''Calymene'' Brongniart, 1822, is a
genus
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...
of
trilobite
Trilobites (; meaning "three lobes") are extinct marine arthropods that form the class Trilobita. Trilobites form one of the earliest-known groups of arthropods. The first appearance of trilobites in the fossil record defines the base of the At ...
s in the order
Phacopida
Phacopida ("lens-face") is an order of trilobites that lived from the Late Cambrian to the Late Devonian. It is made up of a morphologically diverse assemblage of taxa in three related suborders.
Characteristics
Phacopida had 8 to 19 thorac ...
, suborder
Calymenina
Calymenina is a suborder of the trilobite order Phacopida
Phacopida ("lens-face") is an order of trilobites that lived from the Late Cambrian to the Late Devonian. It is made up of a morphologically diverse assemblage of taxa in three related ...
, that are found throughout
North America
North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere and almost entirely within the Western Hemisphere. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America and the Car ...
,
North Africa
North Africa, or Northern Africa is a region encompassing the northern portion of the African continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region, and it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of Mauritania in ...
, and
Europe
Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a Continent#Subcontinents, subcontinent of Eurasia ...
in primarily
Silurian
The Silurian ( ) is a geologic period and system spanning 24.6 million years from the end of the Ordovician Period, at million years ago ( Mya), to the beginning of the Devonian Period, Mya. The Silurian is the shortest period of the Paleozo ...
outcrops. ''Calymene'' is closely related to ''
Flexicalymene
''Flexicalymene'' Shirley, 1936. is a genus of trilobites belonging to the order Phacopida, suborder Calymenina and Family Calymenidae. ''Flexicalymene'' specimens can be mistaken for '' Calymene'', ''Gravicalymene'', '' Diacalymene'' and a fe ...
'', and both genera are frequently found enrolled.
Calymene trilobites are small, typically 2 cm in length. The cephalon is the widest part of the animal and the thorax usually has 13 segments.
The correct genus authorship is Brongniart (1822). A previously published genus description in Desmarest (1816) (often mis-cited as "Calymena" Desmarest, 1817) was suppressed by ICZN Opinion 1433.
Etymology
''Calymene'' - meaning ''beautiful crescent'' as a reference to the
glabella
The glabella, in humans, is the area of skin between the eyebrows and above the nose. The term also refers to the underlying bone that is slightly depressed, and joins the two brow ridges. It is a cephalometric landmark that is just superior to ...
.
Known species and locations
*†''
Calymene blumenbachii
''Calymene blumenbachii'' Brongniart ''in'' Desmarest (1817),Desmarest, A. G. 1817. Calymène. in: ''Nouveau Dictionnaire d'Histoire Naturelle, Nouvelle Edition'', Tome 8, pp. 517 - 518. sometimes erroneously spelled ''blumenbachi'', is a spe ...
'',
Dudley
Dudley is a large market town and administrative centre in the county of West Midlands, England, southeast of Wolverhampton and northwest of Birmingham. Historically an exclave of Worcestershire, the town is the administrative centre of the ...
,
England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Wales to its west and Scotland to its north. The Irish Sea lies northwest and the Celtic Sea to the southwest. It is separated from continental Europe b ...
- Type
*†''Calymene brevicapitata'', N. and S.
Wales
Wales ( cy, Cymru ) is a Countries of the United Kingdom, country that is part of the United Kingdom. It is bordered by England to the Wales–England border, east, the Irish Sea to the north and west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the ...
*†''Calymene breviceps'',
Indiana
Indiana () is a U.S. state in the Midwestern United States. It is the 38th-largest by area and the 17th-most populous of the 50 States. Its capital and largest city is Indianapolis. Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th s ...
and
Illinois
Illinois ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Midwestern United States, Midwestern United States. Its largest metropolitan areas include the Chicago metropolitan area, and the Metro East section, of Greater St. Louis. Other smaller metropolita ...
*†''
Calymene celebra
''Calymene celebra'' is a Silurian species of trilobites of the order Phacopida and also the state fossil of Wisconsin. It is found in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin
Wisconsin () is a state in the upper Midwestern United States. Wisco ...
