The Boston Brahmins or Boston elite are members of

Boston Boston (), officially the City of Boston, is the state capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, as well as the cultural and financial center of the New England region of the United States. It is the 24th- mo ...

's traditional upper class. They are often associated with

Harvard University Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Founded in 1636 as Harvard College and named for its first benefactor, the Puritan clergyman John Harvard, it is the oldest institution of highe ...

;

Anglicanism Anglicanism is a Western Christian tradition that has developed from the practices, liturgy, and identity of the Church of England following the English Reformation, in the context of the Protestant Reformation in Europe. It is one of t ...

; and traditional

Anglo-American Anglo-Americans are people who are English-speaking inhabitants of Anglo-America. It typically refers to the nations and ethnic groups in the Americas that speak English as a native language, making up the majority of people in the world who spe ...

customs and clothing. Descendants of the earliest English colonists are typically considered to be the most representative of the Boston Brahmins. They are considered White Anglo-Saxon Protestants (WASPs).

Etymology

The doctor and writer Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. coined the term "Brahmin Caste of New England" in an 1860 story in ''

The Atlantic Monthly ''The Atlantic'' is an American magazine and multi-platform publisher. It features articles in the fields of politics, foreign affairs, business and the economy, culture and the arts, technology, and science. It was founded in 1857 in Boston, ...

''. The term ''

Brahmin Brahmin (; sa, ब्राह्मण, brāhmaṇa) is a varna as well as a caste within Hindu society. The Brahmins are designated as the priestly class as they serve as priests ( purohit, pandit, or pujari) and religious teachers ( ...

'' refers to the priestly caste within the four castes in the

Hindu caste system The caste system in India is the paradigmatic ethnographic example of classification of castes. It has its origins in Outline of ancient India, ancient India, and was transformed by various ruling elites in medieval, early-modern, and modern ...

. By extension, it was applied in the United States to the old wealthy

New England New England is a region comprising six states in the Northeastern United States: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont. It is bordered by the state of New York to the west and by the Canadian provinces ...

families of British

Protestant Protestantism is a Christian denomination, branch of Christianity that follows the theological tenets of the Reformation, Protestant Reformation, a movement that began seeking to reform the Catholic Church from within in the 16th century agai ...

origin that became influential in the development of American institutions and culture. The influence of the old American gentry has been reduced in modern times, but some vestiges remain, primarily in the institutions and the ideals that they championed in their heyday.

Characteristics

The nature of the Brahmins is hinted at by the doggerel "Boston Toast" by Holy Cross alumnus John Collins Bossidy: While some 19th-century Brahmin families of large fortune were of common origin, still fewer were of an aristocratic origin. The new families were often the first to seek, in typically British fashion, suitable marriage alliances with those old aristocratic New England families that were descended from landowners in England to elevate and cement their social standing. The Winthrops, Dudleys, Saltonstalls, Winslows, and Lymans (descended from English magistrates, gentry, and aristocracy) were, by and large, happy with this arrangement. All of Boston's "Brahmin elite", therefore, maintained the received culture of the old English gentry, including cultivating the personal excellence that they imagined maintained the distinction between gentlemen and freemen, and between ladies and women. They saw it as their duty to maintain what they defined as high standards of excellence, duty, and restraint. Cultivated, urbane, and dignified, a Boston Brahmin was supposed to be the very essence of enlightened

aristocracy Aristocracy (, ) is a form of government that places strength in the hands of a small, privileged ruling class, the aristocrats. The term derives from the el, αριστοκρατία (), meaning 'rule of the best'. At the time of the word' ...

. The ideal Brahmin was not only wealthy, but displayed what was considered suitable personal virtues and character traits. Beacon Hill and Massachusetts State House P1010887

Beacon Hill and Massachusetts State House P1010887

The Brahmin was expected to maintain the customary English reserve in his dress, manner, and deportment, cultivate the arts, support charities such as hospitals and colleges, and assume the role of community leader. Although the ideal called on him to transcend commonplace business values, in practice many found the thrill of economic success quite attractive. The Brahmins warned each other against

avarice Greed (or avarice) is an uncontrolled longing for increase in the acquisition or use of material gain (be it food, money, land, or animate/inanimate possessions); or social value, such as Social status, status, or Power (social and politica ...

and insisted upon personal responsibility. Scandal and divorce were unacceptable. This culture was buttressed by the strong extended family ties present in Boston society. Young men attended the same prep schools, colleges, and private clubs, and heirs married heiresses. Family not only served as an economic asset, but also as a means of moral restraint. Most belonged to the Unitarian or Episcopal churches, although some were

Congregationalists Congregational churches (also Congregationalist churches or Congregationalism) are Protestant churches in the Calvinist tradition practising congregationalist church governance, in which each congregation independently and autonomously runs i ...

or Methodists. Politically they were successively Federalists, Whigs, and Republicans. They were marked by their manners and once distinctive elocution. Their distinctive Anglo-American manner of dress has been much imitated and is the foundation of the style now informally known as

preppy Preppy (also spelled preppie) or prep (all abbreviations of the word ''preparatory'') is a subculture in the United States associated with the alumni of old private Northeastern college preparatory schools. The terms are used to denote a pers ...

. Many of the Brahmin families trace their ancestry back to the original 17th- and 18th-century colonial ruling class consisting of Massachusetts governors and magistrates, Harvard presidents, distinguished clergy, and fellows of the

Royal Society of London The Royal Society, formally The Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge, is a learned society and the United Kingdom's national academy of sciences. The society fulfils a number of roles: promoting science and its benefits, r ...

(a leading scientific body), while others entered New England aristocratic society during the 19th century with their profits from commerce and trade, often marrying into established Brahmin families.

List of families

Adams

Adams Family *

Samuel Adams Samuel Adams ( – October 2, 1803) was an American statesman, political philosopher, and a Founding Father of the United States. He was a politician in colonial Massachusetts, a leader of the movement that became the American Revolution, an ...

(1722–1803), Founding Father; second cousin of: *

John Adams John Adams (October 30, 1735 – July 4, 1826) was an American statesman, attorney, diplomat, writer, and Founding Fathers of the United States, Founding Father who served as the second president of the United States from 1797 to 1801. Befor ...

(1735–1826), Founding Father and second

President of the United States The president of the United States (POTUS) is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America. The president directs the Federal government of the United States#Executive branch, executive branch of the Federal gove ...

; husband of Abigail Smith Adams (1744–1818) ** John Quincy Adams (1767–1848), sixth President of the United States *** Charles Francis Adams, Sr. (1807–1886),

Ambassador An ambassador is an official envoy, especially a high-ranking diplomat who represents a state and is usually accredited to another sovereign state or to an international organization as the resident representative of their own government or s ...

, U.S. congressman **** Charles Francis Adams, Jr. (1835–1915), Civil War general **** John Quincy Adams II (1833–1894), lawyer, politician ***** Charles Francis Adams III (1866–1954), U.S. Secretary of the Navy ****** Charles Francis Adams IV (1910–1999), industrialist, first president of Raytheon ******* Timothy Adams, son of Charles Francis Adams IV ****

Henry Brooks Adams Henry Brooks Adams (February 16, 1838 – March 27, 1918) was an American historian and a member of the Adams political family, descended from two U.S. Presidents. As a young Harvard graduate, he served as secretary to his father, Charles Fran ...

(1838–1918), author **** Brooks Adams (1848–1927), historian * Ivers Whitney Adams (1838–1914), founder of the oldest continuously playing professional baseball team, the Boston Red Stockings

Amory

Amory Family * John Amory Lowell (1798–1881), merchant. * Thomas Coffin Amory (1812–1889), lawyer, author. * Thomas Jonathan Coffin Amory (1828–1864), Civil War general. * Ernest Amory Codman (1869–1940), surgeon. * Cleveland Amory (1917–1998), author.

Appleton

Appleton Family Patrilineal line: *

Daniel Appleton Daniel Appleton (December 10, 1785 – March 27, 1849) was an American publisher who founded D. Appleton & Co. Early life Daniel Appleton was born on December 10, 1785, in Haverhill, Massachusetts. He was the son of Daniel Appleton (1750� ...

(1785–1849), publisher. * Frances Appleton (died 1861), wife of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. * George Swett Appleton (1821–1878), publisher. * Jane Means Appleton Pierce (1806–1863), wife of U.S. President

Franklin Pierce Franklin Pierce (November 23, 1804October 8, 1869) was the 14th president of the United States, serving from 1853 to 1857. He was a northern Democrat who believed that the abolitionist movement was a fundamental threat to the nation's unity ...

, was

First Lady of the United States The first lady of the United States (FLOTUS) is the title held by the hostess of the White House, usually the wife of the president of the United States, concurrent with the president's term in office. Although the first lady's role has never ...

from 1853 to 1857. *

Jesse Appleton Jesse Appleton (November 17, 1772November 12, 1819) was the second president of Bowdoin College and the father of First Lady Jane Pierce. Early life Appleton was born on November 17, 1772 in New Ipswich, New Hampshire. He was the son of Francis ...

(1772–1819), second president of

Bowdoin College Bowdoin College ( ) is a private liberal arts college in Brunswick, Maine. When Bowdoin was chartered in 1794, Maine was still a part of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The college offers 34 majors and 36 minors, as well as several joint eng ...

