Calpain-2 (, ''calcium-activated neutral protease II'', ''m-calpain'', ''milli-calpain'') is an intracellular heterodimeric calcium-activated cysteine protease. This enzyme catalyses the following

chemical reaction A chemical reaction is a process that leads to the IUPAC nomenclature for organic transformations, chemical transformation of one set of chemical substances to another. Classically, chemical reactions encompass changes that only involve the pos ...

: Broad

endopeptidase Endopeptidase or endoproteinase are proteolytic peptidases that break peptide bonds of nonterminal amino acids (i.e. within the molecule), in contrast to exopeptidases, which break peptide bonds from end-pieces of terminal amino acids. For this re ...

specificity This enzyme belongs to the peptidase family C2. It is one of 15 proteins in the calpain family.

Structure

Calpain-2 is a heterodimer of a catalytic subunit encoded by CAPN2 gene and a regulatory subunit CAPNS1. The catalytic subunit consists of four domains: protease core 1 domain (PC1), protease core 2 domain (PC2), calpain-type beta-sandwich-like domain (CBSW), and penta EF-hand domain (PEF(L)). The catalytic cleft is formed by PC1 and PC2 upon calcium binding. The catalytic triad consists of residues C105, H262, and N286. Noteworthy, CAPN2 also contains an N-terminal anchor helix, which however is cleaved off upon protease activation. It is believed to play a role in a regulation of catalytic activity. The regulatory subunit consists of two domains: a glycine-rich domain (GR), and penta EF-hand domain (PEF(S)). The interaction of PEF(S) and PEF(L) through an unpaired EF-hand motif causes dimerization of the two subunits. Calpain-2 heterodimer is highly homologous to calpain-1, which is formed by a catalytic CAPN1 and a regulatory CAPNS1 subunits.

Properties

There is no known consensus sequence for calpain-2 proteolysis, but there is evidence for over 130 potential substrates. Proteolytic cleavage by calpain-2 is regulated by presence of Ca²⁺ ions. It requires supraphysiological (low millimolar) concentration of Ca²⁺ for activation. Intracellular concentration of Ca²⁺ (approx. 100 nM) is insufficient for activating calpain-2, so activation occurs upon influx of ions from extracellular space or from endoplasmic reticulum. In addition, calpain-1/2 can be inhibited by calpastatin (encoded by the CAST gene) which binds to the PEF domains of the catalytic and regulatory subunits of calpains-1/2. It prohibits substrate binding to the active site through steric hindrance.

Calpain-2 in Cancer

Upregulation of calpain-2 is linked to increased aggressiveness of cancer. There is evidence suggesting that the mechanism of action is through cleavage of substrates involved in cell migration, invasion, and sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents.

Domain Nomenclature

Previously used nomenclature used Roman numerals to denote calpain-2 domains starting from the N-terminus of CAPN2 and ending at C-terminus of CAPNS1. For example, PEF(L) and PEF(S) were referred to as Domain IV and Domain VI, respectively.

References

External links