'',
Illinois
Illinois ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Midwestern United States, Midwestern United States. Its largest metropolitan areas include the Chicago metropolitan area, and the Metro East section, of Greater St. Louis. Other smaller metropolita ...
,
Indiana
Indiana () is a U.S. state in the Midwestern United States. It is the 38th-largest by area and the 17th-most populous of the 50 States. Its capital and largest city is Indianapolis. Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th s ...
, and
Wisconsin
Wisconsin () is a state in the upper Midwestern United States. Wisconsin is the 25th-largest state by total area and the 20th-most populous. It is bordered by Minnesota to the west, Iowa to the southwest, Illinois to the south, Lake M ...
.
*†''Calymene clavicula'',
Oklahoma
Oklahoma (; Choctaw language, Choctaw: ; chr, ᎣᎧᎳᎰᎹ, ''Okalahoma'' ) is a U.S. state, state in the South Central United States, South Central region of the United States, bordered by Texas on the south and west, Kansas on the nor ...
*†''Calymene daviesii'',
Radnorshire
, HQ = Presteigne
, Government = Radnorshire County Council (1889–1974) Radnorshire District Council (1974–1996)
, Origin =
, Status = historic county, administrative county
, Start ...
,
Wales
Wales ( cy, Cymru ) is a Countries of the United Kingdom, country that is part of the United Kingdom. It is bordered by England to the Wales–England border, east, the Irish Sea to the north and west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the ...
*†''Calymene duplicata'', Wales and
Ireland
Ireland ( ; ga, Éire ; Ulster Scots dialect, Ulster-Scots: ) is an island in the Atlantic Ocean, North Atlantic Ocean, in Northwestern Europe, north-western Europe. It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel (Grea ...
*†''Calymene hopkinsoni'', Wales
*†''
Calymene niagarensis
''Calymene niagarensis'' is a species of trilobite belonging to the genus ''Calymene
''Calymene'' Brongniart, 1822, is a genus of trilobites in the order Phacopida, suborder Calymenina, that are found throughout North America, North Africa, ...
'',
New York
New York most commonly refers to:
* New York City, the most populous city in the United States, located in the state of New York
* New York (state), a state in the northeastern United States
New York may also refer to:
Film and television
* '' ...
*†''Calymene parvifrons'', Wales
*†''Calymene senaria'', N. Wales and Ireland
*†''
Calymene tristani
''Calymene tristani'' is a trilobite belonging to the order Phacopida family ''Calymene''. These trilobites lived in the Ordovician
The Ordovician ( ) is a geologic period and system, the second of six periods of the Paleozoic Era. The Ordovi ...
'',
Cornwall
Cornwall (; kw, Kernow ) is a historic county and ceremonial county in South West England. It is recognised as one of the Celtic nations, and is the homeland of the Cornish people. Cornwall is bordered to the north and west by the Atlantic ...
, England
*†''Calymene tuberculata'',
Gotland
Gotland (, ; ''Gutland'' in Gutnish), also historically spelled Gottland or Gothland (), is Sweden's largest island. It is also a province, county, municipality, and diocese. The province includes the islands of Fårö and Gotska Sandön to the ...
,
Sweden
Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden,The United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names states that the country's formal name is the Kingdom of SwedenUNGEGN World Geographical Names, Sweden./ref> is a Nordic country located on ...
*†''Calymene vogdesi'',
Ohio
Ohio () is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States. Of the fifty U.S. states, it is the 34th-largest by area, and with a population of nearly 11.8 million, is the seventh-most populous and tenth-most densely populated. The sta ...
*†''Calymene'' sp. in the
Silurian
The Silurian ( ) is a geologic period and system spanning 24.6 million years from the end of the Ordovician Period, at million years ago ( Mya), to the beginning of the Devonian Period, Mya. The Silurian is the shortest period of the Paleozo ...
–
Ordovician
The Ordovician ( ) is a geologic period and System (geology), system, the second of six periods of the Paleozoic Era (geology), Era. The Ordovician spans 41.6 million years from the end of the Cambrian Period million years ago (Mya) to the start ...
of
Morocco
Morocco (),, ) officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is the westernmost country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It overlooks the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and has land borders with Algeria to ...
