HOME

TheInfoList



OR:

William Charles Ayers (; born December 26, 1944) rose to prominence during the 1960s as a domestic terrorist. During the 1960s, Ayers was a leader of the Weather Underground militant group, described by the FBI as a
terrorist group A number of national governments and two international organizations have created lists of organizations that they designate as terrorist. The following list of designated terrorist groups lists groups designated as terrorist by current and fo ...
. In 1969, Ayers co-founded the Weather Underground, a revolutionary group modeled on the Red Guards in China active at the same time, that sought to overthrow American imperialism. The Weather Underground conducted a campaign of bombing public buildings (including police stations, the United States Capitol, and the Pentagon) during the 1960s and 1970s in response to U.S. involvement in the
Vietnam War The Vietnam War (also known by #Names, other names) was a conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vie ...
. The bombings, which caused no fatalities, except for three members killed when one of the group's own devices accidentally exploded, resulted in Ayers being hunted as a fugitive for several years, until charges were dropped due to illegal actions by the FBI agents pursuing him and others. Ayers is a retired professor in the College of Education at the
University of Illinois at Chicago The University of Illinois Chicago (UIC) is a public research university in Chicago, Illinois. Its campus is in the Near West Side community area, adjacent to the Chicago Loop. The second campus established under the University of Illinois ...
, formerly holding the titles of Distinguished Professor of Education and Senior University Scholar. During the 2008 U.S. presidential campaign, a controversy arose over his contacts with then-candidate
Barack Obama Barack Hussein Obama II ( ; born August 4, 1961) is an American politician who served as the 44th president of the United States from 2009 to 2017. A member of the Democratic Party (United States), Democratic Party, Obama was the first Af ...
. He is married to lawyer and Clinical Law Professor
Bernardine Dohrn Bernardine Rae Dohrn (née Ohrnstein; born January 12, 1942) is a retired law professor and a former leader of the left-wing radical group Weather Underground in the United States. As a leader of the Weather Underground in the early 1970s, Dohrn ...
, who was also a leader in the Weather Underground.