John Appleton John Appleton (February 11, 1815 – August 22, 1864) was an American lawyer, politician and diplomat who served as the United States' first ''chargé d'affaires'' to Bolivia, and later as special envoy to Great Britain and Russia. Born i ...

(1816–1864), assistant Secretary of State, diplomat, U.S. congressman. * John Appleton, Chief Justice of the Maine Supreme Judicial Court. *

John F. Appleton John Francis Appleton (August 29, 1838 – August 31, 1870) was a lawyer and Union Army, Union Colonel (United States), colonel in the American Civil War from the state of Maine who was awarded the honorary grade of brevet (military), brevet ...

(1838–1870), lawyer and Union colonel in the American Civil War. * John James Appleton (1789–1864), ambassador. *

Nathan Appleton Nathan Appleton (October 6, 1779July 14, 1861) was an American merchant and politician and a member of "The Boston Associates". Early life Appleton was born in New Ipswich, New Hampshire, the son of Isaac Appleton (1731–1806) and his wife Mar ...

(1771–1861), U.S. congressman and merchant. *

Nathaniel Appleton Nathaniel Appleton (9 December 1693 – 9 February 1784) was a Congregational minister in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Appleton was born in Ipswich, Massachusetts. He was educated at Harvard, taking his degree in 1712, studied theology, and was ord ...

(1693–1784), Congregational minister. * Samuel Appleton (1625–1696), military and government leader in the

Massachusetts Bay Colony The Massachusetts Bay Colony (1630–1691), more formally the Colony of Massachusetts Bay, was an English settlement on the east coast of North America around the Massachusetts Bay, the northernmost of the several colonies later reorganized as th ...

and

Province of Massachusetts Bay The Province of Massachusetts Bay was a colony in British America which became one of the thirteen original states of the United States. It was chartered on October 7, 1691, by William III and Mary II, the joint monarchs of the kingdoms of ...

. * Samuel Appleton (1766–1853), merchant and philanthropist. * Thomas Gold Appleton (1812–1884), writer and art patron. * William Appleton (1786–1862), U.S. congressman. * William Henry Appleton (1814–1899), publisher. *

William Sumner Appleton William Sumner Appleton Jr. (May 29, 1874 – November 24, 1947) was founder of the Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities (SPNEA) in 1910. He was the chief force behind much of the preservation of historic homes in the New Engl ...

(1874–1947), philanthropist. Other notable relatives: *

Thomas Storrow Brown Thomas Storrow Brown (July 7, 1803 – November 26, 1888) was a Canadian journalist, writer, orator, and revolutionary in Lower Canada (present-day Quebec). Biography Born in St. Andrews, New Brunswick, the son of Henry Barlow Brown and R ...

(1803–1888), journalist, writer, orator, and revolutionary in

Lower Canada The Province of Lower Canada (french: province du Bas-Canada) was a British colony on the lower Saint Lawrence River and the shores of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence (1791–1841). It covered the southern portion of the current Province of Quebec ...

(present-day

Quebec Quebec ( ; )According to the Canadian government, ''Québec'' (with the acute accent) is the official name in Canadian French and ''Quebec'' (without the accent) is the province's official name in Canadian English is one of the thirte ...

) * Edward Augustus Holyoke (1728–1829), educator and physician *

Alice Mary Longfellow Alice Mary Longfellow (September 22, 1850 – December 7, 1928) was a philanthropist, preservationist, and the eldest surviving daughter of the American poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. She is best known as "grave Alice" from her father's poem " T ...

(1850–1928), philanthropist and preservationist *

Ernest Wadsworth Longfellow Ernest Wadsworth Longfellow (1845–1921) was an American artist in Boston, Massachusetts, and New York. He was the son of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. Biography Ernest Longfellow was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and raised at Craigie ...

(1845–1921), artist *

Alpheus Spring Packard Alpheus Spring Packard Jr. LL.D. (February 19, 1839 – February 14, 1905) was an American entomologist and palaeontologist. He described over 500 new animal species – especially butterflies and moths – and was one of the founders of ''The Am ...

(1839–1905), entomologist and paleontologist *

William Alfred Packard William Alfred Packard (August 26, 1830 – December 2, 1909) was an American classical scholar, born at Brunswick, Maine.Staff report (1909)De Mortuis.''Annual report - Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching'' He was the son of the e ...

(1830–1909), classical scholar * Charles Storrow Williams (1827–1890), railroad executive * Edward H. Williams (1824–1899), physician and railroad executive

Bacon

Bacon Family * Robert Bacon (1860–1919), U.S. Secretary of State; father of **

Robert L. Bacon Robert Low Bacon (July 23, 1884 – September 12, 1938) was an American politician, a banker and military officer. He served as a congressman from New York from 1923 until his death in 1938. He is known as one of the authors of the Davis–Bacon ...

(1884–1938), member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New York ** Gaspar G. Bacon (1886–1947), politician; father of *** Gaspar G. Bacon, Jr. (1914–1943), actor

Bates

Bates family The Bates family is an American political and banking family from Maine and Massachusetts whose members include a prominent member of the prestigious Hell Fire Club, the 26th U.S. Attorney General serving under Abraham Lincoln, the second Gover ...

Originally from

and Britain: * Benjamin Bates I (–1710), merchant banker, family patriarch * Benjamin Bates II (1716 – ), member of the Hell Fire Club * Frederick Bates (1777–1825), politician *

James Woodson Bates James Woodson Bates (August 25, 1788 – December 26, 1846) was an American lawyer and statesman from Sebastian County, Arkansas. He represented the Arkansas Territory as a delegate to the United States House of Representatives. Early life and ...

(1788–1846), judge *

Joshua Bates (financier) Joshua Bates (October 10, 1788 – September 24, 1864) was an American international financier who divided his life between the United States and the United Kingdom. Early life Bates was born in Commercial St., Weymouth, Massachusetts on Octo ...

, Barings Bank partner, managed many Brahmin family fortunes, advised Adams family on Court protocol *

Edward Bates Edward Bates (September 4, 1793 – March 25, 1869) was a lawyer and politician. He represented Missouri in the US House of Representatives and served as the U.S. Attorney General under President Abraham Lincoln. A member of the influentia ...

(1793–1869), U.S. Attorney General *

Benjamin Bates IV Benjamin Edward Bates IV (; July 12, 1808 – January 14, 1878) was an American rail industrialist, textile tycoon and philanthropist. He was the wealthiest person in Maine from 1850 to 1878, and is considered to have introduced both the Efficienc ...

(1808–1878), philanthropist, namesake and benefactor of Bates College

Boylston

Boylston Family * Thomas Boylston (1644–1695), doctor, family patriarch * Zabdiel Boylston (1679–1766), physician * Ward Nicholas Boylston (1747–1828), benefactor, Harvard University

Bradlee

Bradlee Family Direct line: Sarah Bradlee Fulton * Nathan Bradley I, earliest known member born in America, in Dorchester, Boston, Massachusetts, in 1631 * Samuel Bradlee, constable of Dorchester, Massachusetts ** Nathaniel Bradlee,

Boston Tea Party The Boston Tea Party was an American political and mercantile protest by the Sons of Liberty in Boston, Massachusetts, on December 16, 1773. The target was the Tea Act of May 10, 1773, which allowed the British East India Company to sell t ...

participant, member of Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic Association ** Josiah Bradlee I, Boston Tea Party participant; m. Hannah Putnam *** Josiah Bradlee III (Harvard), m. Alice Crowninsheld *** Frederick Josiah Bradlee I (Harvard), Director of the Boston Bank **** Frederick Josiah Bradlee, Jr. (Harvard, 1915), on the first All-American football team at Harvard; m. Josephine de Gersdorff ***** Frederick Josiah Bradlee III, Broadway actor, author ***** Benjamin Crowninshield Bradlee (1921–2014) (Harvard, 1942), Chief Executive Editor of ''

The Washington Post ''The Washington Post'' (also known as the ''Post'' and, informally, ''WaPo'') is an American daily newspaper published in Washington, D.C. It is the most widely circulated newspaper within the Washington metropolitan area and has a large n ...

'' ****** Ben Bradlee Jr. (born 1948),

journalist A journalist is an individual that collects/gathers information in form of text, audio, or pictures, processes them into a news-worthy form, and disseminates it to the public. The act or process mainly done by the journalist is called journalis ...

and writer ** Joseph Putnam Bradlee (1783–1838), Commander of the New England Guards, chairman of the State Central Committee, Director and then President of the Boston City Council ** Samuel Bradlee, Jr., lieutenant colonel during the American Revolutionary War ** Thomas Bradlee, Boston Tea Party participant; member of Massachusetts Charitable Mechanics Association; Member of the St. Andrews Lodge of Freemasons ** David Bradlee, Boston Tea Party participant; Captain in the

Continental Army The Continental Army was the army of the United Colonies (the Thirteen Colonies) in the Revolutionary-era United States. It was formed by the Second Continental Congress after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War, and was establis ...

, member of the St. Andrews Lodge of

Freemasons Freemasonry or Masonry refers to fraternal organisations that trace their origins to the local guilds of stonemasons that, from the end of the 13th century, regulated the qualifications of stonemasons and their interaction with authorities ...

