Cas scaffolding protein family member 4 is a
protein
Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, respo ...
that in humans is encoded by the CASS4
gene
In biology, the word gene (from , ; "...Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generation'' or ''birth'' or ''gender'') can have several different meanings. The Mendelian gene is a ba ...
.
History and discovery
CASS4 (Crk associated substrate 4) is the fourth and last described member of the
CAS protein family.
CASS4 was detected by Singh et al.
in 2008 following ''in silico'' screening of databases describing expressed sequence tags from an evolutionarily diverse group of organisms, using the CAS-related proteins (
p130Cas,
NEDD9/HEF1 and
EFS) mRNAs as templates. Singh et al. subsequently cloned and characterized the CASS4 gene, originally assigning the name HEPL (HEF1-EFS-p130Cas-like) for similarity to the other three defined CAS genes. The official name was subsequently changed to CASS4 by the Human Genome Organization (
HUGO
Hugo or HUGO may refer to:
Arts and entertainment
* ''Hugo'' (film), a 2011 film directed by Martin Scorsese
* Hugo Award, a science fiction and fantasy award named after Hugo Gernsback
* Hugo (franchise), a children's media franchise based on ...
) Gene Nomenclature Committee (
HGNC
The HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) is a committee of the Human Genome Organisation (HUGO) that sets the standards for human gene nomenclature. The HGNC approves a ''unique'' and ''meaningful'' name for every known human gene, based on a q ...
).
Gene
The chromosomal location of the CASS4 gene is 20q13.31, with genomic coordinates of 20: 56411548-56459340 on the forward strand in GRChB38p2.
While its HGNC-approved symbol is CASS4, this gene has multiple synonyms, including "HEF-like protein", "HEF1-Efs-p130Cas-like", HEFL, HEPL and C20orf32 ("chromosome 20 open reading frame 32"). Official IDs assigned to this gene include 15878 (HGNC), 57091 (
Entrez
The Entrez (pronounced ''ɒnˈtreɪ'') Global Query Cross-Database Search System is a federated search engine, or web portal that allows users to search many discrete health sciences databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information ...
Gene) and ENSG00000087589 (
Ensembl
Ensembl genome database project is a scientific project at the European Bioinformatics Institute, which provides a centralized resource for geneticists, molecular biologists and other researchers studying the genomes of our own species and other v ...
). In humans four transcript variants are known. The first and second each contain 7 exons and encode the same full-length protein isoform a (786 amino acids, considered the major isoform), the third one contains 6 exons and encodes a shorter isoform b (732 amino acids) and the fourth one contains 5 exons and encodes the shortest isoform c (349 amino acids). Cumulatively, the CASS4 transcripts are most highly expressed in spleen and lung among normal tissues, and are highly expressed in ovarian and leukemia cell lines.
To date, little effort has been applied to the direct study of transcriptional regulation of CASS4. The SABiosciences’ DECODE database, based on the UCSC Bioinformatics Genome Browser,
proposes several transcriptional regulators for CASS4 based on its promoter region sequence:
NF-κβ,
p53
p53, also known as Tumor protein P53, cellular tumor antigen p53 (UniProt name), or transformation-related protein 53 (TRP53) is a regulatory protein that is often mutated in human cancers. The p53 proteins (originally thought to be, and often s ...
,
LCR-F1 (NFE2-L1, nuclear factor, erythroid 2-like1),
MAX1,
C/EBP
CCAAT-enhancer-binding proteins (or C/EBPs) is a family of transcription factors composed of six members, named from C/EBPα to C/EBPζ. They promote the expression of certain genes through interaction with their promoters. Once bound to DNA, C ...
α, CHOP-10 (C/EBP homologous protein 10),
POU3F1
POU domain, class 3, transcription factor 1 (also known as Oct-6) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''POU3F1'' gene.
See also
* Octamer transcription factor
Octamer transcription factors are a family of transcription factors which ...
(POU domain, class 3, transcription factor 1, aka Oct-6),
Areb6 (ZEB1, Zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1). These are compatible with regulation relevant to lymphocytes and deregulation in cancer.
Protein family
In vertebrates, the CAS protein family contains four members:
p130Cas/BCAR1,
NEDD9/HEF1,
EFS and CASS4. There are no paralogous genes for this family in
acoelomates
The coelom (or celom) is the main body cavity in most animals and is positioned inside the Body (biology), body to surround and contain the digestive tract and other Organ (biology), organs. In some animals, it is lined with mesothelium. In other ...
,
pseudocoelomates
The coelom (or celom) is the main body cavity in most animals and is positioned inside the body to surround and contain the digestive tract and other organs. In some animals, it is lined with mesothelium. In other animals, such as molluscs, it re ...