Early life

Ayers grew up in
Glen Ellyn Glen Ellyn is a village in DuPage County, Illinois, United States. A suburb located due west of downtown Chicago, the village has a population of 28,846 as of the 2020 Census. History Glen Ellyn, like the neighboring town to the east, Lomba ...
, a
suburb A suburb (more broadly suburban area) is an area within a metropolitan area, which may include commercial and mixed-use, that is primarily a residential area. A suburb can exist either as part of a larger city/urban area or as a separ ...
of
Chicago (''City in a Garden''); I Will , image_map = , map_caption = Interactive Map of Chicago , coordinates = , coordinates_footnotes = , subdivision_type = List of sovereign states, Count ...
,
Illinois Illinois ( ) is a state in the Midwestern United States. Its largest metropolitan areas include the Chicago metropolitan area, and the Metro East section, of Greater St. Louis. Other smaller metropolitan areas include, Peoria and Rock ...
. His parents were Mary (née Andrew) and Thomas G. Ayers, who was later chairman and chief executive officer of
Commonwealth Edison Commonwealth Edison, commonly known by syllabic abbreviation as ComEd, is the largest electric utility in Illinois, and the in Chicago and much of Northern Illinois. Its service territory stretches roughly from Iroquois County on the south ...
(1973 to 1980), and for whom Northwestern's Thomas G. Ayers College of Commerce and Industry was named. He attended public schools until his second year in high school, when he transferred to Lake Forest Academy, a small prep school.Terry, Don (Chicago Tribune staff reporter
"The calm after the storm"
, ''
Chicago Tribune The ''Chicago Tribune'' is a daily newspaper based in Chicago, Illinois, United States, owned by Tribune Publishing. Founded in 1847, and formerly self-styled as the "World's Greatest Newspaper" (a slogan for which WGN radio and television ar ...
Magazine'', p 10, September 16, 2001, June 8, 2008
Ayers earned a
Bachelor of Arts Bachelor of arts (BA or AB; from the Latin ', ', or ') is a bachelor's degree awarded for an undergraduate program in the arts, or, in some cases, other disciplines. A Bachelor of Arts degree course is generally completed in three or four yea ...
in American Studies from the
University of Michigan , mottoeng = "Arts, Knowledge, Truth" , former_names = Catholepistemiad, or University of Michigania (1817–1821) , budget = $10.3 billion (2021) , endowment = $17 billion (2021)As o ...
in 1968. (His father, mother and older brother had preceded him there.) Ayers was affected at a 1965 Ann Arbor teach-in against the
Vietnam War The Vietnam War (also known by #Names, other names) was a conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vie ...
, when Students for a Democratic Society ( SDS) President Paul Potter, asked his audience, "How will you live your life so that it doesn't make a mockery of your values?" Ayers later wrote in his memoir, ''Fugitive Days'', that his reaction was: "You could not be a moral person with the means to act, and stand still. ..To stand still was to choose indifference. Indifference was the opposite of moral".Barber, David
"Fugitive Days; A Memoir - Book Review"
, Journal of Social History, Winter 2002, retrieved June 10, 2008
In 1965, Ayers joined a picket line protesting an
Ann Arbor, Michigan Ann Arbor is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan and the county seat of Washtenaw County. The 2020 census recorded its population to be 123,851. It is the principal city of the Ann Arbor Metropolitan Statistical Area, which encompasses all ...
pizzeria for refusing to seat
African Americans African Americans (also referred to as Black Americans and Afro-Americans) are an ethnic group consisting of Americans with partial or total ancestry from sub-Saharan Africa. The term "African American" generally denotes descendants of ens ...
. His first arrest came for a
sit-in A sit-in or sit-down is a form of direct action that involves one or more people occupying an area for a protest, often to promote political, social, or economic change. The protestors gather conspicuously in a space or building, refusing to mo ...
at a local draft board, resulting in ten days in jail. His first teaching job came shortly afterward at the Children's Community School, a preschool with a very small enrollment operating in a church basement, founded by a group of students in emulation of the
Summerhill Summerhill or Summer Hill may refer to the following places: Australia *Summer Hill, New South Wales, a suburb of Sydney * Summerhill, Tasmania, a suburb of Launceston * Summerhill (Mount Duneed), a prefabricated iron cottage in Victoria Canada * ...
method of education. The school was a part of the nationwide " free school movement". Schools in the movement had no grades or report cards; they aimed to encourage cooperation rather than competition, and pupils addressed teachers by their first names. Within a few months, at age 21, Ayers became director of the school. There also he met Diana Oughton, who would become his girlfriend until her death in 1970 after a bomb exploded while being prepared for Weather Underground activities.