** Sarah Bradlee, "Mother of the Boston Tea Party"

Brinley

Brinley Family of Boston, Newport, and Shelter Island, NY * Francis Brinley, Esq. (1632–1719), arrived from England in 1651 after the

English Civil War The English Civil War (1642–1651) was a series of civil wars and political machinations between Parliamentarians (" Roundheads") and Royalists led by Charles I (" Cavaliers"), mainly over the manner of England's governance and issues of r ...

, with his two sisters, children of Thomas Brinley, auditor to King

Charles I Charles I may refer to: Kings and emperors * Charlemagne (742–814), numbered Charles I in the lists of Holy Roman Emperors and French kings * Charles I of Anjou (1226–1285), also king of Albania, Jerusalem, Naples and Sicily * Charles I of ...

& II, his original home became Newport's White Horse Tavern, Judge, book collector, landowner (RI, MA, NJ), Governor's assistant, m: Hannah Carr (niece of RI Gov.

Caleb Carr Caleb Carr (born August 2, 1955) is an American military historian and author. Carr is the second of three sons born to Lucien Carr and Francesca Von Hartz. He authored '' The Alienist'', ''The Angel of Darkness'', ''The Lessons of Terror'', '' ...

). Boston estate at Hanover and Elm, current site of Government Center. ** William Brinley, Esq. (1656–1704), first son of Francis, Judge in Newport, co-founder of Trinity Church, Newport, first Anglican church in RI, disinherited by father after marriage *** William Brinley, Esq. (1677–1753), only child of Wm. Brinley, Judge in Monmouth, NJ, passed over for younger cousin Francis Brinley **** John Brinley (1713–1775), Brinley grist mill owner in Oakhurst, NJ ***** William Brinley (1754–1840), Major in Revolutionary War ****** Sylvester C. Brinley (1816–1905), founded Brinley, Ohio (a.k.a. Brinley Station) in 1855. ** Thomas Brinley (1661–1693), second son of Francis, Boston/London merchant, co-founder of

King's Chapel King's Chapel is an American independent Christian unitarian congregation affiliated with the Unitarian Universalist Association that is "unitarian Christian in theology, Anglican in worship, and congregational in governance." It is housed i ...

, Boston, first Anglican church in colonial New England. *** Eliakim Hutchinson (1711–1775), Judge, Chief Justice of the Court of Common Pleas for Suffolk County, and one of Boston's richest men, owner of Shirley Place (now Shirley-Eustis House) m:Elizabeth Shirley (daughter of MA Gov William Shirley) *** Colonel Francis Brinley (1690–1765): Colonel in Ancient & Honorable Artillery Company, merchant, landowner (Datchet House/Brinley Place-Roxbury, Brinley Place-Framingham), one of the richest Bostonians of the 18th century, grandfather's heir, m: Deborah Lyde, granddaughter of Judge Nathaniel Byfield **** Francis Brinley Fogg Sr. Esq. (1795–1880), m. Mary Middleton Rutledge of

Middleton Place Middleton Place is a plantation in Dorchester County, along the banks of the Ashley River west of the Ashley and about northwest of downtown Charleston, in the U.S. state of South Carolina. Built in several phases during the 18th and 19th cent ...

, TN state senator, started Nashville public schools, school board president, namesake Fogg School opened in 1875, a founder of Sewanee University of the South. and Christ Church Cathedral Nashville **** Catherine Grace Frances Moody Nevinson Gore (1798–1861), English writer **** Francis William Brinley (1796–1859), merchant, mayor of Perth Amboy, NJ, Surveyor of NJ state. **** Francis Brinley Jr., Esq. (1800–1880), Harvard 1818- Porcellian Club, President of Boston Common Council, MA state legislator (House and Senate), clerk to Secretary of State, Daniel Webster, delegate to state constitutional convention, commander of the

Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company The Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts is the oldest chartered military organization in North America and the third oldest chartered military organization in the world. Its charter was granted in March 1638 by the Great and Gen ...

. **** Edward Brinley (1809–1868), Importer for Edward Brinley & Co., Old

Faneuil Hall Faneuil Hall ( or ; previously ) is a marketplace and meeting hall located near the waterfront and today's Government Center, in Boston, Massachusetts. Opened in 1742, it was the site of several speeches by Samuel Adams, James Otis, and others ...

, Boston **** George Brinley (1817–1875), noted book collector, pioneer of the Americanist movement ****

Emily Malbone Morgan Emily Malbone Morgan (December 10, 1862 – February 27, 1937) was a prominent social and religious leader in the Episcopal Church in the United States who helped found the Society of the Companions of the Holy Cross as well as the Colonel Daniel ...

(1862–1939), founder of the Colonel Daniel Putnam Association and the

Society of the Companions of the Holy Cross The Society of the Companions of the Holy Cross (SCHC) is an organization for Episcopal/Anglican women founded by Emily Malbone Morgan in 1884. SCHC has chapters across the United States and India. There also is a virtual chapter for members who don ...

**** Godfrey Malbone Brinley (1864–1939), top 10 US tennis pro, later master at St. Paul's school **** Edward Brinley Faneuil Adams (1871–1922), Harvard 1892/Law 1897, Harvard Law librarian **** Daniel Putnam Brinley (1873–1963), artist (painter, muralist, impressionist) **** Charles Henry Brinley Esq (1825–1907), Judge in AZ, involved in early CA/AZ politics, int'l merchant, appointed Vice Consul to Mexico by Pres Theo. Roosevelt ***** Charles Brinley (1880–1946), silent actor *** Emily Borie Ryerson (1863–1939), Titanic survivor, suffragette, philanthropist * Anne Brinley Coddington (1628–1708), third wife of Governor William Coddington, who arrived with the Winthrop fleet in 1630 and became an early MA magistrate, the first Governor of Rhode Island/founder of Portsmouth and Newport, RI, and mother and grandmother of subsequent Governors. ** William Coddington Jr.(1651–1689), colonial Governor of Rhode Island ** Mary Coddington (1654–1693), wife of Gov. Peleg Sanford of RI ** William Coddington III (1680–1755), colonial Governor of Rhode Island, merchant, judge, m: Content Arnold ** Margaret Sanford Hutchinson (1716–1754), wife of

Thomas Hutchinson (governor) Thomas Hutchinson (9 September 1711 – 3 June 1780) was a businessman, historian, and a prominent Loyalist politician of the Province of Massachusetts Bay in the years before the American Revolution. He has been referred to as "the most import ...

, last loyalist Gov. of MA **

Lucretia Rudolph Garfield Lucretia Garfield (''née'' Rudolph; April 19, 1832 – March 13, 1918) was the first lady of the United States from March to September 1881, as the wife of James A. Garfield, the 20th president of the United States. Born in Garrettsville, Oh ...

(1832–1918), First Lady, wife of 20th U.S. President James A. Garfield **

Ted Danson Edward Bridge "Ted" Danson III (born December 29, 1947) is an American actor. He achieved stardom playing the lead character Sam Malone on the NBC sitcom ''Cheers'', for which he received two Primetime Emmy Awards and two Golden Globe Awards. ...

(born 1947), actor, activist * Grisell Brinley Sylvester (1635–1687), wife of Nathaniel Sylvester, together they became the first white settlers and owners of all of Shelter Island, NY. She is credited with bringing

boxwoods ''Buxus'' is a genus of about seventy species in the family Buxaceae. Common names include box or boxwood. The boxes are native to western and southern Europe, southwest, southern and eastern Asia, Africa, Madagascar, northernmost South ...

to the colonies. ** Brinley Sylvester (1690–1752), built Sylvester Manor on Shelter Island, which was made a non-profit educational farm by the 11th generation heir. ** Charles Ward Apthorp Jr. (1729–1797), owner of Manhattan's Apthorp Farm, merchant, NY Governor's Council 1763-83 **

Sarah Wentworth Apthorp Morton Sarah Wentworth Apthorp Morton (August 1759 – May 14, 1846) was an American poet. Early life Sarah was born in Boston, Massachusetts, in August 1759. She was the third of ten children born to James Apthorp (1731–1799), a merchant and sla ...

(1759–1846), poet, wife of Perez Morton, MA Speaker and AG. **

Charles Bulfinch Charles Bulfinch (August 8, 1763 – April 15, 1844) was an early American architect, and has been regarded by many as the first American-born professional architect to practice.Baltzell, Edward Digby. ''Puritan Boston & Quaker Philadelphia''. Tran ...

(1763–1844), Harvard 1781/4, architect in Boston and of the

US Capitol The United States Capitol, often called The Capitol or the Capitol Building, is the seat of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, which is formally known as the United States Congress. It is located on Capitol Hill ...

building ** Sen. James Lloyd (1769–1831), Harvard 1787/90, US Senator from MA, merchant, businessman **

Franklin Delano Roosevelt Franklin Delano Roosevelt (; ; January 30, 1882April 12, 1945), often referred to by his initials FDR, was an American politician and attorney who served as the 32nd president of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945. As the ...

(1882–1945), Harvard 1904, 32nd and longest serving President of the United States ** Benjamin Crowinshield Bradlee (1921–2014), Harvard 1942, Executive Editor of ''The Washington Post''

Buckingham

Buckingham Family Originally from

and Britain: * William Alfred Buckingham (1804–1875), Governor of

Connecticut Connecticut () is the southernmost state in the New England region of the Northeastern United States. It is bordered by Rhode Island to the east, Massachusetts to the north, New York (state), New York to the west, and Long Island Sound to the ...