, and
nematode
The nematodes ( or grc-gre, Νηματώδη; la, Nematoda) or roundworms constitute the phylum Nematoda (also called Nemathelminthes), with plant-Parasitism, parasitic nematodes also known as eelworms. They are a diverse animal phylum inhab ...
s, while a single ancestral member is found in Drosophila.
Evolutionary divergence of the CAS proteins family members is discussed by Singh et al. in detail.
Structure
![Interaction network and domain structure scheme of CASS4](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Interaction_network_and_domain_structure_scheme_of_CASS4.png)
All CAS protein family members have common structural characteristics.
CAS proteins have an amino terminal
SH3 domain
The SRC Homology 3 Domain (or SH3 domain) is a small protein domain of about 60 amino acid residues. Initially, SH3 was described as a conserved sequence in the viral adaptor protein v-Crk. This domain is also present in the molecules of phos ...
enabling interaction with poly-proline motif-containing proteins such as
FAK. Carboxy-terminal to this, they possess an unstructured domain containing multiple
SH2 binding site motifs, which when tyrosine-phosphorylated allow interaction with
SH2 domain
The SH2 (Src Homology 2) domain is a structurally conserved protein domain contained within the Src oncoprotein and in many other intracellular signal-transducing proteins. SH2 domains allow proteins containing those domains to dock to phosphory ...
containing proteins. Further to the carboxy-terminus, they have a
four-helix bundle A helix bundle is a small protein fold composed of several alpha helices that are usually nearly parallel or antiparallel to each other.
Three-helix bundles
Three-helix bundles are among the smallest and fastest known cooperatively folding struct ...
rich in serine residues, and a second highly conserved four-helix bundle that has been recognized as functionally and structurally similar to a
focal adhesion targeting ATdomain.
For the better studied members of the CAS family (
BCAR1
Breast cancer anti-estrogen resistance protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''BCAR1'' gene.
Gene
BCAR1 is localized on chromosome 16 on region q, on the negative strand and it consists of seven exons. Eight different gene is ...
and
NEDD9
Neural precursor cell expressed developmentally down-regulated protein 9 (NEDD-9) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''NEDD9'' gene. NEDD-9 is also known as enhancer of filamentation 1 (EF1), CRK-associated substrate-related protein (CA ...
), all of these domains have been defined as crucial for recognition and binding by other proteins, reflecting the primary role of CAS family proteins as cell signaling cascades mediators.
Isoform “a” of human CASS4 is considered the predominant species, and at 786 amino acids is the longest one.
Amino acid sequence homology of this isoform of human CASS4 with other family members is 26% overall identity and 42% similarity.
Using a yeast two-hybrid approach, the CASS4 protein
SH3 domain
The SRC Homology 3 Domain (or SH3 domain) is a small protein domain of about 60 amino acid residues. Initially, SH3 was described as a conserved sequence in the viral adaptor protein v-Crk. This domain is also present in the molecules of phos ...
was shown to interact with the
FAK C-terminus, despite the lowest overall similarity to other
SH3 domain
The SRC Homology 3 Domain (or SH3 domain) is a small protein domain of about 60 amino acid residues. Initially, SH3 was described as a conserved sequence in the viral adaptor protein v-Crk. This domain is also present in the molecules of phos ...
s in the CAS group. In addition, human CASS4 has a limited number of candidate SH2-binding sites, estimated at 10, which is similar to
EFS (estimated at 9) and in contrast to
p130Cas/BCAR1 and
NEDD9
Neural precursor cell expressed developmentally down-regulated protein 9 (NEDD-9) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''NEDD9'' gene. NEDD-9 is also known as enhancer of filamentation 1 (EF1), CRK-associated substrate-related protein (CA ...
, which have 20 and 18 respectively. The CASS4 C-terminus has a short region of CAS family homology, but lacks obvious similarity at the level of primary amino acid sequence. It also lacks a YDYVHL sequence at the N-terminal end of the
FAT
In nutrition science, nutrition, biology, and chemistry, fat usually means any ester of fatty acids, or a mixture of such chemical compound, compounds, most commonly those that occur in living beings or in food.
The term often refers spec ...
-like carboxy-terminal domain, even though this motif is conserved among the other three CAS family proteins and is an important binding site for the
Src SH2 domain.
