 1965. Other large accumulations were 129.5 mm on October 14, 1995, 121.1 mm on January 24, 1964, 118.2 mm on March 8, 1966, 111.4 mm on December 24, 1971, 108.4 mm on May 25, 2005, 106.4 mm on December 14, 1971, 104.2 mm on December 2, 1963, 102.8 mm on November 20, 1971 and 101.2 mm on December 22, 1966. The month of greatest precipitation was December 1971, when 606.6 mm were recorded. Coincidentally the most auspicious day of average rainfall is

Christmas Christmas is an annual festival commemorating Nativity of Jesus, the birth of Jesus, Jesus Christ, observed primarily on December 25 as a religious and cultural celebration among billions of people Observance of Christmas by country, around t ...

with a 75% chance of net precipitation, remaining high between December and January. It is also understood that 75% of the annual rainfall is between spring and summer. The altitude variation and the presence of valleys makes differences in the total amount in the municipality, and the humidity decreases towards the interior of the

plateau In geology and physical geography, a plateau (; ; ), also called a high plain or a tableland, is an area of a highland consisting of flat terrain that is raised sharply above the surrounding area on at least one side. Often one or more sides ha ...

. The seasonal variation of cloudiness is remarkable. The most susceptible time for

sunlight Sunlight is a portion of the electromagnetic radiation given off by the Sun, in particular infrared, visible, and ultraviolet light. On Earth, sunlight is scattered and filtered through Earth's atmosphere, and is obvious as daylight when t ...

is from the beginning of April until the middle of October, with the end of August being the least covered season, reaching up to 70% of the open sky. The rest of the year tends to be more hazy, with mid-January reaching 77% of the overcast sky. The duration between the shortest day of the year and the longest day usually coincide correctly with the astronomical cycles. The second annual semester is usually season of stronger winds, mainly between September and October with average winds of 8 km/h. The quietest time is between February and March with average speeds of 6 km/h. The predominant direction of the north winds is around 2/3 of the year, mainly between the end of April and the end of September. In almost 4 months the second major direction is from the east.

Gallery

File:Campos do Jordão - Portal.jpg, City entrance File:Caiobadner - campos do jordao.jpg, Panoramic view of the district of Capivari File:Hotel Home Green Home, Alto do Capivari, Campos do Jordão.jpg, Home Green Home Hotel File:Campos do Jordão (7049310595).jpg, View from ''Morro do Elefante'' File:Campos do Jordão - Tilt Shift (6902992816) (2).jpg, Photo taken with a tilt-shift lens File:Campos do Jordão - Tilt Shift (7049298627).jpg, Vila Capivari district File:Campos1.JPG, Square File:Campos2.JPG, Square File:Campos3.JPG, Tram rail File:Campos4.JPG, Tram rail File:Estrada de Ferro Campos do Jordão, rampa dos 11 porcento.JPG, Campos do Jordão railroad File:Hotel cj Sdohdshjh239823893 023.jpg, Cristallo di Pietro Hotel File:Loja Chocolate Caseiro.jpg, Artisan chocolate shop File:Vila Capivari, Campos do Jordão.JPG, Villa D'Biagy Inn File:Palacio de Inverno do Governador de São Paulo.JPG, ''Palácio Boa Vista'', the winter residence of the

Governor of São Paulo A governor is an administrative leader and head of a polity or political region, ranking under the head of state and in some cases, such as governors-general, as the head of state's official representative. Depending on the type of political ...

File:Vista de Campos do Jordão.JPG, View from ''Alto do Capivari'' File:Por do sol na Pedra do Baú 09.JPG, Pedra do Baú State Park, near Campos do Jordão File:Panorama Campos.jpg, Panorama File:CAMPOS DO JORDAO 07.jpg, Pedestrian street File:Rua Djalma Forjaz, Campos do Jordão, SP.jpg, Shops and restaurants File:Campos do Jordão - Restaurantes - Restaurants (8904099052).jpg, Outdoor restaurants at night File:CAMPOS DO JORDAO 08.jpg, The city during the winter season File:Campos do Jordão - Shopping Aspen Mall - Aspen Shopping Mall (8904108018).jpg, The Aspen Mall in Vila Capivari district File:Auraucaria ang2.jpg, Brazilian Paraná pine (''Araucaria angustifolia'') and local

habitat, in Campos do Jordão municipality

References

External links

*
Official Campos do Jordão website
*
Official Campos do Jordão and Region Convention & Visitors Bureau
*
Buscacamposdojordao.com: Search engine exclusively for Campos do Jordão
*
NetCampos - Commercial site with quality useful information
*
Blog Campos do Jordão
*
Mapadecamposdojordao.com: Google map of Campos do Jordão
— ''with some locales indicated''. *
EncontraCamposdoJordão - Find everything about Campos do Jordão

Campos Listagem - all about Campos do Jordão

Guia Vale do Paraíba - O que fazer em Campos do Jordão
{{DEFAULTSORT:Campos Do Jordao German-Brazilian culture