, U.S. senator. * Edgar Buckingham,

Harvard Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Founded in 1636 as Harvard College and named for its first benefactor, the Puritan clergyman John Harvard, it is the oldest institution of higher le ...

scholar creator of the Buckingham π theorem, a key theorem in dimensional analysis.

Cabot

Chaffee/Chafee

Chaffee Family Originally of Hingham, Massachusetts: * Thomas Chaffee (1610–1683), businessman and landowner * Jonathon Chaffee (1678–1766), businessman and landowner * Matthew Chaffee (1657–1723), Boston landowner * Adna Romanza Chaffee (1842–1914), U.S. general * Adna R. Chaffee, Jr. (1884–1941), U.S. general * Zechariah Chafee (1885–1957), philosopher, civil

libertarian Libertarianism (from french: libertaire, "libertarian"; from la, libertas, "freedom") is a political philosophy that upholds liberty as a core value. Libertarians seek to maximize autonomy and political freedom, and minimize the state's en ...

* John Chafee (1922–1999), U.S. senator * Lincoln Chafee (born 1953), former U.S. senator, former Rhode Island governor, 2016 U.S. presidential candidate for the Democratic party

Choate

Choate Family *

Rufus Choate Rufus Choate (October 1, 1799July 13, 1859) was an American lawyer, orator, and Senator who represented Massachusetts as a member of the Whig Party. He is regarded as one of the greatest American lawyers of the 19th century, arguing over a th ...

(1799–1859), U.S. senator * George C. S. Choate (1827–1896), founder of Choate Sanitarium, Pleasantville, New York * Joseph Hodges Choate (1832–1917), lawyer, diplomat *

William Gardner Choate William Gardner Choate (August 30, 1830 – November 14, 1920) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. Education and career Choate was born in Salem, Massachusetts, the so ...

(1830–1920), U.S. federal judge, founder of

Choate Rosemary Hall Choate Rosemary Hall (often known as Choate; ) is a private, co-educational, college-preparatory boarding school in Wallingford, Connecticut, United States. Choate is currently ranked as the second best boarding school and third best private hig ...

Sarah Choate Sears Sarah Choate Sears (1858–1935) was an American art collector, art patron, cultural entrepreneur, artist and photographer. Early life Sears, née Sarah Carlisle Choate, was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts on 5 May 1858, the daughter of Charl ...

(1858–1935), art patron * Robert B. Choate, Jr. (1924–2009), businessman * Elizabeth Choate Spykman (1896–1965), writer * Nathaniel Choate (1899–1965), artist, sculptor

Coffin

Coffin Family Originally of Newbury and

Nantucket Nantucket () is an island about south from Cape Cod. Together with the small islands of Tuckernuck and Muskeget, it constitutes the Town and County of Nantucket, a combined county/town government that is part of the U.S. state of Massachuse ...

: * Tristram Coffin (1604–1681), colonist, original owner of Nantucket * William Coffin (1699–1775), merchant, co-founder of Trinity Church * Sir Isaac Coffin (1759–1839), naval officer * Charles E. Coffin (1841–1912), industrialist, U.S. congressman * Charles A. Coffin (1844–1926), industrialist, co-founder of

General Electric General Electric Company (GE) is an American multinational conglomerate founded in 1892, and incorporated in New York state and headquartered in Boston. The company operated in sectors including healthcare, aviation, power, renewable ene ...

* Henry Coffin Nevins (1843–1892), industrialist * John Coffin Jones, Sr. (1750–1820), Speaker of the Massachusetts House of Representatives ** John Coffin Jones, John Coffin Jones, Jr. (1796–1861), United States Minister to Hawaii, U.S. Minister to Hawaii * Thomas Coffin Amory (1812–1889), lawyer, author * Thomas Jonathan Coffin Amory (1828–1864), Civil War general * David Coffin (active 1980–present), folk musician

Coolidge

* John Calvin Coolidge Sr. (1845–1926), politician and businessman ** Calvin Coolidge (1872–1933), 30th President of the United States *** John Coolidge (1906–2000), businessman and railroad executive * T. Jefferson Coolidge (1831–1920), Financier, industrialist, and civic leader * Archibald Cary Coolidge (1866–1928), educator * John Gardner Coolidge (1863–1936), U.S. ambassador * Charles A. Coolidge (1844–1926), U.S. Army general

Cooper

* John Cooper (1609–1669), colonist * Samuel Cooper (clergyman), Samuel Cooper (1725–1783), clergyman * Samuel D. Cooper, Jr. (1750–1824), revolutionary * Samuel D. Cooper III (1778–1853), trade merchant * Priscilla Cooper Tyler (1816–1889), First Lady of the United States * Theodore Cooper (1839–1919), civil engineer * Frederic Taber Cooper (1864–1937), writer

Crowninshield

Crowninshield family, Crowninshield Family * Crowninshield family, Johann Casper Richter von Kronenscheldt, colonist * Jacob Crowninshield (1770–1808), U.S. congressman ** Arent S. Crowninshield (1843–1908), U.S. Navy admiral * Caspar Crowninshield (1837–1897), Union Army colonel * Benjamin W. Crowninshield, Benjamin William Crowninshield (1837–1892), Union Army colonel * Frederic Crowninshield (1845–1918), first president of the National Society of Mural Painters * Benjamin Williams Crowninshield (1772–1851), 5th U.S. Secretary of Navy * Frank Crowninshield (1872–1947), creator and editor of ''Vanity Fair (US magazine 1913–36), Vanity Fair'' * Bowdoin B. Crowninshield, Bowdin Bradlee Crowninshield (1867–1948), American naval architect Descendants by marriage: * William Crowninshield Endicott (1826–1900), 5th U.S. Secretary of War * Frederick Josiah Bradlee, Jr. (1892–1970), on the first All-American football team (from Harvard University, Harvard) * Ben Bradlee, Benjamin Crowninshield Bradlee Sr. (1921–2014), Editor-in-chief of ''

'' * Ben Bradlee Jr., Benjamin Crowninshield Bradlee Jr. (born 1948), Editor for ''The Boston Globe'' * Quinn Bradlee, Josiah Quinn Crowninshield Bradlee (born 1982), founder and CEO of FriendsOfQuinn.com

Cushing

Cushing (surname), Cushing Family Originally of Hingham, Massachusetts: * Caleb Cushing (1800–1879), U.S. congressman and Attorney General * John Perkins Cushing (1787–1862), China trade merchant, investor * Thomas Cushing (1725–1788), statesman, revolutionary * William Cushing (1732–1810), U.S. Supreme Court justice * Harvey Cushing (1869–1939), neurosurgeon Descendant by marriage: * Albert Cushing Read (1887–1967), naval officer

Dana

Dana family, Dana Family * Richard Dana (lawyer), Richard Dana (1699–1772), colonial Boston politician. * Francis Dana (1743–1811), revolutionary. * Richard Henry Dana, Sr. (1787–1879), lawyer, author. * Richard Henry Dana, Jr. (1815–1882), lawyer, author (''Two Years Before the Mast'').

Delano

Delano family, Delano Family * Columbus Delano (1809–1896), U.S. Secretary of the Interior * Jane Delano (1862–1919), founder of the American Red Cross Nursing Service * Paul Delano (1745–1842), naval officer *

(1882–1945), President of the United States * Frederic A. Delano (1863–1953), civic reformer and railroad president

Dudley

Dudley Family * Thomas Dudley (1576–1653), Governor of Massachusetts, a founder of Harvard College. * Anne Bradstreet, Anne Dudley Bradstreet (1612–1672), first American poet, wife of Royal Governor Simon Bradstreet. * Joseph Dudley (1647–1720), Royal Governor of Massachusetts, President of the Dominion of New England, Chief Justice of New York, Member of Parliament, Lt. Governor of the Isle of Wight. * Paul Dudley (jurist), Paul Dudley (1675–1751), Chief Justice of Massachusetts, member of the Royal Society, founder of the Dudleian lectures at Harvard. * Paul Dudley Sargent (1745–1828), Army colonel and Revolutionary War hero. * Dudley Saltonstall (1738–1796), Naval commodore during the Revolution and successful privateer.

Dwight

Dwight family, Dwight Family * Timothy Dwight IV (1752–1817), president of Yale University. * Joseph Dwight (1703–1765), lawyer, French and Indian War veteran . * James Dwight Dana (1813–1895), geologist.

Eliot

Eliot family (America), Eliot Family * Samuel Eliot (banker) (1739–1820). * Samuel Atkins Eliot (politician) (1798–1862) . * Charles William Eliot (1834–1926), president of Harvard University. * Charles Eliot (landscape architect), Charles Eliot (1859–1897), landscape architect. * Samuel A. Eliot (minister), Samuel A. Eliot II (1862–1950), president of the American Unitarian Association. * Samuel Eliot Morison (1887–1976), maritime author. * Theodore Lyman Eliot (1928–2019), diplomat. * Charles Eliot Norton (1827–1908), author. * T. S. Eliot (1888–1965), Nobel Prize-winning poet, playwright, and literary critic.