Early activism

Ayers became involved in the
New Left The New Left was a broad political movement mainly in the 1960s and 1970s consisting of activists in the Western world who campaigned for a broad range of social issues such as civil and political rights, environmentalism, feminism, gay rights ...
and the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS). He rose to national prominence as an SDS leader in 1968 and 1969 as head of an SDS regional group, the " Jesse James Gang". The group Ayers headed in
Detroit Detroit ( , ; , ) is the largest city in the U.S. state of Michigan. It is also the largest U.S. city on the United States–Canada border, and the seat of government of Wayne County. The City of Detroit had a population of 639,111 at t ...
,
Michigan Michigan () is a state in the Great Lakes region of the upper Midwestern United States. With a population of nearly 10.12 million and an area of nearly , Michigan is the 10th-largest state by population, the 11th-largest by area, and t ...
, became one of the earliest gatherings of what became the Weathermen. Before the June 1969 SDS convention, Ayers became a prominent leader of the group, which arose as a result of a schism in SDS. "During that time his infatuation with street fighting grew and he developed a language of confrontational militancy that became more and more pronounced over the year 969, disaffected former Weathermen member
Cathy Wilkerson Cathlyn Platt Wilkerson (born January 14, 1945), known as Cathy Wilkerson, is an American far-left radical who was a member of the 1970s radical group called the Weather Underground Organization (WUO). She came to the attention of the police when ...
wrote in 2001. Ayers had previously been a roommate of Terry Robbins, a fellow militant who was killed in 1970 along with Ayers's girlfriend Oughton and one other member in the Greenwich Village townhouse explosion, while constructing anti-personnel bombs (nail bombs) intended for a
non-commissioned officer A non-commissioned officer (NCO) is a military officer who has not pursued a commission. Non-commissioned officers usually earn their position of authority by promotion through the enlisted ranks. (Non-officers, which includes most or all enli ...
dance at Fort Dix, New Jersey. In June 1969, the Weathermen took control of the SDS at its national convention, where Ayers was elected Education Secretary. Later in 1969, Ayers participated in planting a bomb at a statue dedicated to police casualties in the 1886 Haymarket affair confrontation between labor supporters and the Chicago police.Jacobs, Ron, ''The way the wind blew: a history of the Weather Underground'', London & New York: Verso, 1997. The blast broke almost 100 windows and blew pieces of the statue onto the nearby
Kennedy Expressway The John F. Kennedy Expressway is a nearly freeway in Chicago, Illinois, United States. Portions of the freeway carry I-190, I-90 and I-94. The freeway runs in a southeast–northwest direction between the central city neighborhood of the ...
. (The statue was rebuilt and unveiled on May 4, 1970, and blown up again by other Weathermen on October 6, 1970. Rebuilding it yet again, the city posted a 24-hour police guard to prevent another blast, and in January 1972 it was moved to Chicago police headquarters). Ayers participated in the Days of Rage riot in Chicago in October 1969, and in December was at the "War Council" meeting in
Flint Flint, occasionally flintstone, is a sedimentary cryptocrystalline form of the mineral quartz, categorized as the variety of chert that occurs in chalk or marly limestone. Flint was widely used historically to make stone tools and start ...
,
Michigan Michigan () is a state in the Great Lakes region of the upper Midwestern United States. With a population of nearly 10.12 million and an area of nearly , Michigan is the 10th-largest state by population, the 11th-largest by area, and t ...
. Two major decisions came out of the "War Council". The first was to immediately begin a violent, armed struggle (e.g., bombings and armed robberies) against the state without attempting to organize or mobilize a broad swath of the public. The second was to create underground collectives in major cities throughout the country.
Larry Grathwohl Larry David Grathwohl (October 13, 1947 – July 18, 2013) was a United States Army veteran and an FBI informant in the 1970s. He infiltrated the Weather Underground The Weather Underground was a far-left militant organization first active in ...
, a
Federal Bureau of Investigation The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is the domestic intelligence and security service of the United States and its principal federal law enforcement agency. Operating under the jurisdiction of the United States Department of Justice ...
informant in the Weathermen group from the fall of 1969 to the spring of 1970, stated that "Ayers, along with Bernardine Dohrn, probably had the most authority within the Weathermen".Grathwohl, Larry, and Frank, Reagan, ''Bringing Down America: An FBI Informant in with the Weathermen'', Arlington House, 1977, page 110


