The ''Blue Cliff Record'' () is a collection of Chan Buddhist kōans originally compiled in Song China in 1125, during the reign of Emperor Huizong, and then expanded into its present form by Chan master Yuanwu Keqin (1063–1135; ).K. Sekida, ''Two Zen Classics'' (1977) p. 18-20 The book includes Yuanwu's annotations and commentary on ''100 Verses on Old Cases'' (), a compilation of 100 kōans collected by

Xuedou Chongxian Xuedou (),Wudeng Huiyuan Vol.15 courtesy name "Yinzhi"() was a Chinese Buddhist monk of Zen. He is best known for his collection of 100 koans which later became the foundation of the koan collection "Blue Cliff Record". Life According to " Wuden ...

(980–1052; , '). Xuedou selected 82 of these from '' The Jingde Record of the Transmission of the Lamp'', with the remainder selected from the ''Yunmen Guanglu'' (, ''Extensive Record of Yunmen Wenyan'', 864–949).

Name and origin

The ''Blue Cliff Record'' derives its name from the temple where Yuanwu Keqin wrote most of his commentaries, the Blue Cliff Cloister (碧巖院, ''Bìyán Yuàn'') in

Hunan Hunan (, ; ) is a landlocked province of the People's Republic of China, part of the South Central China region. Located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze watershed, it borders the province-level divisions of Hubei to the north, Jiangx ...

. The work was originally called Xuedou's ''Juko'' (''ju'', verse; ''ko'', old koans) before its ''Blue Cliff Record'' title was attributed. Yuanwu first presented it as a series of lectures to his students between 1111 and 1117. It appears these lectures occurred during the traditional 90-day summer retreats, as can be seen from his introduction to the 100th Case, where he writes: "All summer I've been verbosely making up complications... and tripping up all the monks in the land." Written a hundred years before '' The Gateless Gate'', the Blue Cliff Record contains appended verses to each ''koan'', added by Yuanwu to point out their hidden meaning. Yuanwu 's commentaries were added to tempt students trying to understand Zen conceptually and intellectually instead of by their own immediate experience. The composite work consisting of the one hundred cases, along with poetry added by Xuedou and prose commentary by Yuanwu, is collectively known as the ''Blue Cliff Record''.

Later developments

Yuanwu's successor, Dahui Zonggao (1089–1163), wrote many letters to lay students teaching the practice of concentrating on koans during meditation, but Dahui did not explain and analyze koans. Oral tradition holds that Dahui noticed students engaged in too much intellectual discourse on koans, and then burned the wooden blocks used to print the ''Blue Cliff Record'' to "rescue disciples from delusion". The text was reconstituted only in the early 14th century by a

layman In religious organizations, the laity () consists of all members who are not part of the clergy, usually including any non-ordained members of religious orders, e.g. a nun or a lay brother. In both religious and wider secular usage, a layper ...

, Zhang Mingyuan (, '). One of Zhang's sons became ill during this time, and others believed that it was an omen meaning that Zhang should not have re-released the book. However, an elder named Feng Zizhen () comforted Zhang and encouraged him for his work. Some of Yuanwu's capping phrases and possibly some of Xuedong's capping phrases were lost due to the incomplete source material available to Zhang. On its republication, the ''Blue Cliff Record'' again became one of the most influential works of Zen literature.

Dogen and Japan

Another key legend regards

Dōgen Dōgen Zenji (道元禅師; 26 January 1200 – 22 September 1253), also known as Dōgen Kigen (道元希玄), Eihei Dōgen (永平道元), Kōso Jōyō Daishi (高祖承陽大師), or Busshō Dentō Kokushi (仏性伝東国師), was a J ...

(1200–1253), who brought the Caodong school of Chan to Japan as the

Sōtō Sōtō Zen or is the largest of the three traditional sects of Zen in Japanese Buddhism (the others being Rinzai and Ōbaku). It is the Japanese line of the Chinese Cáodòng school, which was founded during the Tang dynasty by Dòngsh� ...

sect of Zen. After an extended visit to China for the purpose of studying Chan, on the night before his planned return to Japan, Dogen came across the ''Blue Cliff Record'' for the first time, and stayed up all night making a handwritten copy of the book. Given the size of the book, this story is most likely apocryphal; but Dogen is still credited with introducing the collection to Japan, where it had a wide circulation. The ''Blue Cliff Record'' became the central text in Japanese Zen by the

Muromachi period The is a division of Japanese history running from approximately 1336 to 1573. The period marks the governance of the Muromachi or Ashikaga shogunate (''Muromachi bakufu'' or ''Ashikaga bakufu''), which was officially established in 1338 by ...

of 1336 to 1573.

Literary qualities

The ''Blue Cliff Record'' was a subtle and literary text, with wide-ranging philosophical implications, in contrast to the more straightforward nature of '' The Gateless Barrier''. ''The Gateless Gate'' is normally studied before ''Blue Cliff Record'' because it is a shorter, simpler text, but all the cases in both texts are independent and could be studied in any sequence.K. Sekida, ''Two Zen Classics'' (1977) p. 17

References

External links

{{commonscat, Biyanlu
Chinese original
* ttps://www.bluecliffrecord.ca/commentaries/ Directory of commentaries on the Blue Cliff Record Zen koan collections 1125 works Song dynasty literature 12th-century Chinese books