In computing, CUDA (Compute Unified Device Architecture) is a proprietary parallel computing platform and application programming interface (API) that allows software to use certain types of graphics processing units (GPUs) for accelerated general-purpose processing, an approach called general-purpose computing on GPUs. CUDA was created by Nvidia in 2006. When it was first introduced, the name was an acronym for ''Compute Unified Device Architecture'', but Nvidia later orphan initialism, dropped the common use of the acronym and now rarely expands it. CUDA is a software layer that gives direct access to the GPU's virtual instruction set and parallel computational elements for the execution of compute kernels. In addition to Driver (computer), drivers and runtime kernels, the CUDA platform includes compilers, libraries and developer tools to help programmers accelerate their applications. CUDA is designed to work with programming languages such as C (programming language), C, C++, Fortran, Python (programming language), Python and Julia (programming language), Julia. This accessibility makes it easier for specialists in parallel programming to use GPU resources, in contrast to prior APIs like Direct3D and OpenGL, which require advanced skills in graphics programming. CUDA-powered GPUs also support programming frameworks such as OpenMP, OpenACC and OpenCL.

Background

The graphics processing unit (GPU), as a specialized computer processor, addresses the demands of Real-time computer graphics, real-time high-resolution 3D graphics compute-intensive tasks. By 2012, GPUs had evolved into highly parallel multi-core systems allowing efficient manipulation of large blocks of data. This design is more effective than general-purpose central processing unit (CPUs) for algorithms in situations where processing large blocks of data is done in parallel, such as: * cryptographic hash functions * machine learning * molecular dynamics simulations * physics engines Ian Buck, while at Stanford in 2000, created an 8K gaming rig using 32 GeForce cards, then obtained a DARPA grant to perform General-purpose computing on graphics processing units, general purpose parallel programming on GPUs. He then joined Nvidia, where since 2004 he has been overseeing CUDA development. In pushing for CUDA, Jensen Huang aimed for the Nvidia GPUs to become a general hardware for scientific computing. CUDA was released in 2007. Around 2015, the focus of CUDA changed to neural networks.

Ontology

The following table offers a non-exact description for the Ontology (information science), ontology of CUDA framework.

Programming abilities

The CUDA platform is accessible to software developers through CUDA-accelerated libraries, Directive (programming), compiler directives such as OpenACC, and extensions to industry-standard programming languages including C (programming language), C, C++, Fortran and Python (programming language), Python. C/C++ programmers can use 'CUDA C/C++', compiled to Parallel Thread Execution, PTX with NVIDIA CUDA Compiler, nvcc, Nvidia's LLVM-based C/C++ compiler, or by clang itself. Fortran programmers can use 'CUDA Fortran', compiled with the PGI CUDA Fortran compiler from The Portland Group. Python programmers can use the cuNumeric library to accelerate applications on Nvidia GPUs. In addition to libraries, compiler directives, CUDA C/C++ and CUDA Fortran, the CUDA platform supports other computational interfaces, including the Khronos Group's OpenCL, Microsoft's DirectCompute, OpenGL Compute Shader and C++ AMP. Third party wrappers are also available for Python (programming language), Python, Perl, Fortran, Java (programming language), Java, Ruby (programming language), Ruby, Lua (programming language), Lua, Common Lisp (programming language), Common Lisp, Haskell (programming language), Haskell, R (programming language), R, MATLAB, IDL (programming language), IDL, Julia (programming language), Julia, and native support in Mathematica. In the computer game industry, GPUs are used for graphics rendering, and for physics processing unit, game physics calculations (physical effects such as debris, smoke, fire, fluids); examples include PhysX and Bullet (software), Bullet. CUDA has also been used to accelerate non-graphical applications in computational biology, cryptography and other fields by an order of magnitude or more. CUDA provides both a low level API (CUDA Driver API, non single-source) and a higher level API (CUDA Runtime API, single-source). The initial CUDA Software development kit, SDK was made public on 15 February 2007, for Microsoft Windows and Linux. macOS, Mac OS X support was later added in version 2.0, which supersedes the beta released February 14, 2008. CUDA works with all Nvidia GPUs from the G8x series onwards, including Nvidia GeForce, GeForce, Nvidia Quadro, Quadro and the Nvidia Tesla, Tesla line. CUDA is compatible with most standard operating systems. CUDA 8.0 comes with the following libraries (for compilation & runtime, in alphabetical order): * cuBLAS – CUDA Basic Linear Algebra Subroutines library * CUDART – CUDA Runtime library * cuFFT – CUDA Fast Fourier Transform library * cuRAND – CUDA Random Number Generation library * cuSOLVER – CUDA based collection of dense and sparse direct solvers * cuSPARSE – CUDA Sparse Matrix library * NPP – NVIDIA Performance Primitives library * nvGRAPH – NVIDIA Graph Analytics library * NVML – NVIDIA Management Library * NVRTC – NVIDIA Runtime Compilation library for CUDA C++ CUDA 8.0 comes with these other software components: * nView – NVIDIA nView Desktop Management Software * NVWMI – NVIDIA Enterprise Management Toolkit * GameWorks PhysX – is a multi-platform game physics engine CUDA 9.0–9.2 comes with these other components: * CUTLASS 1.0 – custom linear algebra algorithms, * NVIDIA Video Decoder was deprecated in CUDA 9.2; it is now available in NVIDIA Video Codec SDK CUDA 10 comes with these other components: * nvJPEG – Hybrid (CPU and GPU) JPEG processing CUDA 11.0–11.8 comes with these other components: * CUB is new one of more supported C++ libraries * MIG multi instance GPU support * nvJPEG2000 – JPEG 2000 encoder and decoder

