C6F6

Hexafluorobenzene, HFB, , or perfluorobenzene is an organic, aromatic compound. In this derivative of benzene all hydrogen atoms have been replaced by fluorine atoms. The technical uses of the compound are limited, although it is recommended as a solvent in a number of photochemical reactions. In the laboratory hexafluorobenzene is used as
standard in fluorine-19 NMR spectroscopy, solvent and standard in carbon-13 NMR, solvent in proton NMR, solvent when studying some parts in the infrared and solvent in ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, as hexafluorobenzene itself hardly shows any absorbance in the UV region.

Geometry of the aromatic ring

Hexafluorobenzene stands somewhat aside in the perhalogenbenzenes. When counting for bond angles and distances it is possible to calculate the distance between two ortho fluorine atoms. Also the non bonding radius of the halogens is known. The following table presents the results:

The conclusion of the table is hexafluorobenzene is the only perhalobenzene being planar, the others all are buckled more or less. As a consequence in C₆F₆ the overlap between the ''p''-orbitals is optimal, while in the others it is less, also giving rise to a lower aromaticity in those compounds.

Synthesis

The direct synthesis of hexafluorobenzene from benzene and fluorine is not possible. The synthetic route proceeds via the reaction of alkali-fluorides with halogenated benzene:
: C₆Cl₆ + 6 KF → C₆F₆ + 6 KCl

Applications

In the laboratory hexafluorobenzene is used for several purposes:
* standard in fluorine-19 NMR
* solvent and standard in carbon-13 NMR
* solvent in proton NMR
* solvent when studying some parts in the IR spectrum
* solvent in UV spectra, as hexafluorobenzene itself hardly shows any absorbance in the UV region.

Reactions

Most reactions of hexafluorobenzene proceed with displacement of fluoride. One example is its reaction with sodium hydrosulfide to afford pentafluorothiophenol:
:C₆F₆ + NaSH → C₆F₅SH + NaF

The reaction of pentafluorophenyl derivatives has been long puzzling for its mechanism. Independent of the substituent, they all exhibit a para directing effect. The new introduced group too has no effect on the directing behaviour. In all cases, a 1,4-disubstituted-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzene derivative shows up. Finally, the clue is found not in the nature of the non-fluorine substituent, but in the fluorines themselves. The π-electropositive effect introduces electrons into the aromatic ring. The non-fluorine substituent is not capable of doing so. As charge accumulates at the ''ortho'' and ''para'' positions relative to the donating group, the ''ortho'' and ''para''-positions relative to the non-fluorine substituent receive less charge, so are less negative or more positive. Furthermore, the non-fluorine substituent in general is more bulky than fluorine, so its ''ortho''-positions are sterically shielded, leaving the ''para''-position as the sole reaction site for anionic entering groups.

Biomedical applications

Hexafluorobenzene has been used as a reporter molecule to investigate tissue oxygenation in vivo. It is exceedingly hydrophobic, but exhibits high gas solubility with ideal liquid gas interactions. Since molecular oxygen is paramagnetic it causes ¹⁹F NMR spin lattice relaxation (R1): specifically a linear dependence R1= a + bpO₂ has been reported. HFB essentially acts as molecular amplifier, since the solubility of oxygen is greater than in water, but thermodynamics require that the pO2 in the HFB rapidly equilibrates with the surrounding medium. HFB has a single narrow ¹⁹F NMR signal and the spin lattice relaxation rate is highly sensitive to changes in pO₂, yet minimally responsive to temperature. HFB is typically injected directly into a tissue and ¹⁹F NMR may be used to measure local oxygenation. It has been extensively applied to examine changes in tumor oxygenation in response to interventions such as breathing hyperoxic gases or as a consequence of vascular disruption. MRI measurements of HFB based on 19F relaxation have been shown to correlate with radiation response of tumors. HFB has been used as a gold standard for investigating other potential prognostic biomarkers of tumor oxygenation such as BOLD (Blood Oxygen Level Dependent), TOLD (Tissue Oxygen Level Dependent) and MOXI (MR oximetry) A 2013 review of applications has been published.

Toxicity

Hexafluorobenzene may cause eye and skin irritation, respiratory and digestive tract irritation and can cause central nervous system depression per MSDS.
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) lists it in its Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances as neurotoxicant.

See also

* Pentafluorobenzene

References

Further reading

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* {{cite journal , last1=Samojłowicz , first1=C. , last2=Bieniek , first2=M. , last3=Pazio , first3=A. , last4=Makal , first4=A. , last5=Woźniak , first5=K. , last6=Poater , first6=A. , last7=Cavallo , first7=L. , last8=Wójcik , first8=J. , last9=Zdanowski , first9=K. , last10=Grela , first10=K. , date=2011 , title=The doping effect of fluorinated aromatic solvents on the rate of ruthenium‐catalysed olefin metathesis , journal=Chemistry: A European Journal , volume=17 , issue=46 , pages=12981–12993 , doi=10.1002/chem.201100160, pmid=21956694

Fluoroarenes
Aromatic solvents
Neurotoxins
Perfluorinated compounds
Solvents