Cadaba Farinosa

''Cadaba farinosa'' is a high evergreen shrub or small tree that belongs to the caper family. It has simple ovate leaves with entire margins, zygomorphic, spidery, greenish, yellowish, whitish or pinkish flowers, and is covered in powdery hairs or scales, particularly the younger parts. It can be found in a zone from Senegal to India between the desert and the savanna.

Description

''Cadaba farinosa'' is a usually much branched shrub, mostly high, but under favorable circumstances a shrub of or a tree up to . It has a smooth, reddish brown bark, while young branches appear powdery due to scales or short spreading hairs. The simple and entire leaves are alternate set along the branches, and have narrow, persistent stipules of up to 1½ mm (0.06 in) long, at both sides of an up to long leaf stalk, which carries an oblong or elliptical leaf blade of long and wide, rounded or pointed with a short stiff tip. When young, the leaves appear powdery, but they become gradually hairless. The central vein that branches feather-like into four to five pairs of side veins. The bilaterally symmetric flowers are arranged individually or with a few together in small inflorescences at the tip of the side branches. The flowers have both stamens and a pistel. Each sits on a long flower stalk, has four, somewhat unequal, elliptical sepals that fall after flowering. The outer sepals are long, concave particularly near the tip, that appears pointed because the margins are folded against each other. The inner sepals are almost flat and have a stump tip. The four petals, which fall earlier than the sepals, are approximately long, and consist of a linear, up-curved claw of long, that gradually passes into a wider, creamy, yellowish or dirty pink colored, oblanceolate long blade. The base of the (four or) five stamens and the pistol have merged into a horizontally oriented 4–5 mm long androgynophore, with the free upper parts of the filaments long and carrying 3½ mm (0.14 in) long, very quickly falling anthers. At the base of the androgynophore, there is at a right angle an upwardly directed tube-shaped appendage of long, colored like the petals. The ovary, that contains one cavity, sits on a stalk on top of the androgynophore (called gynophore) and has a cylinder shape. After ferilisation, this develops into a powdery cylindrical capsule of long and about in diameter, with many seeds and slight constricted between these, which open with two valves from the base when ripe. Individual seeds are 2½–3 mm (0.10–0.12 in), rounded to kidney-shaped, and are embedded in an orange-red pulp. The number of chromosomes is thirty two (2n=32). citied on

Phytochemistry

''C. farinosa'' contains aliphatic alcohols, glycosides, heteroside, nitrogenous bases, saponins, steroids and sterols, while particularly the leaves contain alkaloids.

Taxonomy

Based on a type from Yemen, this species was first described by Peter Forsskål, an early Swedish explorer, orientalist and naturalist, in his ''Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica'', that was published in 1775, and named ''Cadaba farinosa''. The Swiss botanist Augustin Pyramus de Candolle described a slightly different specimen in his Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis as ''C. dubia'' in 1824. In 1854, Ukrainian botanist Nikolai Turczaninow described ''C. miqueliana''. Ernest Friedrich Gilg and his wife Charlotte Gilg-Benedict distinguished in 1915 ''C. mombassana''. All of these are now considered synonyms. ''C. adenotricha'' and ''C. apiculata'' were also distinguished by Gilg and Gilg-Benedict in 1915, based on the presence of glandular hairs, but they were synonymised and demoted to the subspecies ''adenotricha'' in 1963 by R.A. Graham.

Etymology

The genus name ''Cadaba'' is derived from the Arab word "kadhab", a local name for ''Cadaba rotundifolia''. The species epithet is a contraction of the Latin words ''farīna'' meaning "flour" or "meal”, and ''-ōsos'', a deflection meaning "full off".

Distribution, habitat and ecology

This plant can be found in the Sahel and northern Sudanian Savanna between Mauritania and Senegal in the West, along the Red Sea, through the Arabian peninsula, and the coast of the Indian Ocean all the way to India in the East. It is widespread in Africa, and may grow up to an altitude of . It is often found on termite mounds and grows together with '' Maerua'' species. This species grows in areas with a mean annual precipitation between and , and a temperature of approximately , and prefers heavy soils, although it also grows on stony scree and sand. The foliage is eaten by black rhinos, buffalos and hartebeests. Butterflies of the genus '' Colotis'' feed on the leaves of Capparaceae, including those of ''Cadaba farinosa''.

Uses

The wood is used for fuel. The leaves and young twigs of ''Cadaba farinosa'' are edible. In western Africa, leaves are squashed, boiled and eaten as a gruel, sometimes mixed with couscous. In northern Nigeria pounded leaves are mixed with cereals and dried to make irregularly shaped chocolate-brown cake, which is sold on markets called ''farsa'', ''balambo'', ''baleno'', ''tsawa'' (in Hausa), or ''tigiraganda''. Macerated flowers are added to dough to make it sweeter. It is used as fodder by different types of husbandry and is one of the species preferred by camels in the North of Kenya. Leaves are reported to contain 15.2–18.2% crude protein, about 60-80% fibre and 7-8% ash. It is also particularly relished by goats which browse its leaves year-round.Heuzé V., Thiollet H., Tran G., Hassoun P., Lebas F., 2018. Cadaba (Cadaba farinosa). Feedipedia, a programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. https://www.feedipedia.org/node/174 In traditional medicine in different parts of Africa and India, several parts of the plant are reported to be used, against infections such as of the skin and the intestines, food-poisoning, anthrax, dysenteria, intestinal worms, and against pain such as rheumatism.

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q15543257

farinosa
Plants described in 1775
Flora of West Tropical Africa
Flora of Northeast Tropical Africa
Flora of the Arabian Peninsula
Flora of Western Asia
Flora of the Indian subcontinent