Campolongo al Torre ( fur, Cjamplunc) is a former ''

comune The (; plural: ) is a local administrative division of Italy, roughly equivalent to a township or municipality. It is the third-level administrative division of Italy, after regions ('' regioni'') and provinces (''province''). The can also ...

'' of the

Province of Udine The province of Udine ( it, provincia di Udine, fur, provincie di Udin, sl, videmska pokrajina, Resian dialect, Resian: , german: Provinz Weiden) was a Provinces of Italy, province in the autonomous region Friuli-Venezia Giulia of Italy, borderi ...

in the

Italian Italian(s) may refer to: * Anything of, from, or related to the people of Italy over the centuries ** Italians, an ethnic group or simply a citizen of the Italian Republic or Italian Kingdom ** Italian language, a Romance language *** Regional Ita ...

region

Friuli-Venezia Giulia (man), it, Friulana (woman), it, Giuliano (man), it, Giuliana (woman) , population_note = , population_blank1_title = , population_blank1 = , demographics_type1 = , demographics1_footnotes = , demographics1_t ...

, located about 40 km northwest of

Trieste Trieste ( , ; sl, Trst ; german: Triest ) is a city and seaport in northeastern Italy. It is the capital city, and largest city, of the autonomous region of Friuli Venezia Giulia, one of two autonomous regions which are not subdivided into provi ...

and about 25 km southeast of

Udine Udine ( , ; fur, Udin; la, Utinum) is a city and ''comune'' in north-eastern Italy, in the middle of the Friuli Venezia Giulia region, between the Adriatic Sea and the Alps (''Alpi Carniche''). Its population was 100,514 in 2012, 176,000 with t ...

. Since 2009 it has been one of the two principal centres of

Campolongo Tapogliano Campolongo Tapogliano ( fur, Cjamplunc Tapoian) is a commune of the Italian region Friuli-Venezia Giulia which was created in 2009 by the fusion of the former communes of Campolongo al Torre and Tapogliano. Twin towns Campolongo Tapogliano is ...

, a municipality formed by its merger with the former ''comune'' of

Tapogliano Tapogliano ( sl, Tapoljan), is a locality and former ''comune'' (municipality) in the Province of Udine in the Italian region Friuli-Venezia Giulia, located about 40 km northwest of Trieste and about 25 km southeast of Udine. As of 31 D ...

History

Ancient era

The lands near Campolongo appear to have been settled dating back to Roman times. The first mention dates to the nearby town of

. Gravestones, bearing Latin inscriptions which indicate that name of the nearby town derives from the Latin "Tappulius (Tappulus)", a possible Roman assignee of these lands. That settlement is probably a consequence to that of the establishment of

Aquileia Aquileia / / / / ;Bilingual name of ''Aquileja – Oglej'' in: vec, Aquiłeja / ; Slovenian: ''Oglej''), group=pron is an ancient Roman city in Italy, at the head of the Adriatic at the edge of the lagoons, about from the sea, on the river N ...

(ca. 180 BC). These settlements served as strategic frontier outposts at the north-east corner of the Italian peninsula, intended to protect the Veneti, allies of Rome at that time. In the next centuries the Roman roads of

Via Postumia The Via Postumia was an ancient Roman road of northern Italy constructed in 148 BC by the ''consul'' Spurius Postumius Albinus Magnus. It ran from the coast at Genua through the mountains to Dertona, Placentia (the termination of the Via Aemil ...

Via Popilia __NOTOC__ The Via Popilia is the name of two different ancient Roman roads begun in the consulship of Publius Popilius Laenas. One was in southern Italy and the other was in north-eastern Italy. Road in southern Italy The road in southern Italy ...

Via Gemina Via Gemina was the Roman road linking Aquileia and Emona (the modern Ljubljana). It was built in 14 AD by the legio XIII Gemina,. In spite of the name given by its constructors it was said it took its name, the "twin road", from the circumstance ...

and

Via Annia The Via Annia was the Roman road in Venetia in north-eastern Italy. It run on the low plains of the lower River Po and of the lower Veneto and Friuli Venezia Giulia regions, an area which had many rivers and large marsh areas and bordered the coas ...

would link the area to the rest of the Italian peninsula and beyond.

Middle Ages

The area was devastated in the fifth century by Germanic and other invasions by

Alaric I Alaric I (; got, 𐌰𐌻𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍃, , "ruler of all"; c. 370 – 410 AD) was the first king of the Visigoths, from 395 to 410. He rose to leadership of the Goths who came to occupy Moesia—territory acquired a couple of decades ...

and

Attila Attila (, ; ), frequently called Attila the Hun, was the ruler of the Huns The Huns were a nomadic people who lived in Central Asia, the Caucasus, and Eastern Europe between the 4th and 6th century AD. According to European traditio ...

