Bélé

A bélé is a folk dance and music from Martinique, St. Lucia, Dominica, Haiti, Grenada, Guadeloupe, and Trinidad and Tobago. It may be the oldest Creole dance of the creole French West Indian Islands, and it strongly reflects influences from African fertility dances. It is performed most commonly during full moon evenings, or sometimes during funeral wakes (Antillean Creole: ''lavèyé''). The dance is also popular in Saint Lucia. In Tobago, it is thought to have been performed by women of the planter class at social events in the planters' great houses, and the dress and dance style copied by the enslaved people who worked in or around these house

The term ''bélé'' also refers to a kind of drum found on Haiti, Dominica, Martinique and Saint Lucia.

History

The bélé dance formed from a combination of traditional African dance styles and Caribbean influences due to the changed landscape, musical instruments, and tumultuous lifestyle.

Origin

In Africa, the bélé dance had origins in Benin at festivals associated with mating and fertility. A male and female (in Creole, the "Cavalier" and the "Dam") show off their dance skills to the other dancer, hinting at their sexuality in chants led by a "chantuelle" meaning singer, with the refrain or "lavway" given by a chorus of spectators. The ''cavalier'' and ''dam'' take turns dancing. The ''cavalier'' first demonstrates his prowess, then the ''dam'' reacts. The ''cavalier'' again courts with the ''dam'', and both dance in the wildest part of the bélé.

In the West Indies, the dance incorporated into work and periods of festivity and lamenting. Because the bélé dance ranged through so many diverse occasions and life-events, the dance and music continued to evolve over time from slavery into freedom. The French named the dance "Belaire," or good air, which shortened to bélé.

Dominica bélé

All bélé are accompanied by an eponymous drum, the ''tanbou bélé'' (also called ''tambour bélé'' or ''bélé drum''), along with the ''tingting'' (triangle) and ''chakchak'' (maracas).
The drum is a membranophone that is played by hand and is made of a haolowed tree trunk covered at one mouth by goat skin, stretched with rope and pegs. The drum rhythm follows the steps of the single dancer who performs in a circle of spectators who form the chorus or chantuelle. In all pieces dancing is directed towards the tambour bélé. The dance bélé is noted for the profound booming drum and vigorous body movement and steps.

Bélés start with a lead vocalist (''chantwèl''), who is followed by the responsorial chorus (''lavwa''), then a drummer and dancers. Traditional dances revolve around stylized courtship between a male and female dancer, known as the kavalyé (''cavalier'') and danm (''dam'') respectively. The bélé song-dances include the bélé soté, bélé priòrité, bélé djouba, bélé contredanse, bélé rickety and bélé pitjé.

On modern Dominica, bélé are primarily performed for holidays and other celebrations, such as Easter, Independence Day, Christmas, Jounen Kwéyòl and patron saint festivals held annually in the Parishes of Dominica, especially in the ''Fèt St.-Pierre'' and the ''Fèt St.-Isidore'' for fishermen and workers respectively.

Martinique bèlè

The Martinique bèlè is a legacy of the slave music tradition. The ''bélé'' itself is a huge tambour drum that players ride as though it was a horse. It is characterized, in its rhythm, by the " tibwa" (two wooden sticks) played on a length of bamboo mounted on a stand to the tambour bèlè. Added to the tambour bèlè and tibwa are the maracas, more commonly referred to as the ''chacha''. The ''tibwa'' rhythm plays a basic pattern and the drum comes to mark the highlights and introduce percussion improvisations.

It is organized in a specific way, beginning with the entry of the singer ( lavwa ) and choir ( lavwa Deye or "answer"). Then the "Bwatè" (player ti bwa) sets the pace, followed by bèlè drum. Finally, the dancers take the stage. A dialogue is created between the dancers and the "tanbouyè" (drummer). The "answer" play opposite the singer. The audience can also participate. As a family, together singers, dancers, musicians and audiences are lured by its mesmerizing rhythms. The bèlé song-dances include, bèlé dous, bèlé pitjè, biguine bèlé, bèlé belya, and gran bèlé

The bèlè is the origin of several important Martiniquan popular styles, including '' chouval bwa'' and ''biguine''; it also exerted an influence on '' zouk''.

Saint Lucia bèlè

The bèlè tradition of St. Lucia is a form of Creole song and couple dance, performed by one couple with a leader and chorus. They are performed in several contexts, most notably in funeral wakes. ''Bélè'' include the bélè anlè, bélè matjé, bélè anlawis and the bélè atè. The bélè anlawis is the only form which is not responsorial.

Trinidad bélé

In the late 18th Century when the French plantation owners came to Trinidad, they brought with them a life style of "joie de vivre" to their plantations. At that time, the French held many balls at the Great Houses where they enjoyed doing many of the courtly dances of Europe.

The house slaves, in their moments of leisure, took the dance to the field slaves and mimicked the dance of their masters. The slaves who worked in or around these houses quickly copied the French style and dress. They showed off by doing ceremonious bows, making grand entrances, sweeping movements, graceful and gentle gliding steps which imitated the elegance of the French. The rhythmic quality of the bélé drums added spicy and yet subtle sensuality to the movements. There are more than 14 types of bélé dances including the Grand bélé and Congo bélé, with each performed to its own rhythms and chants. Female costumes usually have plain underskirts with bright and flowy over skirts. Female costumes may also include headpieces correlating with their overskirts. Male costumes are usually much more simple with slight tributes to the female costumes.

Etymology

The name ''bélé'' may derive from the French ''belle aire, or the old French ''aire'' (meaning ''threshing platform''), or it may derive from an African word.

See also

*Biguine
*Rara
* Chouval bwa
* Zouk (dance)
* Bouyon music
* Edmond Mondesir

References

Virtual Dominica
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Bele
18th-century music genres
Dominica music
Guadeloupean music
Martinican music
Trinidad and Tobago styles of music
Saint Lucian music
French styles of music
Dances of the Caribbean