Campidanese Sardinian
( sc, sardu campidanesu, it, sardo campidanese) is one of the two written standards of the
Sardinian language
Sardinian or Sard ( , or ) is a Romance languages, Romance language spoken by the Sardinians on the Western Mediterranean island of Sardinia.
Many Romance linguists consider it the language that is closest to Latin among all its genealogica ...
, which is often considered one of the most, if not the most
conservative
Conservatism is a cultural, social, and political philosophy that seeks to promote and to preserve traditional institutions, practices, and values. The central tenets of conservatism may vary in relation to the culture and civilization i ...
of all the
Romance language
The Romance languages, sometimes referred to as Latin languages or Neo-Latin languages, are the various modern languages that evolved from Vulgar Latin. They are the only extant subgroup of the Italic languages in the Indo-European languages, I ...
s. The orthography is based on the spoken dialects of central southern
Sardinia
Sardinia ( ; it, Sardegna, label=Italian, Corsican and Tabarchino ; sc, Sardigna , sdc, Sardhigna; french: Sardaigne; sdn, Saldigna; ca, Sardenya, label=Algherese and Catalan) is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after ...
, identified by certain attributes which are not found, or found to a lesser degree, among the Sardinian dialects centered on the other written form,
Logudorese
Logudorese Sardinian ( sc, sardu logudoresu, it, sardo logudorese) is one of the two written standards of the Sardinian language, which is often considered one of the most, if not the most conservative of all Romance languages. The orthography ...
. Its
ISO 639-3
ISO 639-3:2007, ''Codes for the representation of names of languages – Part 3: Alpha-3 code for comprehensive coverage of languages'', is an international standard for language codes in the ISO 639 series. It defines three-letter codes for i ...
code is ''sro''.
Traditionally the name ( in Italian) refers to the fertile area located around the towns of
Guspini
Guspini (Gùspini in Sardinian) is a town and ''comune'' of about 12,000 inhabitants in west Sardinia (Italy), in the province of South Sardinia. It is from the capital Cagliari and from the railway station at San Gavino Monreale.
Close to Gusp ...
and
Villacidro
Villacidro (Sardinian: Biddacidru or Bidda de Cidru) is a town and ''comune'' in the province of South Sardinia, Sardinia, Italy. In 2005 it has been the administrative seat of the province 'Medio Campidano', together with Sanluri. Since 2016 it i ...
. Campidanese dialects can be found across the entire Province of Cagliari and not just the
Province of Medio Campidano
A province is almost always an administrative division within a country or state. The term derives from the ancient Roman ''provincia'', which was the major territorial and administrative unit of the Roman Empire's territorial possessions outsi ...
area. Campidanese also extends into parts of the
Province of Nuoro
The province of Nuoro ( it, provincia di Nuoro; sc, provìntzia de Nùgoro) is a province in the autonomous island region of Sardinia, Italy. Its capital is the city of Nuoro.
It has an area of , and, , a total population of 210,972. The provinc ...
, notably the
Ogliastra
The province of Ogliastra ( it, provincia dell'Ogliastra , sc, provìntzia de s'Ogiastra) was a former province in eastern Sardinia, Italy. Ogliastra was the most mountainous province in Sardinia. With only some 57,642 inhabitants, it was also t ...
area and in the southern half of the
Province of Oristano
The province of Oristano ( it, provincia di Oristano, sc, provìntzia de Aristanis) is a province in the autonomous island region of Sardinia in Italy. Its capital is the city of Oristano. It has an area of , a total population of 160,746 (2016), ...
,
the capital
''The Capital'' (also known as ''Capital Gazette'' as its online nameplate and informally), the Sunday edition is called ''The Sunday Capital'', is a daily newspaper published by Capital Gazette Communications in Annapolis, Maryland, to serve ...
included. However, it is at this point that the dialects merge into
Logudorese
Logudorese Sardinian ( sc, sardu logudoresu, it, sardo logudorese) is one of the two written standards of the Sardinian language, which is often considered one of the most, if not the most conservative of all Romance languages. The orthography ...
.
Subvariants
There are seven main subdialects of Campidanese Sardinian, namely Western Campidanese,
Sarrabese (), Southern
Barbagia
Barbagia (; sc, Barbàgia or ) is a geographical region, geographical, cultural region, cultural and natural region of inner Sardinia, contained for the most part in the province of Nuoro and Ogliastra and located alongside the Gennargentu massi ...
n, and
Oristano
Oristano (; sc, Aristanis ) is an Italian city and ''comune'', and capital of the Province of Oristano in the central-western part of the island of Sardinia. It is located on the northern part of the Campidano plain. It was established as the pr ...
's ( or also ),
Ogliastra
The province of Ogliastra ( it, provincia dell'Ogliastra , sc, provìntzia de s'Ogiastra) was a former province in eastern Sardinia, Italy. Ogliastra was the most mountainous province in Sardinia. With only some 57,642 inhabitants, it was also t ...
's (),
Cagliari
Cagliari (, also , , ; sc, Casteddu ; lat, Caralis) is an Italian municipality and the capital of the island of Sardinia, an autonomous region of Italy. Cagliari's Sardinian name ''Casteddu'' means ''castle''. It has about 155,000 inhabitant ...
's (), and the varieties of
Sulcis
Sulcis (''Maurreddia'' or ''Meurreddia'' in Sardinian language) is a subregion of Sardinia, Italy, in the Province of South Sardinia.