Involvement with Weather Underground

After the Greenwich Village townhouse explosion in 1970, in which Weatherman member
Ted Gold Theodore "Ted" Gold (December 13, 1947 – March 6, 1970)Jacobs, H. 275 was a member of Weather Underground who died in the 1970 Greenwich Village townhouse explosion. Early years and education Gold, a red diaper baby, was the son of Hyman G ...
, Ayers's close friend Terry Robbins, and Ayers's girlfriend, Diana Oughton, were killed when a nail bomb being assembled in the house exploded, Ayers and several associates evaded pursuit by law enforcement officials.
Kathy Boudin Kathy Boudin (May 19, 1943 – May 1, 2022) was an American radical leftist who served 23 years in prison for felony murder based on her role in the 1981 Brink's robbery. The robbery resulted in the killing of two Nyack, New York, police offic ...
and
Cathy Wilkerson Cathlyn Platt Wilkerson (born January 14, 1945), known as Cathy Wilkerson, is an American far-left radical who was a member of the 1970s radical group called the Weather Underground Organization (WUO). She came to the attention of the police when ...
survived the blast. Ayers was not facing criminal charges at the time, but the
federal government A federation (also known as a federal state) is a political entity characterized by a union of partially self-governing provinces, states, or other regions under a central federal government ( federalism). In a federation, the self-gover ...
later filed charges against him. Ayers participated in the bombings of
New York City Police Department The New York City Police Department (NYPD), officially the City of New York Police Department, established on May 23, 1845, is the primary municipal law enforcement Law enforcement is the activity of some members of government who act i ...
headquarters in 1970, the United States Capitol building in 1971, and
the Pentagon The Pentagon is the headquarters building of the United States Department of Defense. It was constructed on an accelerated schedule during World War II. As a symbol of the U.S. military, the phrase ''The Pentagon'' is often used as a metony ...
in 1972, as he noted in his 2001 book, '' Fugitive Days''. Ayers writes:
Although the bomb that rocked the Pentagon was itsy-bitsy—weighing close to two pounds—it caused 'tens of thousands of dollars' of damage. The operation cost under $500, and no one was killed or even hurt.
After the bombing, Ayers became a fugitive. During this time, Ayers and fellow member Bernardine Dohrn married and remained fugitives together, changing identities, jobs and locations. In 1973, Ayers co-authored the book ''Prairie Fire'' with other members of the Weather Underground. The book was dedicated to close to 200 people, including
Harriet Tubman Harriet Tubman (born Araminta Ross, March 10, 1913) was an American abolitionist and social activist. Born into slavery, Tubman escaped and subsequently made some 13 missions to rescue approximately 70 slaves, including family and friends, u ...
, John Brown, "All Who Continue to Fight", and "All Political Prisoners in the U.S." The book dedication includes Sirhan Sirhan, the convicted assassin of Robert F. Kennedy. In 1973, new information came to light about FBI operations targeted against Weather Underground and the New Left, all part of a series of covert and often illegal FBI projects called COINTEL. Due to the illegal tactics of FBI agents involved with the program, including conducting wiretaps and property searches without warrants, government attorneys requested all weapons-related and bomb-related charges be dropped against the Weather Underground, including charges against Ayers.Jeremy Varon, ''Bringing the War Home: the Weather Underground, the Red Army Faction and Revolutionary Violence in the Sixties and Seventies'', (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004), p. 297. However, state charges against Dohrn remained. Dohrn was still reluctant to turn herself in to authorities. "He was sweet and patient, as he always is, to let me come to my senses on my own," she later said of Ayers. She turned herself in to authorities in 1980. She was fined $1,500 and given three years probation.


Later reflections on underground period


''Fugitive Days: A Memoir''

In 2001, Ayers published '' Fugitive Days: A Memoir'', which he explained in part as an attempt to answer the questions of Kathy Boudin's son, and his speculation that Diana Oughton died trying to stop the Greenwich Village bomb-makers. Some have questioned the truth, accuracy, and tone of the book.
Brent Staples Brent Staples (born 1951) is an American author and member of the editorial board of ''The New York Times'', where he specializes in coverage of education, criminal justice and economics. His books include ''An American Love Story'' and ''Paralle ...
wrote for ''
The New York Times Book Review ''The New York Times Book Review'' (''NYTBR'') is a weekly paper-magazine supplement to the Sunday edition of ''The New York Times'' in which current non-fiction and fiction books are reviewed. It is one of the most influential and widely rea ...
'' that "Ayers reminds us often that he can't tell everything without endangering people involved in the story." Historian Jesse Lemisch (himself a former member of SDS) contrasted Ayers's recollections with those of other former members of the Weathermen, and claimed that the book had many errors. Ayers, in the foreword to his book, stated that it was written as his personal memories and impressions over time, not a scholarly research project.Dinitia Smith
No Regrets for a Love Of Explosives; In a Memoir of Sorts, a War Protester Talks of Life With the Weathermen
, ''The New York Times'', September 11, 2001
Reviewing Ayers's memoir in '' Slate Magazine'',
Timothy Noah Timothy Robert Noah (born 1958), an American journalist and author, is a staff writer at ''The New Republic.'' Previously he was labor policy editor for '' Politico'', a contributing writer at MSNBC.com, a senior editor of '' The New Republic'' a ...
said that he could not recall reading "a memoir quite so self-indulgent and morally clueless as ''Fugitive Days''". Studs Terkel called Ayers's memoir "a deeply moving elegy to all those young dreamers who tried to live decently in an indecent world".


