''Calyptronoma rivalis'' is a

pinnate Pinnation (also called pennation) is the arrangement of feather-like or multi-divided features arising from both sides of a common axis. Pinnation occurs in biological morphology, in crystals, such as some forms of ice or metal crystals, and in ...

ly compound leaved

palm Palm most commonly refers to: * Palm of the hand, the central region of the front of the hand * Palm plants, of family Arecaceae **List of Arecaceae genera * Several other plants known as "palm" Palm or Palms may also refer to: Music * Palm (ba ...

species that is native to the Caribbean islands of

Hispaniola Hispaniola (, also ; es, La Española; Latin and french: Hispaniola; ht, Ispayola; tnq, Ayiti or Quisqueya) is an island in the Caribbean that is part of the Greater Antilles. Hispaniola is the most populous island in the West Indies, and th ...

(in both

Haiti Haiti (; ht, Ayiti ; French: ), officially the Republic of Haiti (); ) and formerly known as Hayti, is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean Sea, east of Cuba and Jamaica, and ...

and the

Dominican Republic The Dominican Republic ( ; es, República Dominicana, ) is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean region. It occupies the eastern five-eighths of the island, which it shares wit ...

) and

Puerto Rico Puerto Rico (; abbreviated PR; tnq, Boriken, ''Borinquen''), officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ( es, link=yes, Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, lit=Free Associated State of Puerto Rico), is a Caribbean island and Unincorporated ...

. Its common names include palma de manaca and Puerto Rican manac.

Taxonomy

In 1995, botanists revised the

taxonomy Taxonomy is the practice and science of categorization or classification. A taxonomy (or taxonomical classification) is a scheme of classification, especially a hierarchical classification, in which things are organized into groups or types. ...

of the genus ''Calyptronoma'', placing ''Calyptronoma quisqueyana'' in

synonymy A synonym is a word, morpheme, or phrase that means exactly or nearly the same as another word, morpheme, or phrase in a given language. For example, in the English language, the words ''begin'', ''start'', ''commence'', and ''initiate'' are all ...

with the rare palm.USFWS
Palma de Manaca: Five-year Review.
2007.Zona, S. (1995). A Revision of ''Calyptronoma'' (Arecaceae). ''Principles'' 39(3): 140-151. Then the species included all of the individuals previously named ''C. quisqueyana'', extending its distribution to the island of Hispaniola, where it is common.

Description

''C. rivalis'' stems grow singly, and reach heights of 4–15 m, with stems 15–30 cm in diameter. It grows in waterlogged areas near the banks of streams; on Hispaniola, it occurs at less than 450 m

above sea level Height above mean sea level is a measure of the vertical distance (height, elevation or altitude) of a location in reference to a historic mean sea level taken as a vertical datum. In geodesy, it is formalized as ''orthometric heights''. The comb ...

, and ''

Calyptronoma plumeriana ''Calyptronoma plumeriana'' is a pinnately compound leaved palm species which is native to Cuba and Hispaniola (both Haiti and the Dominican Republic). Description ''C. plumeriana'' stems grow singly and reach heights of 4–10 m, with stems 10 ...

'' replaces it above that elevation.

Conservation

This palm was added to the

Endangered Species list On 29 January 2010, the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species identified 5220 (2754 animals, 1 fungus, 2464 plant, 1 protist) endangered species, subspecies and varieties, stocks and sub-populations. For IUCN lists of endangered species by kingdom, ...

of the United States in 1990, with a threatened status.USFWS
Determination of threatened status for the plant ''Calyptronoma rivalis''.
''Federal Register'' February 6, 1990. At that time it was believed to be endemic to Puerto Rico and limited to 3 populations with an estimated 220 total individuals remaining. Furthermore, its numbers on Puerto Rico increased to over 500, and then it was

reintroduced Species reintroduction is the deliberate release of a species into the wild, from captivity or other areas where the organism is capable of survival. The goal of species reintroduction is to establish a healthy, genetically diverse, self-sustainin ...

to a few new areas on the island. The

United States Fish and Wildlife Service The United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS or FWS) is an agency within the United States Department of the Interior dedicated to the management of fish, wildlife, and natural habitats. The mission of the agency is "working with othe ...

has not removed the palm from the Endangered Species list, because Puerto Rican individuals are on private land, are not protected, and in some cases, are not reproducing successfully. The plants are located on land that is threatened with

habitat destruction Habitat destruction (also termed habitat loss and habitat reduction) is the process by which a natural habitat becomes incapable of supporting its native species. The organisms that previously inhabited the site are displaced or dead, thereby ...

from development and habitat degradation resulting from poor

management Management (or managing) is the administration of an organization, whether it is a business, a nonprofit organization, or a government body. It is the art and science of managing resources of the business. Management includes the activities o ...

. The palm is more plentiful on Hispaniola, but its status there was not well known at the time. However, a 2022 evaluation of the species by the

IUCN Red List The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species, also known as the IUCN Red List or Red Data Book, founded in 1964, is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of biol ...

considered the species as "

Least Concern A least-concern species is a species that has been categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as evaluated as not being a focus of species conservation because the specific species is still plentiful in the wild. T ...

References

External links

USDA Plants Profile
rivalis Trees of Puerto Rico Trees of Haiti Trees of the Dominican Republic {{palm-stub