Advantages

CUDA has several advantages over traditional general-purpose computation on GPUs (GPGPU) using graphics APIs: * Scattered readscode can read from arbitrary addresses in memory. * Unified virtual memory (CUDA 4.0 and above) * Unified memory (CUDA 6.0 and above) * Shared memory (interprocess communication), Shared memoryCUDA exposes a fast shared memory region that can be shared among threads. This can be used as a user-managed cache, enabling higher bandwidth than is possible using texture lookups. * Faster downloads and readbacks to and from the GPU * Full support for integer and bitwise operations, including integer texture lookups

Limitations

* Whether for the host computer or the GPU device, all CUDA source code is now processed according to C++ syntax rules. This was not always the case. Earlier versions of CUDA were based on C syntax rules. As with the more general case of compiling C code with a C++ compiler, it is therefore possible that old C-style CUDA source code will either fail to compile or will not behave as originally intended. * Interoperability with rendering languages such as OpenGL is one-way, with OpenGL having access to registered CUDA memory but CUDA not having access to OpenGL memory. * Copying between host and device memory may incur a performance hit due to system bus bandwidth and latency (this can be partly alleviated with asynchronous memory transfers, handled by the GPU's DMA engine). * Threads should be running in groups of at least 32 for best performance, with total number of threads numbering in the thousands. Branches in the program code do not affect performance significantly, provided that each of 32 threads takes the same execution path; the Single instruction, multiple data, SIMD execution model becomes a significant limitation for any inherently divergent task (e.g. traversing a space partitioning data structure during ray tracing (graphics), ray tracing). * No emulation or fallback functionality is available for modern revisions. * Valid C++ may sometimes be flagged and prevent compilation due to the way the compiler approaches optimization for target GPU device limitations. * C++ run-time type information (RTTI) and C++-style exception handling are only supported in host code, not in device code. * In single-precision floating-point format, single-precision on first generation CUDA compute capability 1.x devices, denormal numbers are unsupported and are instead flushed to zero, and the precision of both the division and square root operations are slightly lower than IEEE 754-compliant single precision math. Devices that support compute capability 2.0 and above support denormal numbers, and the division and square root operations are IEEE 754 compliant by default. However, users can obtain the prior faster gaming-grade math of compute capability 1.x devices if desired by setting compiler flags to disable accurate divisions and accurate square roots, and enable flushing denormal numbers to zero. * Unlike OpenCL, CUDA-enabled GPUs are only available from Nvidia as it is proprietary. Attempts to implement CUDA on other GPUs include: ** Project Coriander: Converts CUDA C++11 source to OpenCL 1.2 C. A fork of CUDA-on-CL intended to run TensorFlow. ** CU2CL: Convert CUDA 3.2 C++ to OpenCL C. ** GPUOpen HIP: A thin abstraction layer on top of CUDA and ROCm intended for AMD and Nvidia GPUs. Has a conversion tool for importing CUDA C++ source. Supports CUDA 4.0 plus C++11 and float16. ** ZLUDA is a drop-in replacement for CUDA on AMD GPUs and formerly Intel GPUs with near-native performance. The developer, Andrzej Janik, was separately contracted by both Intel and AMD to develop the software in 2021 and 2022, respectively. However, neither company decided to release it officially due to the lack of a business use case. AMD's contract included a clause that allowed Janik to release his code for AMD independently, allowing him to release the new version that only supports AMD GPUs. ** chipStar can compile and run CUDA/HIP programs on advanced OpenCL 3.0 or Level Zero platforms.