Emerson

Emerson (surname), Emerson Family * William Emerson (minister), Rev. William Emerson (1769–1811), clergyman; m. Ruth Haskins Emerson. ** Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803–1882), poet; m. Nathaniel Morton, Lydia Jackson Emerson. *** Edward Waldo Emerson, (1844–1930). **** Raymond Emerson, (1886–1977).

Endicott

Endicott (surname), Endicott Family Salem, Massachusetts, Salem: * William Crowninshield Endicott (1826–1900), U.S. Secretary of War. Dedham, Massachusetts, Dedham: * Augustus Bradford Endicott (1818–1910), politician. ** Acushnet Company, Philip Endicott Young (1885–1955), industrialist. ** Henry Bradford Endicott (1853–1920), industrialist. *** Endicott House, Henry Wendell Endicott (1880–1954), philanthropist.

Everett

Everett Family * Richard Everett (1597–1682), early colonist and native of Holbrook, Suffolk, Holbrook, England. He was a founder of Springfield, Massachusetts, and progenitor of the American Everett family. * Deac. John Everett (1676–1751), early deacon at the First Church and Parish in Dedham and member of the Massachusetts General Court. * John Everett (1736–1799), numerous times elected as selectman for Norfolk County, Massachusetts (1770s–1790s) and member of the Massachusetts General Court (1780s–1790s). * David Everett (1745–1775), revolutionary and killed defending Battle of Bunker Hill, Bunker Hill. * Moses Everett (1750–1813), judge for Norfolk County, Massachusetts and member of the Massachusetts General Court. * Rev. Oliver Everett (1752–1802), prominent Congregational church, Congregational minister and judge for Norfolk County, Massachusetts. * Melatiah Everett (1777–1858), member of the Massachusetts Senate (1812, 1841). * Horace Everett (1779–1851), member of the Vermont House of Representatives (1819–1820, 1822, 1824, 1834) and the United States House of Representatives from Vermont's 3rd congressional district (1829–1843). * Ebenezer Everett (1788–1869), long-time Maine state official, trustee of

, member of the Maine Legislature (1840s). * Alexander Hill Everett (1790–1847), American List of ambassadors of the United States to the Netherlands, Ambassador to the Netherlands (1819–1824), List of ambassadors of the United States to Spain, Ambassador to Spain (1825), and List of ambassadors of the United States to China, Ambassador to the Qing Empire (1845–1847) . * Edward Everett (1794–1865), statesman and diplomat. He was a member of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts's 4th congressional district (1825–1835), Governor of Massachusetts (1836–1840), List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Kingdom, Ambassador to Great Britain (1841–1845), President of Harvard University (1846–1848), the United States Secretary of State (1852–1853), and a United States Senate, United States Senator for Massachusetts (1853–1854). * Horace Everett (1819–1890), a native of Windsor, Vermont, he was a prominent early founder of Council Bluffs, Iowa. * Henry Sidney Everett (1834–1898), long-time diplomat, Secretary of the American Legation at List of ambassadors of the United States to Germany, Berlin (1877–1884). * William Everett (1839–1910), member of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts's 7th congressional district (1893–1895). * Sidney Brooks Everett (1868–1901), member of the Boston City Council (1892–1894), American Consul to the Dutch East Indies (appointed 1897), and secretary and chargé de affairs to the American Legation in List of ambassadors of the United States to Guatemala, Guatemala (1900–1901). Descendants through the marriage of Sarah Preston Hale, Sarah Preston Everett (1796–1866) and noted journalist Nathan Hale (journalist), Nathan Hale (1784–1863): * Prof. Nathan Hale Jr. (1818–1871), journalist and professor at Union College. * Lucretia Peabody Hale (1820–1900), author and journalist. * Edward Everett Hale (1822–1909), famed author and Unitarian minister and theologian. * Charles Hale (1831–1882), member and later List of speakers of the Massachusetts House of Representatives, Speaker of the Massachusetts House of Representatives (1855–1859), List of ambassadors of the United States to Egypt, Consul-General to Egypt (1864–1870), and the United States Assistant Secretary of State (1872–1873). * Susan Hale (1833–1910), artist and author. * Ellen Day Hale (1855–1940), artist. * Prof. Edward Everett Hale Jr. (1863–1932), distinguished and long-time professor at Union College. * Philip Leslie Hale (1865–1931), artist. * Nancy Hale (1908–1988), author.

Fabens

Of Marblehead, Massachusetts, Marblehead and Salem, Massachusetts, Salem: * William Fabens (1810–1883), lawyer, member of Assembly, Massachusetts State Senate, Senate ** William Chandler Fabens (1843–1903), Lynn, Massachusetts, Lynn attorney, namesake of Fabens Building * Samuel Augustus Fabens (1813–1899), master mariner in the East India and California trade * Francis Alfred Fabens (1814–1872), mercantile businessman, San Francisco judge, attorney * Joseph Warren Fabens (1821–1875), U.S. Consul at Cayenne, businessman, Envoy Extraordinary of the Dominican Republic * George Wilson Fabens (1857–1939), attorney, land commissioner and superintendent of Southern Pacific Railroad, namesake of Fabens, Texas

Forbes

Forbes family, Forbes Family * John Murray Forbes (1813–1898), industrialist * Edward W. Forbes (1873–1969), Director of the Fogg Art Museum at Harvard University from 1909 to 1944. * John Forbes Kerry (born 1943), United States Secretary of State (2013–2017), senator from Massachusetts (1985–2013) * Elliot Forbes (1917–2006), conductor and musicologist * Robert Bennet Forbes (1804–1889), sea captain, China merchant, ship owner, writer * William Howell Forbes (1837–1896), businessman * Beatrice Forbes Manz, professor of history at Tufts University

Gardner

Gardner (surname), Gardner Family Originally of Thomas Gardner (planter), Essex county: * Samuel Pickering Gardner (1767–1843), merchant. * John Lowell Gardner (1808–1884), merchant. * John Lowell Gardner II (1837–1898), merchant. * Augustus P. Gardner (1865–1918), U.S. congressman. * Isabella Stewart Gardner (1840-1924), art collector, philanthropist, and patron of the arts.

Gillett

* Jonathan Gillett (1609–1677), colonist * Edward Bates Gillett (1817–1899), attorney ** Frederick Huntington Gillett (1851–1935), 37th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives ** Arthur Lincoln Gillett (1859–1938), clergyman * Ezra Hall Gillett (1823-1875), clergyman and author **Charles Ripley Gillett (1855-1948), clergyman

Hallowell

Hallowell family, Hallowell Family * Ward Nicholas Boylston (1747–1828), merchant and philanthropist * Norwood Penrose Hallowell (1839–1914), colonel in the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, 54th Massachusetts regiment * Norwood Penrose Hallowell Jr. (1875-1961), President of Lee, Higginson & Co. * Edward Needles Hallowell (1836–1871), An officer in the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, 54th Massachusetts. He and his brother were collectively portrayed by actor Cary Elwes in his role as Major Cabot Forbes in the Civil War movie Glory (1989 film), Glory. * John Hallowell (1878–1927), Harvard Football player and assistant to Herbert Hoover in the United States Food Administration during World War I

Healey/Dall

* Mark Healey (1791–1872), originally of New Hampshire, merchant and first president of the Merchant's Bank ** Caroline Healey Dall, Caroline Wells Healey (1822–1912), writer, feminist, and abolitionist ** Charles Henry Appleton Dall (1816–1886), first American Unitarian Association, Unitarian minister to India *** William Healey Dall (1845–1912), malacologist, paleontologist, and explorer of Alaska

Holmes

Holmes (surname), Holmes Family * Abiel Holmes (1763–1837), clergyman ** Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. (1809–1894), doctor, author *** Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. (1841–1935), U.S. Supreme Court justice

Jackson

Jackson (name), Jackson Family * Edward Jackson (1708–1757), colonist; m. Dorothy Quincy Jackson ** Jonathan Jackson (Continental Congress), Jonathan Jackson (1743–1810), merchant, revolutionary; m. Hannah Tracy Jackson *** Charles Jackson (judge), Charles Jackson (1775–1855), Massachusetts Supreme Court justice *** James Jackson (physician), James Jackson (1777–1867), Physician m. Elizabeth Cabot **** Francis Henry Jackson (1815–1873), m. Sarah Ann Boott ***** James Tracy Jackson (1843–1900), m. Rebecca Nelson Borland ****** James Tracy Jackson, Jr. (1881–1952), m. Rachel Brooks ******* Francis Gardner Jackson (1914–1970), m. Jane Matthews ******** Francis Gardner Jackson, Jr. (born 1943), m. Pamela Graves Hardee ********* Patrick Graves Jackson (born 1969), Surgeon, husband to Ketanji Brown Jackson and related to Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. **** Amelia Lee Jackson: wife of Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. ***** Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States *** Patrick Tracy Jackson (1780–1847), co-founder of the Boston Manufacturing Company *** Hannah Jackson, wife of Francis Cabot Lowell (businessman), Francis Cabot Lowell * Ralph Waldo Emerson, Lydia Jackson, wife of Ralph Waldo Emerson * Greling Jackson

Knowles

Knowles (surname), Knowles Family * Freeman Knowles (1846–1910) * Horace G. Knowles (1863–1937) * John Knowles (1926–2001) * Malcolm Knowles (1913–1997) * Tony Knowles (politician) (born 1943) * Warren P. Knowles (1908–1993) * William Standish Knowles (1917–2012)