. The Roman inhabitants fled en masse to the lagoons, in Veneti and so laid the foundations of the city of Venice. Then the Lombards wasted the countryside a second time in 590 but also establishing the

Duchy of Friuli The Duchy of Friuli was a Lombard duchy in present-day Friuli, the first to be established after the conquest of the Italian peninsula in 568. It was one of the largest domains in ''Langobardia Major'' and an important buffer between the Lombard ...

in the vicinity. Lombards ruled until 774, when Charlemagne conquered the Friuli and made it into a Frankish state under

Eric of Friuli Eric (also ''Heirichus'' or ''Ehericus''; died 799) was the Duke of Friuli (''dux Foroiulensis'') from 789 to his death. He was the eldest son of Gerold of Vinzgouw and by the marriage of his sister Hildegard the brother-in-law of Charlemagne. B ...

. Under Charlemagne the new

Patriarchate of Aquileia The Patriarchate of Aquileia was an episcopal see in northeastern Italy, centred on the ancient city of Aquileia situated at the head of the Adriatic, on what is now the Italian seacoast. For many centuries it played an important part in histor ...

was established. The patriarchate would become one of the largest dioceses. However, in the 10th century, the Friuli area would suffer under the raids of the

Magyars Hungarians, also known as Magyars ( ; hu, magyarok ), are a nation and ethnic group native to Hungary () and historical Hungarian lands who share a common culture, history, ancestry, and language. The Hungarian language belongs to the Uralic ...

, which would contribute to the decline of imperial control and increase the authority of the patriarchs. By the 11th century, the patriarch of Aquileia had grown strong enough to assert temporal sovereignty over Friuli and Aquileia and the

Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV Henry IV (german: Heinrich IV; 11 November 1050 – 7 August 1106) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1084 to 1105, King of Germany from 1054 to 1105, King of Italy and Burgundy from 1056 to 1105, and Duke of Bavaria from 1052 to 1054. He was the son o ...

gave the region to the patriarch as a feudal possession albeit constantly disputed by the territorial nobility. In the 14th century the Patriarchal State known as the

Patria del Friuli The Patria del Friuli ( la, Patria Fori Iulii, fur, Patrie dal Friûl) was the territory under the temporal rule of the Patriarch of Aquileia and one of the ecclesiastical states of the Holy Roman Empire. In 1420, the Republic of Venice acquir ...

reached its largest extension, stretching from the Piave river to the Julian Alps and northern Istria. The seat of the Patriarchate of Aquileia had been transferred first to

Cividale Cividale del Friuli ( fur, Cividât (locally ); german: Östrich; sl, Čedad) is a town and ''comune'' in the Province of Udine, part of the Northern Italy, North-Italian Friuli Venezia Giulia ''regione''. The town lies above sea-level in the foo ...

and then in 1238 to

. It was during this time that the name of Campolongo is encountered for the first time in a note relating to March 1327: "Taxes collected by the Aquileia on the massari (farmers/settlers) of Carripa and Dapiferato, on the beheast of the Patriarch, as they are shown in the following note in Budrio, Orasaria, Campolongo and Visco, San Pietro d'Isonzo ...". Thus in 1327 in Campolongo there were "massari" subject to the Patriarch of Aquileia. Then the documents are silent for a period. However, Friuli had to cope with the rising naval power of the

Republic of Venice The Republic of Venice ( vec, Repùblega de Venèsia) or Venetian Republic ( vec, Repùblega Vèneta, links=no), traditionally known as La Serenissima ( en, Most Serene Republic of Venice, italics=yes; vec, Serenìsima Repùblega de Venèsia, ...

. Since the transfer of the patriarchal residence to Udine, the Venetians and the Patriarchate engaged in political and physical warfare. From about 1400, Venice began to enlarge its influence by occupying Aquileia/Friulian territory. By 1411 this turned into a war which was to mark the end of the Patriarchate. In December an Imperial army captured Udine; in 1419 the Venetians conquered Cividale; and, then Gemona, San Daniele, Venzone and Tolmezzo followed. The former Patriarchate territories were secularized by Venice and under the

Domini di Terraferma The ( vec, domini de terraferma or , ) was the hinterland territories of the Republic of Venice beyond the Adriatic coast in Northeast Italy. They were one of the three subdivisions of the Republic's possessions, the other two being the origina ...

