The Brazzaville Protocol (Official name; ''Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Cuba and the Government of the People's Republic of Angola for the Conclusions of the Internationalist Mission of the Cuban Military Contingent'') mandated the withdrawal of Cuban troops from

Angola , national_anthem = " Angola Avante"() , image_map = , map_caption = , capital = Luanda , religion = , religion_year = 2020 , religion_ref = , coordina ...

, paving the way for

Namibia Namibia (, ), officially the Republic of Namibia, is a country in Southern Africa. Its western border is the Atlantic Ocean. It shares land borders with Zambia and Angola to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south and ea ...

's independence through the

New York Accords The Agreement among the People's Republic of Angola, the Republic of Cuba, and the Republic of South Africa (also known as the Tripartite Accord, Three Powers Accord or New York Accords) granted independence to Namibia from South Africa and ende ...

. Representatives from the governments of

Angola , national_anthem = " Angola Avante"() , image_map = , map_caption = , capital = Luanda , religion = , religion_year = 2020 , religion_ref = , coordina ...

Cuba Cuba ( , ), officially the Republic of Cuba ( es, República de Cuba, links=no ), is an island country comprising the island of Cuba, as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos. Cuba is located where the northern Caribbea ...

, and

South Africa South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded to the south by of coastline that stretch along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans; to the north by the neighbouring countri ...

signed the protocol on December 13, 1988 in

Brazzaville Brazzaville (, kg, Kintamo, Nkuna, Kintambo, Ntamo, Mavula, Tandala, Mfwa, Mfua; Teke: ''M'fa'', ''Mfaa'', ''Mfa'', ''Mfoa''Roman Adrian Cybriwsky, ''Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture'', ABC-CLI ...

, Congo.''

Negotiation

In 1981,

Chester Crocker Chester Arthur Crocker (born October 29, 1941) is an American diplomat and scholar who served as Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs from June 9, 1981, to April 21, 1989, in the Reagan administration. Crocker, architect of the U.S. p ...

, U.S. assistant secretary of state for African affairs for newly elected

President President most commonly refers to: *President (corporate title) *President (education), a leader of a college or university *President (government title) President may also refer to: Automobiles * Nissan President, a 1966–2010 Japanese ful ...

Ronald Reagan Ronald Wilson Reagan ( ; February 6, 1911June 5, 2004) was an American politician, actor, and union leader who served as the 40th president of the United States from 1981 to 1989. He also served as the 33rd governor of California from 1967 ...

, had developed a linkage policy, tying

apartheid South Africa Apartheid (, especially South African English: , ; , "aparthood") was a system of institutionalised racial segregation that existed in South Africa and South West Africa (now Namibia) from 1948 to the early 1990s. Apartheid was ...

's agreement to relinquish control of Namibia to Cuba's troop withdrawal and peace in Angola.COLD WAR Chat: Chester Crocker, Former U.S. Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs
CNN During the summer of 1986, a first informal meeting was organized by French businessman

Jean-Yves Ollivier Jean-Yves Ollivier (born 8 October 1944 in Algiers, Algeria) is a French businessman who works primarily in the commodities sector in emerging markets. In addition to his business ventures, Jean-Yves Ollivier is active as a parallel diplomat, ...

and French president's counselor for African affairs

Jean-Christophe Mitterrand Jean-Christophe Mitterrand (born 19 December 1946) is the son of former French president François Mitterrand. He was an advisor to his father on African affairs from 1986 to 1992,Kalahari Desert The Kalahari Desert is a large semi-arid sandy savanna in Southern Africa extending for , covering much of Botswana, and parts of Namibia and South Africa. It is not to be confused with the Angolan, Namibian, and South African Namib coastal de ...

. On September 10, 1986,

Fidel Castro Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (; ; 13 August 1926 – 25 November 2016) was a Cuban revolutionary and politician who was the leader of Cuba from 1959 to 2008, serving as the prime minister of Cuba from 1959 to 1976 and president from 1976 to 200 ...

made Crocker's proposal a prerequisite to withdrawal from Angola. The South African government did as well. The Angolan and American governments began negotiating in June 1987, and the Cuban government joined negotiations on January 28, 1988. All three parties held a round of negotiations on March 9 in

London London is the capital and largest city of England and the United Kingdom, with a population of just under 9 million. It stands on the River Thames in south-east England at the head of a estuary down to the North Sea, and has been a majo ...

. Meanwhile,

UNITA The National Union for the Total Independence of Angola ( pt, União Nacional para a Independência Total de Angola, abbr. UNITA) is the second-largest political party in Angola. Founded in 1966, UNITA fought alongside the Popular Movement for ...

and South African forces stopped and repelled an MPLA advance on UNITA regions in strongholds in Southern Angola ending with the

Battle of Cuito Cuanavale The Battle of Cuito Cuanavale was fought intermittently between 14 August 1987 and 23 March 1988, south and east of the town of Cuito Cuanavale, Angola, by the People's Armed Forces for the Liberation of Angola (FAPLA) and advisors and soldie ...

Cuando Cubango Cuando Cubango (Umbundu: Kwando Kubango Volupale) is a province of Angola and it has an area of 199,049km2 and a population of 534,002 in 2014. Menongue is the capital of the province. The governor of the province is José Martins, who was appoin ...

province from January 13 to March 23, 1988. This was the largest conventional battle in

Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area ...

since World War II.George, Edward. ''The Cuban Intervention in Angola, 1965-1991: From Che Guevara to Cuito Cuanavale'', 2005. Page 1. UNITA and South Africa retreated after a 15-hour battle on March 23 and moved for negotiations.Kahn, Owen Ellison. ''Disengagement from Southwest Africa: The Prospects for Peace in Angola and Namibia'', 1991. University of Miami Institute for Soviet and East. Page 79. On May 3, the South African government joined the negotiations around Crocker's proposal, and all four parties met in June and August in

New York City New York, often called New York City or NYC, is the List of United States cities by population, most populous city in the United States. With a 2020 population of 8,804,190 distributed over , New York City is also the L ...

and

Geneva Geneva ( ; french: Genève ) frp, Genèva ; german: link=no, Genf ; it, Ginevra ; rm, Genevra is the List of cities in Switzerland, second-most populous city in Switzerland (after Zürich) and the most populous city of Romandy, the French-speaki ...

. All parties approved an outline agreement of ''Principles for a Peaceful Settlement in South Western Africa'' on July 20, and agreed to a ceasefire on August 8.Alao, Abiodun. ''Brothers at War: Dissidence and Rebellion in Southern Africa'', 1994. Pages XIX-XXI. The agreement was finally signed on December 13, 1988.

External links

Full text of the Brazzaville Protocol
UN Peacemaker
All peace agreements for Angola
UN Peacemaker

References

{{South African Border War Cold War treaties 1988 in Angola 1988 in Cuba 1988 in South Africa 1988 in the Republic of the Congo History of the foreign relations of the United States Peace treaties of Angola Peace treaties of Cuba Peace treaties of South Africa Treaties concluded in 1988 Treaties entered into force in 1988 Treaties of South Africa Angola–Cuba military relations Angola–South Africa relations South African Border War 1988 in politics Treaties of the People's Republic of Angola Battle of Cuito Cuanavale December 1988 events in Africa

Negotiation

See also

External links

References