Lawrence

Lawrence (surname), Lawrence Family * Samuel Lawrence (revolutionary), Samuel Lawrence (died 1827), revolutionary ** Amos Lawrence (1786–1852), merchant *** Amos Adams Lawrence (1814–1886), abolitionist **** William Lawrence (bishop), William Lawrence (1850–1941), Episcopal bishop ***** William Appleton Lawrence (1889–1963), Episcopal bishop ***** Frederic C. Lawrence (1899–1989), Episcopal bishop ** Abbott Lawrence (1792–1855), U.S. congressman, founder of Lawrence, Massachusetts ** Luther Lawrence (died 1839), politician Descendant by marriage: Abbott Lawrence Lowell (1856–1943), president of Harvard University

Lodge

Lodge family, Lodge Family * John Ellerton Lodge, husband of Anna Cabot ** Henry Cabot Lodge (1850–1924), U.S. senator *** George Cabot Lodge (1873–1909), poet **** Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. (1902–1985), U.S. senator, U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations ***** George C. Lodge, George Cabot Lodge II (born 1927), Harvard Business School professor, United States Senate special election in Massachusetts, 1962, 1962 U.S. Senate candidate from Massachusetts against Edward M. Kennedy ***** Henry Sears Lodge (1930–2017) **** John Davis Lodge (1903–1985), List of Governors of Connecticut, 79th governor of

, U.S. ambassador ***** Lily Lodge (1930-2021)

Lowell

* John Lowell (1743–1802), Member of the Continental Congress and Federal Judge ** John Lowell, Jr. (lawyer), John Lowell (1769–1840), lawyer and Federalist *** John Amory Lowell (1798–1881), industrialist, philanthropist **** John Lowell (judge, 1865–1884), John Lowell (1824–1897), Federal Judge ***** John Lowell (1856–1922), lawyer ****** Mary Emlen Lowell (1884–1975), Countess of Berkeley, m. Randall Thomas Mowbray Berkeley, 8th Baron Berkeley, Earl of Berkeley ****** Ralph Lowell (1890–1978), philanthropist, founder of WGBH ****** Olivia Lowell (1898–1977), m. Augustus Thorndike (1896–1986) ***** James Arnold Lowell, James Lowell (1869–1933), Federal Judge **** Augustus Lowell (1830–1900), industrialist, philanthropist ***** Percival Lowell (1855–1916), famous astronomer ***** Abbott Lawrence Lowell (1856–1943), President of

, 1909–1933 ***** Elizabeth Lowell Putnam, Elizabeth Lowell (1862–1935), m. William Lowell Putnam (see below) ****** Katherine Putnam (1890–1983), m. Harvey Bundy (1888–1963) ******* William Bundy (1917–2000), foreign affairs advisor to John F. Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson ******* McGeorge Bundy (1919–1996), U.S. National Security Advisor ******* Katharine Lawrence Bundy (1923–2014), m. Hugh Auchincloss Jr. (1915–1998), 1st cousin once removed of Hugh D. Auchincloss ******** Hugh Auchincloss III (born 1949), m. Laurie Glimcher, Laurie Hollis Glimcher (born 1951), divorced; daughter of Melvin J. Glimcher ********* Jake Auchincloss, Jacob Daniel Auchincloss (born 1988), Captain in United States Marines, City of Newton, Massachusetts Councilman (2015–2020), candidate for United States Congress from Massachusetts 4th District. ****** Roger Putnam (1893–1972), Mayor of Springfield, Director of the Economic Stability Administration (ESA) ***** Amy Lowell (1874–1925), Pulitzer Prize-winning poet ** Francis Cabot Lowell (businessman), Francis Cabot Lowell (1775–1817), founder of the Industrial Revolution in the United States *** John Lowell, Jr. (philanthropist), John Lowell, Jr. (1799–1836), Founder of the Lowell Institute *** Francis Cabot Lowell, Jr. (1803–1874), industrialist **** George Gardner Lowell (1830–1885) ***** Francis Cabot Lowell (judge), Francis Cabot Lowell (1855–1911), Federal Judge **** Edward Jackson Lowell (1845–1894), historian ***** Guy Lowell (1870–1927), architect ** Rebecca Russell Lowell (1779–1853), m. Samuel Pickering Gardner (1767–1843) *** John Lowell Gardner (1804–1884) **** John Lowell Gardner (1837–1898), m. Isabella Stewart Gardner, Isabella Stewart (1840–1924) ** Charles Russell Lowell, Sr., Charles Lowell (1782–1861), Unitarian minister *** Charles Russell Lowell (1807–1870) **** Charles Russell Lowell, Charles Russell Lowell, Jr. (1835–1864), Civil War general, m. Josephine Shaw Lowell, Josephine Shaw **** Harriet Lowell (1836–1920), m. George Putnam (1834–1917) ***** William Lowell Putnam (1861–1923), lawyer and banker, m. Elizabeth Lowell Putnam, Elizabeth Lowell (see above) *** Mary Traill Spence Lowell Putnam (1810–1898), author, translator *** Robert Traill Spence Lowell (1816–1891) **** Robert T.S. Lowell (1860–1887) ***** Robert T.S. Lowell (1887–1950), naval officer ****** Robert Lowell (1917–1977), Pulitzer Prize–winning poet *** James Russell Lowell (1819–1891), American Romantic poet, Ambassador to Spain and England

Lyman

* Theodore Lyman (merchant), Theodore Lyman (1753–1839), China trade merchant, commissioned Samuel McIntire to build one of New England's finest country houses, Lyman Estate, The Vale * Theodore Lyman II (1792–1849), brigadier general of militia, Massachusetts state representative, mayor of Boston * Theodore Lyman (Massachusetts), Theodore Lyman III (1833–1897), natural scientist, aide-de-camp to George Meade, Major General Meade during the American Civil War, and United States congressman from Massachusetts * Theodore Lyman IV (1874–1954), director of Jefferson Physics Lab, Harvard. The Lyman series of spectral lines, the crater Lyman (crater), Lyman on the far side of the Moon, and the Lyman Physics Building at Harvard are named after him.

Minot

Minot (disambiguation)#People, Minot Family * Charles Sedgwick Minot (1852–1914), anatomist * George Richards Minot (1885–1950), winner of the Nobel Prize in Medicine * Henry Davis Minot (1859–1890), ornithologist * Susan Minot (born 1956), author * Alexandria Minot (born 1981), lawyer, human rights activist

Norcross

Norcross (surname), Norcross family Original from Watertown, Massachusetts * Otis Norcross (1811–1882), mayor of Boston * Amasa Norcross (1824–1898), politician * Eleanor Norcross (1854–1923), artist

Oakes

Oakes (surname), Oakes family * Urian Oakes (1631–1681), minister and educator; president of Harvard College.

Otis

Otis family * James Otis, Jr. (1725–1783), revolutionary * Mercy Otis Warren (1728–1814), playwright, revolutionary * Samuel Allyne Otis (1740–1814), politician * Harrison Gray Otis (politician), Harrison Gray Otis (1765–1848), U.S. senator, mayor of Boston

Paine

Paine (disambiguation)#People, Paine Family * Robert Treat Paine (1731–1814), lawyer, politician, and a Founding Father of the United States who signed the Continental Association and the United States Declaration of Independence, Declaration of Independence. * Robert Treat Paine Jr. (1773–1811), a poet and editor * Charles Jackson Paine (1833–1916), railroad executive, yachtsman, and general in the Union Army during the American Civil War. * Robert Treat Paine (philanthropist) (1835–1910), lawyer, philanthropist, and social reformer * Sumner Paine (1868–1904), American shooter who competed at the 1896 Summer Olympics. * John Paine (sport shooter) (1870–1951), American shooter who competed at the 1896 Summer Olympics. * Lyman Paine (1901–1978), architect and far-left activist. * Robert Treat Paine Storer (1893–1962), All-American football player for

and decorated veteran of World War I. * Robert T. Paine (zoologist) (1933–2016), the ecologist who coined the term "keystone species". * Michael Paine (1928–2018), an acquaintance of Lee Harvey Oswald, unknown Paine and his wife Oswald had been hiding his Carcano Model 38 infantry carbine rifle in the garage of their Irving, Texas home, that was used to kill President John F. Kennedy, and wound Texas Governor John Connally in November 1963, and used beforehand in a failed attempt on the life of far-right activist, resigned Army General, Edwin Walker, in April of that year. * Ruth Paine (1932–present) friend of Marina Oswald, who was living with her at the time of the assassination of President Kennedy.