Although this lack of sequence similarity may mean a reduced functionality of the CASS4 protein, molecular modeling analysis performed by Singh and colleagues
using
p130CAS/BCAR1 structures as templates suggested an almost identical fold between CASS4 and
p130CAS/BCAR1 within their
SH3 domain
The SRC Homology 3 Domain (or SH3 domain) is a small protein domain of about 60 amino acid residues. Initially, SH3 was described as a conserved sequence in the viral adaptor protein v-Crk. This domain is also present in the molecules of phos ...
s, and substantial similarity within 432-591 residues of CASS4 and 449-610 residues of
p130Cas/BCAR1 at the level of secondary and tertiary structures. Also, the similar periodicity of
α-helices
The alpha helix (α-helix) is a common motif in the secondary structure of proteins and is a right hand-helix conformation in which every backbone N−H group hydrogen bonds to the backbone C=O group of the amino acid located four residues ear ...
and
β-sheets
The beta sheet, (β-sheet) (also β-pleated sheet) is a common motif of the regular protein secondary structure. Beta sheets consist of beta strands (β-strands) connected laterally by at least two or three backbone hydrogen bonds, forming a gen ...
in both CASS4 and
p130Cas/BCAR1 provides another confirmation for the idea of well-conserved structures within the family members.
Function
The exact function of CASS4 and its role in development and human pathologies have been subject to little investigation compared to other family members. The primary study exploring CASS4 function was the initial report by Singh et al.,
who showed the direct interaction between CASS4 and
FAK, and CASS4 regulation of
FAK activation, affecting cellular adhesion, migration and motility. Unusually, CASS4 depletion had a bimodal affect, causing some cells to have lower velocity and others to have higher velocity than control cells, suggesting a potential role in maintaining homeostasis. This work also suggested the function of CASS4 may be cell-type specific and dependent upon the presence or absence of expression of other CAS family members.
Direct binding has also been identified between CASS4 and
CRKL
Crk-like protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CRKL gene.
Function
v-CRK avian sarcoma virus CT10-homolog-like contains one SH2 domain and two SH3 domains. CRKL has been shown to activate the RAS and JUN kinase signaling pathw ...
,
an
SH2- and
SH3 domain-containing adaptor protein that has been also shown to interact with another CAS family member,
p130Cas/BCAR1, in regulation of cellular motility and migration.
Because of the high degree of homology in interaction domains and some identified common partners, CASS4 is likely to share some functions with other CAS family members. These include association with
FAK and
Src family kinases at focal adhesions to transmit
integrin
Integrins are transmembrane receptors that facilitate cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesion. Upon ligand binding, integrins activate signal transduction pathways that mediate cellular signals such as regulation of the cell cycle, ...
-initiated signals to downstream effectors, which results in cytoskeleton reorganization and changes in motility and invasion.
Disease association
Altered expression or modification of CASS4 has been proposed as relevant to several human pathologies, typically based on detection of changes in CASS4 in high throughput screening, although the role of CASS4 in the pathology of these conditions has not yet been studied directly. These findings are summarized in Table 1; some examples are provided below.
Cancer
Many CAS family proteins have altered activity and functional roles in cancer progression and metastasis, with functional roles in influencing cellular adhesion, migration and drug resistance.
Changes in CASS4 may also be associated with human malignancies. CASS4 function was linked to
non-small cell lung cancer
Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is any type of epithelial lung cancer other than small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC). NSCLC accounts for about 85% of all lung cancers. As a class, NSCLCs are relatively insensitive to chemotherapy, compared to sm ...
(NSCLC) in a study by Miao et al. that correlated elevated CASS4 expression with lymph node metastasis and high
TNM stage.
In addition, this study detected a significant difference in cytoplasmic accumulation of CASS4 protein between high (
H1299 and BE1) and low (LTE and
A549) metastatic potential lung cancer cell lines. These may suggest CASS4 as a possible prognostic marker in clinical management of NSCLC.
Alzheimer's disease
CASS4 and corresponding
SNP - rs7274581 T/C has been identified in a large meta-analysis as a locus for lower susceptibility to
Alzheimer's disease
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegeneration, neurodegenerative disease that usually starts slowly and progressively worsens. It is the cause of 60–70% of cases of dementia. The most common early symptom is difficulty in short-term me ...
(AD).
However this SNP was not found predictive in a follow-up study.
In a genome wide association screen (GWAS), CASS4 showed a significant correlation with clinical pathological features of AD such as neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques.
Two additional CASS4
SNPs
In genetics, a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP ; plural SNPs ) is a germline substitution of a single nucleotide at a specific position in the genome. Although certain definitions require the substitution to be present in a sufficiently larg ...
were reported to be associated with AD susceptibility: rs6024870,
and rs16979934 T/G.
Given the likely conserved CAS-family cytoskeletal function of CASS4, it has been speculated that it may have a role in axonal transport and influence the expression of the
amyloid precursor protein
Amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP) is an integral membrane protein expressed in many biological tissue, tissues and concentrated in the synapses of neurons. It functions as a cell surface receptor and has been implicated as a regulator ...