, the territories stretching from the Adriatic Sea to the Alps, were ceded to the Republic. Campolongo was thus ruled by the Republic of Venice in 1420.http://www.comune.campolongotapogliano.ud.it/index.php?id=21790&L=0%27%22 History of Campolongo Campolongo was administered by its own degani and by Venetian "notaries". Friuli maintained a form of autonomy, by keeping its own Parliament ruling on the old territory of the Patriarchate; it also maintained its feudal nobility, which was able to keep their feudal rights over the land and its inhabitants for some time. Venice exploited the Friulian lands. Friuli, The harvesting of timber needed to build Venetian ships caused complete deforestation of the lower and central Friuli. Venice took also possession of collective farms belonging to rural Friulian communities, seriously impoverishing them. Glesie di Cjamplunc

Beginning in 1516 the Habsburg Empire controlled eastern Friuli, while western and central Friuli was Venetian. Campolongo and Tapogliano then, wedged between the Austrian archducal territory, often felt the weight of foreign incursions, which Austria then instigated or nurtured, so much so that: "... the twentieth first of May 1616 some (archducal) forces, stopping outside Gradisca, sacked the villa of Campolongo, highly esteemed by the Venetians".Biagio Rith de Colenberg, Commentaries on Modern War (1629) In another circumstance Campolongo was put on fire and according to the chronicle of the town leaders (catapano), the priest was killed, the parsonage burned and grains and livestock were removed from the country.

Modern age

Austrian rule

Campolongo remained under Venetian rule until the fall of Venice, that is, from the year 1420 to 1797. That year under the

Treaty of Campo Formio The Treaty of Campo Formio (today Campoformido) was signed on 17 October 1797 (26 Vendémiaire VI) by Napoleon Bonaparte and Count Philipp von Cobenzl as representatives of the French Republic and the Austrian monarchy, respectively. The treat ...

, this part of the Friuli became part of

Austria Austria, , bar, Östareich officially the Republic of Austria, is a country in the southern part of Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps. It is a federation of nine states, one of which is the capital, Vienna, the most populous ...

. For a brief period from 1805 until the Bourbon Restoration (

Congress of Vienna The Congress of Vienna (, ) of 1814–1815 was a series of international diplomatic meetings to discuss and agree upon a possible new layout of the European political and constitutional order after the downfall of the French Emperor Napoleon B ...

), Friuli belonged to the Italic Kingdom under Napoleon. Litorale austriaco 1897

The Ethnographic map of Karl von Czoernig-Czernhausen, issued by the Imperial Administration of Statistics in 1855, recorded a total of over 400 thousand Friulians living in the Austrian Empire. The majority of Friulians (about 351 thousand) lived in that part of Friuli that belonged to the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia, the others in the Friulian parts of the Austrian

Küstenland The Austrian Littoral (german: Österreichisches Küstenland, it, Litorale Austriaco, hr, Austrijsko primorje, sl, Avstrijsko primorje, hu, Osztrák Tengermellék) was a crown land (''Kronland'') of the Austrian Empire, established in 1849. ...

. Friulians were registered as their own category separate from Italians. Küstenland (or the Austrian Littoral) was officially Triest Province, one of two provinces (or governments) of the Empire, the other being Laibach (Ljubljana in Slovenia). It was further divided into four districts or kreis: 1) Görz or Gorizia including the Julian March (Include Campolongo), 2) Istrien or Istria, Eastern Istria and the Quarnero Islands, 3) Triest or Trieste; the Trieste hinterland and Western Istria, and 4) Trieste city. Around 1825, the province was reorganized into two subdivisions: 1) Istria and 2) Gorizia (includes Campolongo) with Trieste and its immediate surroundings under the direct control of the crown and separate from the local administrative structure. In 1849, Küstenland became a separate crown land with a governor in Trieste. It was formally divided into Istria and Gorizia and Gradisca (includes Campolongo) with Trieste remaining separate from both. By 1861, Gorizia and Gradisca (includes Campolongo) and Istria became administratively separate entities and, in 1867, Trieste received separate status as well, and the Küstenland was divided into the three crown lands of the Imperial Free City of Trieste and its suburbs, the Margraviate of Istria, and the Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca (includes Campolongo), which each had separate administrations and Landtag assemblies, but were all subject to a statholder at Trieste. During the Third War of Independence in 1866, Campolongo saw the location of the last action between the Kingdoms of Italy and Austria. On July 26, a mixed Italian force of bersaglieri and cavalry defeated an Austrian force guarding the crossing of the Torre river and reached present-day Romans d'Isonzo in the Battle of Versa. This marked the maximum Italian advance into Friuli. Under the

Treaty of Vienna (1866) The 1866 Treaty of Vienna was an agreement signed on the 3rd of October and later ratified on the 12th by the Kingdom of Italy and the Austrian Empire that concluded the hostilities of the Third War of Italian Independence, a theatre of concu ...

, Central Friuli (today's province of Udine) and western Friuli (today's province of Pordenone) were annexed by Italy together with Veneto after this war, while eastern Friuli (County of Gorizia and Gradisca, including Campolongo) remained under Austria. This division helped in part to give rise to "

Italia irredenta Italian irredentism ( it, irredentismo italiano) was a nationalist movement during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in Italy with irredentist goals which promoted the unification of geographic areas in which indigenous peoples ...

Demographic evolution

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References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Campolongo Al Torre Frazioni of the Province of Udine Former municipalities of Friuli-Venezia Giulia nl:Campolongo al Torre pms:Campolongo al Torre