Reassigned species
Since the genus ''Calymene'' was established early on in paleontology, a number of species previously assigned to it have since been transferred to other genera:
* ''C. aculeata'' = ''
Parasolenopleura aculeata''
* ''C. aequalis'' = ''
Archegonus aequalis''
* ''C. anchiops'' = ''
Anchiopella anchiops''
* ''C. arachnoides'' = ''
Asteropyge arachnoides''
* ''C. arago'' = ''
Colpocoryphe arago''
* ''C. articulata'' = ''
Crotalocephalus articulatus''
* ''C. baylei'' = ''
Metacalymene baylei''
* ''C. bellatula'' = ''
Cybele bellatula''
* ''C. bufo rana'' = ''
Phacops rana
''Eldredgeops rana'' (formerly ''Phacops rana'') is a species of trilobite from the middle Devonian period. Their fossils are found chiefly in the northeastern United States, and southwestern Ontario.
Because of its abundance and popularity wit ...
''
* ''C. calicephala'' = ''
Orimops calicephala''
* ''C. canaliculata'' = ''
Solenopleura canaliculata''
* ''C. cambrensis'' = ''
Flexicalymene cambrensis''
* ''C. caractaci'' = ''
Flexicalymene caractaci''
* ''C. clavifrons'' = ''
Cyrtometopus clavifrons''
* ''C. concinna'' = ''
Proetus concinnus''
* ''C. diademata'' = ''
Diacalymene diademata
''Diacalymene'' is a genus of trilobite from the order Phacopida, suborder Calymenina. It includes the species ''D. ouzregui'', ''D. clavicula'', ''D. diademata'' and ''D. gabrielsi''. It lived in the Ordovician and Silurian periods.
Distributi ...
''
* ''C. downingiae'' = ''
Acaste downingiae''
* ''C. frontiloba'' = ''
Pliomera fischeri''
* ''C. granulata'' = ''
Phacops granulatus''
* ''C. holometopa'' = ''
Solenopleura holometopa''
* ''C. marginata'' = ''
Perliproetus marginata''
* ''C. odini'' = ''
Chasmops odini''
* ''C. ornata'' = ''
Ceraurinella ornata''
* ''C. papillata'' = ''
Papillicalymene papillata''
* ''C. platycephala'' = ''
Platycoryphe platycephala''
* ''C. polytoma'' = ''
Pliomera fischeri''
* ''C. sclerops'' = ''
Pterygometopus sclerops''
* ''C. sinensis'' = ''
Blackwelderia sinensis''
* ''C. speciosa'' = ''
Parapilekia speciosa''
* ''C. stenometopa'' = ''
Acrocephalites stenometopus''
* ''C. stokesii'' =
Phacopidae
Phacopidae is a family of phacopid trilobites that ranges from the Lower Ordovician to the Upper Devonian, with representatives in all paleocontinents.
Description
As in all Phacopina, the eyes (if present) consist of very large (0.5 mm in ' ...
, generic assignment uncertain
* ''C. tingi'' = ''
Calymenesun tingi''
* ''C. tournemini'' = ''
Placoparia tournemini''
* ''C. tristani'' = ''
Synhomalonotus tristani''
* ''C. unicornis'' = ''
Reedocalymene unicornis''
* ''C. variolaris'' = ''
Balizoma variolaris''
* ''C. verrucosa'' = ''
Atractopyge verrucosa''
* ''C. volborthi'' = ''
Ptychometopus volborthi''
References
External links
*
*
{{Taxonbar, from=Q2581412
Calymenidae
Extinct animals of Europe
Extinct animals of North America
Early Ordovician first appearances
Early Devonian genus extinctions
Phacopida genera
Tremadocian
Floian
Dapingian
Darriwilian
Sandbian
Katian
Hirnantian
Rhuddanian
Aeronian
Telychian
Sheinwoodian
Homerian
Gorstian
Ludfordian
Pridoli life
Lochkovian life
Pragian life
Fossils of Georgia (U.S. state)
Paleozoic life of Ontario
Paleozoic life of the Northwest Territories
Paleozoic life of Nova Scotia
Paleozoic life of Nunavut
Paleozoic life of Quebec