Palfrey

Palfrey (surname), Palfrey Family * Peter Palfrey (1611–1663), one of the founders of Salem, Salem representative to the first General Court of

* William Palfrey (1741–1780), American patriot, Aide-de-camp to George Washington, chief clerk to John Hancock, successful merchant * John G. Palfrey, John G. Palfrey I (1796–1881), played a leading role in the creation of Harvard Divinity School, first Dean of Harvard Divinity School, U.S. Congressman from Massachusetts, Unitarian minister, historian * Francis Winthrop Palfrey (1831–1889), historian, decorated Union officer * Sarah Palfrey Cooke, Sarah Palfrey Danzig (1912–1996), won 18 national tennis championship titles (singles, doubles, mixed doubles) * John G. Palfrey V (1919–1979), member of President Kennedy, President Kennedy's Atomic Energy Commission, Dean of Columbia University * John G. "Sean" Palfrey VI (born 1945), pediatrician and advocate, Harvard Faculty Dean of Adams House (Harvard College), Adams House with Judith Palfrey, Judy Palfrey * John Palfrey, John G. Palfrey VII (born 1972), educator and author, historian, Headmaster of Phillips Academy, Andover, Phillips Andover

Parkman

Parkman Family * Samuel Parkman (1751–1824), investor; father of ** George Parkman, physician, investor, philanthropist; victim in the Parkman–Webster murder case * Francis Parkman, Francis Parkman, Jr., historian; grandson of Samuel Parkman; nephew of George Parkman

Peabody

Peabody (surname), Peabody Family * Elizabeth Peabody, Elizabeth Palmer Peabody (1804–1894), American educator who opened the first English-language kindergarten in the United States * Endicott Peabody (educator), Endicott Peabody (1857–1944), Episcopal priest, founder of the Groton School, Groton School for Boys * Endicott Peabody, Endicott "Chubb" Peabody (1920–1997), governor of Massachusetts * George Peabody (1795–1869), entrepreneur, philanthropy, philanthropist who founded the House of Morgan and the Peabody Institute * Joseph Peabody (1757–1844), merchant, shipowner, philanthropist whose company sailed clipper ships in the Old China Trade from its base in Salem, Massachusetts * Mary Tyler Peabody Mann (1806–1887), American author * Nathaniel Peabody (Boston), Nathaniel Peabody (1774–1855) * Richard R. Peabody (1892–1936), author of ''The Common Sense of Drinking'', a major influence on Alcoholics Anonymous founder Bill W., Bill Wilson * Sophia Hawthorne, Sophia Amelia Peabody Hawthorne (1809–1871), painter, illustrator, wife of American author Nathaniel Hawthorne

Perkins

Perkins (disambiguation), Perkins Family * Thomas Handasyd Perkins (1764–1854), merchant, pioneer of the China trade, philanthropist * Charles Callahan Perkins, Charles Perkins (1823–1886), art historian, philanthropist, founder of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Museum of Fine Arts * Edward Perkins (1856–1905), constitutional lawyer * Maxwell Perkins (1884–1947), literary editor of Ernest Hemingway, William Faulkner, and F. Scott Fitzgerald

Phillips

Phillips (surname), Phillips Family * George Phillips (Watertown), Rev. George Phillips (1593–1644), gateway ancestor to the Phillips New England family, one of the founders of Watertown, Massachusetts * Christopher H. Phillips (1920–2008), politician, diplomat * Samuel Phillips, Jr. (1752–1802), politician, founder of Phillips Academy * John Phillips (educator), John Phillips (1719–1795), educator, founder of Phillips Exeter Academy * John Sanborn Phillips (1861–1949), publisher of McClure's Magazine * Wendell Phillips (1811–1884), abolitionist * William Phillips (diplomat), William Phillips (1878–1968), diplomat * Samuel Phillips (reverend), Samuel Phillips (1690–1771), first pastor of the South Church, Andover, Massachusetts, South Church of Andover, Massachusetts, Andover Other notable relatives: * Phillips Brooks (1835–1893), Episcopal Church (United States), American Episcopal clergyman and author * Samuel P. Huntington, Samuel Phillips Huntington (1927–2008),

political science professor and author; grandson of John Sanborn Phillips * Charles F. Brush (1849–1929), inventor, philanthropist * Bill Gates (born 1955), billionaire software pioneer, philanthropist, investor, entrepreneur

Putnam

Putnam family, Putnam Family * James Putnam (judge), James Putnam (1725–1789), last attorney general in Massachusetts before American Revolution; judge and politician in New Brunswick * James Putnam (politician), James Putnam (1756–1838), Canadian politician * Israel Putnam, Major General Israel Putnam (1718–1790), U.S. general during the American Revolutionary War, Revolutionary War ** Colonel Daniel Putnam (1759–1831), colonel in U.S. Continental Army; his home is Putnam Elms *** John Day Putnam (1837–1904), Wisconsin politician * William Lowell Putnam (1861–1924), and Elizabeth Lowell Putnam ** George P. Putnam (1887–1950), publisher, explorer, husband of Amelia Earhart ** Katherine L. Putnam (1890–1983), wife of Harvey Hollister Bundy ** Roger Lowell Putnam (1893–1972), politician, businessman

Quincy

Quincy political family, Quincy Family * Edmund Quincy (1602–1636), Edmund Quincy (1602–1636), settled in Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1633 * Josiah Quincy II (1744–1775), lawyer, revolutionary ** Josiah Quincy III (1772–1864), member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Massachusetts, mayor of Boston, president of

* Dorothy Quincy Hancock, wife of John Hancock * Abigail Smith Adams (1744–1818), wife of John Adams ** John Quincy Adams (1767–1848), President of the United States

Rice

Rice (surname), Rice Family Originally of Sudbury, Massachusetts: * Deacon Edmund Rice (1638), Edmund Rice (1594–1663), colonist * Alexander Hamilton Rice (1818–1895), industrialist, mayor of Boston, governor of Massachusetts, member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Massachusetts ** Alexander H. Rice, Jr., Alexander Hamilton Rice, Jr. (1875–1956), physician, geographer, explorer * Americus V. Rice, Brigadier General Americus Vespucius Rice (1835–1904), U.S. general, member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Ohio, banker * Edmund Rice (Medal of Honor), Brigadier General Edmund Rice (1842–1906), U.S. general, Medal of Honor recipient * Edmund Rice (politician), Edmund Rice (1819–1889), U.S. senator, member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Minnesota * Henry Mower Rice (1816–1894), U.S. senator * Luther Rice (1783–1836), Baptist clergyman, missionary to India * Thomas Rice (1768), Thomas Rice (1768–1854), member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Massachusetts * William Marsh Rice (1816–1900), businessman, founder of Rice University * William North Rice (1845–1928), geologist, educator * William Whitney Rice (1826–1896), member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Massachusetts * William B. Rice (1840–1909), industrialist, philanthropist

Saltonstall

Saltonstall family, Saltonstall Family * Leverett Saltonstall I (1783–1845), politician, educator * Leverett Saltonstall (1892–1979), U.S. senator ** William L. Saltonstall (1927–2009), politician * Elizabeth Saltonstall (1900–1990), lithographer, painter * Philip Saltonstall Weld (1915–1984), World War II commando, environmentalist * William Saltonstall, William G. Saltonstall (1905–1989), 8th Principal of Phillips Exeter Academy

Sargent

* Epes Sargent (soldier), Colonel Epes Sargent (1690–1762), colonel of militia before the Revolution and a justice of the general session court for more than 30 years ** Paul Dudley Sargent (1745–1828), Revolutionary officer, one of the founding overseers of

*** Harrison Tweed (1885–1969), lawyer, civic leader **** Tweed Roosevelt (born 1942), great-grandson of President Theodore Roosevelt ** John Sargent (Loyalist), John Sargent (1750–1824), Loyalist (American Revolution), Loyalist officer during the American Revolution *** Winthrop Sargent (1753–1820), patriot, governor, politician, writer; member of the Federalist Party *** Judith Sargent Murray (1751–1820), feminist, essayist, playwright, poet; her home is the Sargent House Museum ** Daniel Sargent Sr. (1730–1806), merchant, owned Sargent's Wharf in Boston *** Daniel Sargent (politician), Daniel Sargent (1764–1842), merchant, politician **** Daniel Sargent Curtis (1825–1908), lawyer, banker, trustee of the BPL, owner of Palazzo Barbaro *** Henry Sargent (1770–1845), painter, military man *** Henry Winthrop Sargent (1810–1882), horticulturist, landscape gardener *** Lucius Manlius Sargent (1786–1867), author, antiquarian, temperance advocate **** Horace Binney Sargent, Brigadier General Horace Binney Sargent (1821–1908), U.S. Civil War general (Union Army), politician *** John Singer Sargent (1856–1925), artist, considered the "leading portrait painter of his generation" *** Charles Sprague Sargent (1841–1927), botanist, first director of

's Arnold Arboretum *** Winthrop Sargent Gilman (1808–1884), head of the banking house of Gilman, Son & Co. in New York City *** Epes Sargent (poet), Epes Sargent (1813–1880), editor, poet, playwright *** Francis W. Sargent (1915–1998), 64th governor of Massachusetts *** Benjamin Crowninshield Bradlee (1921–2014), (Harvard, 1942): editor of ''

'' *** Frances Sargent Osgood (1811–1850), poet, one of the most popular women writers during her time *** Anna Maria Wells (née Foster; –1868), early American poet, children's author

Sears

Sears (disambiguation), Sears Family * Richard Sears (pilgrim), Richard Sears (1610–1676), colonist * David Sears (America), David Sears II (1787–1871), philanthropist, merchant, landowner * Clara Endicott Sears (1863–1960), author, philanthropist * Mason Sears (1899–1973), politician, ambassador * Emily Sears, wife of Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. * John W. Sears (1930–2014), politician