(APP) and
tau
Tau (uppercase Τ, lowercase τ, or \boldsymbol\tau; el, ταυ ) is the 19th letter of the Greek alphabet, representing the voiceless dental or alveolar plosive . In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 300.
The name in English ...
, which are pathologically affected in AD.
Several possible mechanisms for CASS4 action in AD have been proposed.
Immunopathological conditions
An association of CASS4 with atopic
asthma
Asthma is a long-term inflammatory disease of the airways of the lungs. It is characterized by variable and recurring symptoms, reversible airflow obstruction, and easily triggered bronchospasms. Symptoms include episodes of wheezing, cou ...
has been shown.
CASS4 has also been reported to be an
eosinophil
Eosinophils, sometimes called eosinophiles or, less commonly, acidophils, are a variety of white blood cells (WBCs) and one of the immune system components responsible for combating multicellular parasites and certain infections in vertebrates. A ...
-associated gene, with expression in sputum cells increased more than 1.5-fold after whole lung allergen challenge. Moreover, the CASS4 mRNA was upregulated in cells collected by bronchoalveolar lavage after segmental broncho-provocation with an allergen. Reciprocally, the CASS4 mRNA was downregulated when this procedure was performed following administration of
mepolizumab
Mepolizumab, sold under the brand name Nucala, is a humanized monoclonal antibody used for the treatment of severe eosinophilic asthma, eosinophilic granulomatosis, and hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES). It recognizes and blocks interleukin-5 (IL ...
(a humanized monoclonal anti-
IL-5 IL 5 or IL-5 may refer to:
* Interleukin 5
* Illinois's 5th congressional district
* Illinois Route 5
Illinois Route 5 (IL 5) is a four-lane road in Rock Island County, Illinois, United States, that runs from U.S. Route 67 (US 67) in ...
antibodies which reduces excessive eosinophilia). This suggests CASS4 activity may be associated with immune response in the context of atopic asthma development.
Cystic fibrosis
CASS4 has been reported to play a modifying role in
cystic fibrosis
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a rare genetic disorder that affects mostly the lungs, but also the pancreas, liver, kidneys, and intestine. Long-term issues include difficulty breathing and coughing up mucus as a result of frequent lung infections. O ...
severity, progression and comorbid conditions.
The CAS family member
NEDD9
Neural precursor cell expressed developmentally down-regulated protein 9 (NEDD-9) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''NEDD9'' gene. NEDD-9 is also known as enhancer of filamentation 1 (EF1), CRK-associated substrate-related protein (CA ...
has also been shown to interact directly with
AURKA
Aurora kinase A also known as serine/threonine-protein kinase 6 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''AURKA'' gene.
Aurora A is a member of a family of mitotic serine/threonine kinases. It is implicated with important processes during m ...
(encoding Aurora-A kinase) to regulate cell cycle
and ciliary resorption;
it is possible that CASS4 may similarly interact with aurora-A kinase.
Thrombosis
CASS4 signaling may contribute to platelet activation and aggregation. A
PKA/
PKG phosphorylation site has been identified in CASS4 on residue S305 in the unstructured domain containing
SH2-binding motifs; the functional significance of this phosphorylation is currently unknown.
Significantly increased phosphorylation on S249 of CASS4, also in the unstructured domain, after platelet stimulation with the oxidized phospholipid KODA-PC (9-keto-12-oxo-10-dodecenoic acid ester of 2-lyso-phosphocholine, a
CD36
CD36 (cluster of differentiation 36), also known as platelet glycoprotein 4, fatty acid translocase (FAT), scavenger receptor class B member 3 (SCARB3), and glycoproteins 88 (GP88), IIIb (GPIIIB), or IV (GPIV) is a protein that in humans is enco ...
receptor agonist) versus thrombin treatment, which may implicate CASS4 mediated signaling in platelet hyperreactivity.
Clinical significance
There are currently no therapeutic approaches targeting CASS4, and in the absence of a catalytic domain and no extracellular moieties, it may be challenging to generate such an agent. However, CASS4 may ultimately be relevant in clinical practice as a possible marker to assess prognosis and outcome in cases of
NSCLC (and possibly other types of cancer). At present, its greatest clinical value is likely to be as a predictive variant for severity and onset of
Alzheimer's disease
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegeneration, neurodegenerative disease that usually starts slowly and progressively worsens. It is the cause of 60–70% of cases of dementia. The most common early symptom is difficulty in short-term me ...
and
cystic fibrosis
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a rare genetic disorder that affects mostly the lungs, but also the pancreas, liver, kidneys, and intestine. Long-term issues include difficulty breathing and coughing up mucus as a result of frequent lung infections. O ...
.
Notes
References
External links
*
{{Use dmy dates, date=April 2017
Proteins