Geographical extension
Its municipalities are: Calasetta, Carbonia, Carloforte, Giba, Gonnesa, Masainas, Narc ...
(). is the dialect spoken in the island's capital; however, it extends to most of the neighbouring towns and villages within a 15 km radius of Cagliari. In 2009, the provincial administration of Cagliari approved the spelling, phonetics, morphology, and vocabulary rules for Standard Campidanese Sardinian.
Vocabulary
Campidanese Sardinian has some borrowed words from
Aragonese,
Catalan
Catalan may refer to:
Catalonia
From, or related to Catalonia:
* Catalan language, a Romance language
* Catalans, an ethnic group formed by the people from, or with origins in, Northern or southern Catalonia
Places
* 13178 Catalan, asteroid #1 ...
and
Spanish
Spanish might refer to:
* Items from or related to Spain:
**Spaniards are a nation and ethnic group indigenous to Spain
**Spanish language, spoken in Spain and many Latin American countries
**Spanish cuisine
Other places
* Spanish, Ontario, Cana ...
. Since the early 20th century, there has been an increase in lexical borrowing from Italian as well; that is particularly evident with technological words for which there is no Campidanese equivalent. However, many words that are from Italian have been changed phonetically so that they sound Sardinian. Italian loan words that end in an ''o'' are often substituted with a ''u''. The strong Campidanese accent also changes the sound of the word.
Characteristics
#Singular nouns descending from 3rd declension Latin nouns ending in "-i" (Campidanese ''pisci'' vs Logudorese )
#Plural definite article of "is" (Campidanese ''is terras'' vs Logudorese ''sas terras'')
#Gerund in "-endi" (Campidanese ''èssendi'' vs Logudorese ''èssende'')
#Conservation of the Latin phoneme
and (/kʷ/ and /gʷ/) in words such as ''akua'' (water) and ''sànguni'' (blood).
#Palatalisation of Latin word-initial /k/ before /e/ and /i/ (Lat. ''centum'' > ''centu'' cf. Logudorese ''chentu''). In medial positions, /k/ becomes -/ʒ/- (Lat. ''decem'' > ''dexi'' cf. Logudorese ''deghe'') or -/ʃʃ/- (Lat. ''piscem'' > ''pisci'')
#Transformation of /rj/ to /rg/, /nj/ to /ng/, /lj/ to /ll/, and /ti/, /te/ into /tz/
#Epenthetic /a/ before word-initial /r/ (Lat. ''rubeum'' > ''arrubiu'')
#Metathesis (Logudorese ''Carbonia'' vs Campidanese ''Crabonia'')
#Catalan influence (Words such as ''seu'' "cathedral" loaned from Catalan)
Campidanese Sardinian is intelligible to those from the central to southern part of Sardinia, where Logudorese Sardinian
Logudorese Sardinian ( sc, sardu logudoresu, it, sardo logudorese) is one of the two written standards of the Sardinian language, which is often considered one of the most, if not the most conservative of all Romance languages. The orthography ...
is spoken, but it is not to those from the extreme north of the island, where Corsican–Sardinian dialects are spoken.
Italian speakers do not understand Campidanese, like any other dialect of the Sardinian language: Sardinian is an autonomous linguistic group rather than an Italian dialect as it is often noted because of its morphological, synctatic, and lexical differences from Italian.
Writing system
Campidanese is written using the Latin alphabet. Like Italian, Campidanese does not use w and y. Campidanese also uses the digraphs gh, representing /g/, ch representing /k/ before ''e'' and ''i'' vowels, tz representing /ts/ and x, representing /ʒ/.
In phonetic syntax, final or intervocalic ''t'' is pronounced as a /d/ (es: ''issu andat'', meaning "he goes", is pronounced ''issu andada'' ) and ''s'' is pronounced as a /z̪/, (es. ''sa mesa'', meaning "the table", is pronounced ''sa mez̪a''). When there are consonants like ''s'', ''t'' or ''nt'' at the end of the word, a helping vowel is usually added (es. ''sa domu'', ''is domus(u)'', the house, the houses).
If preceded by a consonant, an "i" is inserted before the normally-initial ''s'' (es: ''sa scala'', ''is (i)scalas(a)'', the staircase, the staircases). The spelling rules were established by the Province of Cagliari with a deliberation on March 17, 2010.
See also
* Sardinian language
Sardinian or Sard ( , or ) is a Romance languages, Romance language spoken by the Sardinians on the Western Mediterranean island of Sardinia.
Many Romance linguists consider it the language that is closest to Latin among all its genealogica ...
** Logudorese Sardinian
Logudorese Sardinian ( sc, sardu logudoresu, it, sardo logudorese) is one of the two written standards of the Sardinian language, which is often considered one of the most, if not the most conservative of all Romance languages. The orthography ...
References
External links
Ditzionàriu in línia de sa limba e de sa cultura sarda
Grammatica sardo-campidanese
La lingua sarda: Storia, spirito e forma
Max Leopold Wagner, a cura di Giulio Paulis, Nuoro 1997
Campidanese basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database
{{authority control
Campidanese dialect
Campidanese Sardinian ( sc, sardu campidanesu, it, sardo campidanese) is one of the two written standards of the Sardinian language, which is often considered one of the most, if not the most conservative (language), conservative of all the Ro ...