Sedgwick

Sedgwick family, Sedgwick Family * Major General Robert Sedgwick (1611–1656), immigrant, Commander of the Massachusetts Bay Colony forces ** Hon. Theodore Sedgwick (1746–1813), 4th Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives; major in U.S. Continental Army *** John Sedgwick, Major General John Sedgwick (1813–1864), U.S. Civil War general (Union Army) *** Theodore Sedgwick (lawyer), Theodore Sedgwick, Jr. (1780–1839), lawyer, author; politician **** Theodore Sedgwick (writer), Theodore Sedgwick III (1811–1859), attorney, legal author, U.S. Minister to France *** Catharine Maria Sedgwick (1789–1876), one of the first noted female writers in the United States *** Henry Dwight Sedgwick (1785–1831), father of **** Henry Dwight Sedgwick II (1824–1903), father of ***** Ellery Sedgwick (1872–1960), magazine editor; father of ****** Ellery Sedgwick, Jr. (1908–1991), father of ******* Theodore Sedgwick (diplomat), Theodore “Tod” Sedgwick, diplomat, publisher ***** Henry Dwight Sedgwick III (1861–1957), lawyer, author; father of ****** Henry Dwight Sedgwick IV (1896–1914) ****** Francis Minturn Sedgwick (1904–1967), father of ******* Edith Minturn Sedgwick (1943–1971), American socialite, actress, fashion model who worked with Andy Warhol ****** Robert Minturn Sedgwick (1899–1976), father of ******* Henry Dwight Sedgwick V (1928–2018), venture capitalist; husband of Helen Stern (1930–2019) and Patricia Rosenwald Sedgwick (born 1933); father of ******** Mike Stern (born Michael Sedgwick 1953), jazz guitarist ******** Kyra Sedgwick, Kyra Minturn Sedgwick (born 1965), actress, producer, director; wife of Kevin Bacon; mother of ********* Sosie Bacon (born 1992), actress ******** Holly Sedgwick (born ), mother of ********* Justin Nozuka (born 1988) ********* George Nozuka (born 1986) ********* Philip Nozuka (born 1987) ******** Robert Sedgwick (actor), Robert Sedgwick (born )

Shaw

* Robert Gould Shaw (1776–1853) m. Elizabeth Willard Parkman (1785–1853) ** Francis George Shaw (1809–1882) m. Sarah Blake Sturgis Shaw, Sarah Blake Sturgis (1815–1902) *** Robert Gould Shaw (1837–1863) *** Josephine Shaw Lowell, Josephine Shaw (1843–1905) m. Charles Russell Lowell (1835–1864) ** Quincy Adams Shaw (1825–1908) m. Pauline Agassiz Shaw, Pauline Agassiz (1841–1917) *** Robert Gould Shaw II (1872–1930) m. Nancy Astor, Viscountess Astor, Nancy Langhorne (1879–1964) **** Robert Gould Shaw III (1898–1970) **** Louis Agassiz Shaw II (1906–1987)

Thayer

Thayer family, Thayer Family * Sylvanus Thayer, Brevet Brigadier General Sylvanus Thayer (1785–1872), U.S. general (Army), Father of West Point * Nathaniel Thayer (1769–1840), Unitarian minister; father of ** Nathaniel Thayer, Jr. (1808–1883), financier, philanthropist; partner in John E. Thayer and brother firm which he left to clerks Kidder and Peabody after his retirement. One of the most generous citizens of Boston donating Thayer Hall to Harvard University; an overseer of Harvard, 1866–1868, and a fellow, 1868–1875; father of *** Nathaniel Thayer III, Nathaniel Thayer, III (1851–1911), capitalist, pioneer railroad promoter * Bayard Thayer (1862–1916), millionaire sportsman, horticulturist * Eugene Van Rensselaer Thayer (1855–1907), financier, capitalist; father of ** Eugene Van Rensselaer Thayer, Jr. (1881–1937), Harvard class of 1904; President of Merchants and Chase National Banks; Chairman of Stutz motorcars * James Bradley Thayer (1831–1902), American legal writer, educationist * Ernest Thayer (1863–1940), American poet, author of "Casey at the Bat", and uncle of Scofield Thayer * Scofield Thayer (1889–1982), American poet, publisher * Eli Thayer (1819–1899), member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Massachusetts * John A. Thayer (1857–1917), member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Massachusetts * John R. Thayer (1845–1916), member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Massachusetts * John Milton Thayer, Brevet Major General John Milton Thayer (1820–1906), U.S. senator, U.S. Civil War general (Union Army); governor of Nebraska * Webster Thayer (1857–1933), judge at the trial of Sacco and Vanzetti * William Greenough Thayer (1863–1934), American educator; father of ** Sigourney Thayer (1896–1944), theatrical producer, aviator, poet * Tommy Thayer (born 1960), lead guitarist for the rock band Kiss

Thorndike

Thorndike (disambiguation), Thorndike Family * Israel Thorndike (1755–1832), merchant, politician * Augustus Thorndike (1896–1986), physician * George Thorndike Angell (1823–1909), lawyer, philanthropist

Tudor

Tudor (name), Tudor Family * William Tudor (1750–1819), lawyer, politician, founder of the Massachusetts Historical Society * William Tudor (1779–1830), William Tudor (1779–1830), cofounder of the ''North American Review'' and the Boston Athenaeum * Frederic Tudor (1783–1864), Boston's "Ice King", founder of the Tudor Ice Company * Tasha Tudor (1915–2008), illustrator and author of children's books

Warren

* Richard Warren (1578–1628), London merchant, ''Mayflower'' passenger * James Warren (politician), James Warren (1726–1808), paymaster general of Continental Army, major general in Massachusetts colony militia, president of Massachusetts Congress * Mercy Otis Warren (1728–1814), playwright, historian, revolutionary * Joseph Warren (1741–1775), major general in Massachusetts colony militia, hero/martyr of Battle of Bunker Hill, Bunker Hill, president of Massachusetts Congress; sent Paul Revere on his famous midnight ride * John Warren (1753–1815), founder of Harvard Medical School, surgeon at Bunker Hill, co-founder of the Massachusetts Medical Society * John Collins Warren (1778–1856), surgeon, president of the American Medical Association, founding dean of Harvard Medical School, a founder of Massachusetts General Hospital; gave first public demonstration of surgical anesthesia, a founder of ''The New England Journal of Medicine'' * Winslow Warren (1838–1930), American attorney who served as Collector of Customs for the Port of Boston during the second administration of Grover Cleveland * John Collins Warren Jr. (1842–1927), surgeon, president of the American Surgical Association * Charles Warren (U.S. author), Charles Warren (1868–1954), lawyer, author, legal scholar who won a Pulitzer Prize for his book ''The Supreme Court in United States History''

Weld

Weld family, Weld Family * Thomas Weld (minister), Thomas Weld (born ), colonist, Puritan minister * William Gordon Weld (1775–1825), merchant * William Fletcher Weld (1800–1881), merchant, philanthropist * Ezra Greenleaf Weld (1801–1874), daguerreotypist * Theodore Dwight Weld (1803–1895), abolitionist * Stephen Minot Weld (1806–1867), politician, educator * George Walker Weld (1840–1905), philanthropist * Stephen Minot Weld, Jr., Brevet Brigadier General Stephen Minot Weld, Jr. (1842–1920), U.S. Civil War general (Union Army) * Charles Goddard Weld (1857–1911), philanthropist * Isabel Weld Perkins (1877–1948), philanthropist * Philip Saltonstall Weld (1915–1984), World War II commando, environmentalist * Tuesday Weld (born 1943), actress * William Weld (born 1945), governor of Massachusetts, 2016 Libertarian Party (United States), Libertarian Party Vice Presidential Candidate

Whitney

* Eli Whitney (1765–1825) * William Collins Whitney (1841–1904)

Wigglesworth

Wigglesworth (disambiguation), Wigglesworth Family * Michael Wigglesworth (1631–1705), colonist, clergyman; father of ** Edward Michael Wigglesworth (c. 1693–1765), clergyman, educator; father of *** Edward Wigglesworth (1732–1794), Edward Wigglesworth (1732–1794), academician * Richard B. Wigglesworth (1891–1960), ambassador to Canada, member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Massachusetts

Winthrop

Winthrop Family Patrilineal descendants: * Lucy Winthrop Downing: mother of diplomat Sir George Downing, 1st Baronet, founder of New York, of Downing Street, London, and ultimately of Downing College, Cambridge, UK; Lucy's letter to her brother Governor Winthrop provided the impetus for the founding of Harvard College; sister of * John Winthrop the Elder, John Winthrop (1588–1649), founding governor of

; father of ** John Winthrop the Younger, John Winthrop (1606–1676), governor of

*** Fitz-John Winthrop (1637–1711), governor of Connecticut * John Winthrop, husband of Anne Dudley, granddaughter of Thomas Dudley ** John Winthrop (educator), John Winthrop (1714–1779), acting president of Harvard, pioneer of American science *** James Winthrop (1752–1821), librarian, jurist * Thomas Lindall Winthrop (1760–1841), Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts, lieutenant governor of Massachusetts * Robert Charles Winthrop (1809–1894), lawyer, politician, philanthropist Other descendants: *Kwame Anthony Appiah (born 1954), philosopher, author, cultural theorist and descendant in the female line of John Winthrop.

Bibliography

* Cleveland Amory, ''The Proper Bostonians'', 1947

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Brahmin, Boston American upper class English-American culture in Massachusetts High society (social class) White American culture in Massachusetts