Example

This example code in C++ loads a texture from an image into an array on the GPU: texture tex; void foo() //end foo() __global__ void kernel(float* odata, int height, int width) Below is an example given in Python (programming language), Python that computes the product of two arrays on the GPU. The unofficial Python language bindings can be obtained from ''PyCUDA''. import pycuda.compiler as comp import pycuda.driver as drv import numpy import pycuda.autoinit mod = comp.SourceModule( """ __global__ void multiply_them(float *dest, float *a, float *b) """ ) multiply_them = mod.get_function("multiply_them") a = numpy.random.randn(400).astype(numpy.float32) b = numpy.random.randn(400).astype(numpy.float32) dest = numpy.zeros_like(a) multiply_them(drv.Out(dest), drv.In(a), drv.In(b), block=(400, 1, 1)) print(dest - a * b) Additional Python bindings to simplify matrix multiplication operations can be found in the program ''pycublas''. import numpy from pycublas import CUBLASMatrix A = CUBLASMatrix(numpy.mat(1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6, numpy.float32)) B = CUBLASMatrix(numpy.mat(2, 3], [4, 5], [6, 7, numpy.float32)) C = A * B print(C.np_mat()) while CuPy directly replaces NumPy: import cupy a = cupy.random.randn(400) b = cupy.random.randn(400) dest = cupy.zeros_like(a) print(dest - a * b)

GPUs supported

Supported CUDA compute capability versions for CUDA SDK version and microarchitecture (by code name): Note: CUDA SDK 10.2 is the last official release for macOS, as support will not be available for macOS in newer releases. CUDA compute capability by version with associated GPU semiconductors and GPU card models (separated by their various application areas): * – Original equipment manufacturer, OEM-only products

Version features and specifications

Data types

Floating-point types

Version support

Note: Any missing lines or empty entries do reflect some lack of information on that exact item.

Tensor cores

Note: Any missing lines or empty entries do reflect some lack of information on that exact item.

Technical specifications

Multiprocessor architecture

For more information read the Nvidia CUDA C++ Programming Guide.

Usages of CUDA architecture

* Accelerated rendering of 3D graphics * Accelerated interconversion of video file formats * Accelerated encryption, decryption and Data compression, compression *Bioinformatics, e.g. Massive parallel sequencing, NGS DNA sequencing BarraCUDA * Distributed calculations, such as predicting the native conformation of proteins * Medical analysis simulations, for example virtual reality based on X-ray computed tomography, CT and Magnetic resonance imaging, MRI scan images * Physical simulations, particularly in fluid dynamics * Neural network training in machine learning problems * Large Language Model inference * Face recognition * Volunteer computing projects, such as SETI@home and other projects using Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing, BOINC software * Molecular dynamics * Mining cryptocurrencies * Structure from motion (SfM) software

Comparison with competitors

CUDA competes with other GPU computing stacks: OneAPI (compute acceleration), Intel OneAPI and ROCm, AMD ROCm. Whereas Nvidia's CUDA is closed-source, Intel's OneAPI and AMD's ROCm are open source.

Intel OneAPI

oneAPI is an initiative based in open standards, created to support software development for multiple hardware architectures. The oneAPI libraries must implement open specifications that are discussed publicly by the Special Interest Groups, offering the possibility for any developer or organization to implement their own versions of oneAPI libraries. Originally made by Intel, other hardware adopters include Fujitsu and Huawei.

Unified Acceleration Foundation (UXL)

Unified Acceleration Foundation (UXL) is a new technology consortium working on the continuation of the OneAPI initiative, with the goal to create a new open standard accelerator software ecosystem, related open standards and specification projects through Working Groups and Special Interest Groups (SIGs). The goal is to offer open alternatives to Nvidia's CUDA. The main companies behind it are Intel, Google, ARM, Qualcomm, Samsung, Imagination, and VMware.

AMD ROCm

ROCm is an open source software stack for graphics processing unit (GPU) programming from Advanced Micro Devices (AMD).

References

External links

* __FORCETOC__ {{DEFAULTSORT:Cuda Computer physics engines GPGPU GPGPU libraries Graphics hardware Nvidia software Parallel computing Graphics cards Video game hardware