Statements made in 2001

'' Chicago Magazine'' reported that "just before the September 11th attacks",
Richard Elrod Richard J. Elrod (February 17, 1934 – April 19, 2014) was an American jurist, sheriff, and legislator. Biography Born to a Jewish family in Chicago, Illinois, Elrod received his bachelor's and law degrees from Northwestern University. El ...
, a city lawyer injured in the Weathermen's Chicago "Days of Rage", received an apology from Ayers and Dohrn for their part in the violence. " ey were remorseful," Elrod says. "They said, 'We're sorry that things turned out this way.' " Much of the controversy about Ayers during the decade since 2000 stems from an interview he gave to Dinitia Smith for ''The New York Times'' on the occasion of the memoir's publication on September 11, 2001. The reporter quoted him as saying "I don't regret setting bombs" and "I feel we didn't do enough", and, when asked if he would "do it all again", as responding "I don't want to discount the possibility." Four days later, Ayers protested the interviewer's characterizations in a
Letter to the Editor A letter to the editor (LTE) is a letter sent to a publication about an issue of concern to the reader. Usually, such letters are intended for publication. In many publications, letters to the editor may be sent either through conventional ma ...
published September 15, 2001: "This is not a question of being misunderstood or 'taken out of context', but of deliberate distortion." In the ensuing years, Ayers has repeatedly avowed that, when he said he had "no regrets" and that "we didn't do enough", he was speaking only in reference to his efforts to stop the United States from waging the
Vietnam War The Vietnam War (also known by #Names, other names) was a conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vie ...
, efforts which he has described as "...inadequate sthe war dragged on for a decade".Bill Ayers
Episodic Notoriety–Fact and Fantasy
, ''Bill Ayers (blog)'', April 6, 2008
Ayers has maintained that the two statements were not intended to imply a wish they had set more bombs. In a November 2008 interview with ''
The New Yorker ''The New Yorker'' is an American weekly magazine featuring journalism, commentary, criticism, essays, fiction, satire, cartoons, and poetry. Founded as a weekly in 1925, the magazine is published 47 times annually, with five of these issues ...
'', Ayers said that he had not meant to imply that he wished he and the Weathermen had committed further violence. Instead, he said, "I wish I had done more, but it doesn't mean I wish we'd bombed more shit." Ayers said that he had never been responsible for violence against other people and was acting to end a war in Vietnam in which "thousands of people were being killed every week". He also stated, "While we did claim several extreme acts, they were acts of extreme radicalism against property," and "We killed no one and hurt no one. Three of our people killed themselves." The interview mentioned an alleged quote of his: :Kill all the rich people. Break up their cars and apartments. Bring the revolution home, kill your parents, that's where it's really at. He responded saying that he didn't recall saying that, but that "it's been quoted so many times I'm beginning to think I did. It was a joke about the distribution of wealth.'" The interviewer also quoted some of Ayers's own criticisms of the Weathermen in the foreword to the memoir, whereby Ayers reacts to having watched Emile de Antonio's 1976
documentary film A documentary film or documentary is a non-fictional motion-picture intended to "document reality, primarily for the purposes of instruction, education or maintaining a historical record". Bill Nichols has characterized the documentary in te ...
about the Weathermen, '' Underground'': "
yers A yer is either of two letters in Cyrillic alphabets, ъ (ѥръ, ''jerŭ'') and ь (ѥрь, ''jerĭ''). The Glagolitic alphabet used, as respective counterparts, the letters (Ⱏ) and (Ⱐ). They originally represented phonemically the "ult ...
was 'embarrassed by the arrogance, the solipsism, the absolute certainty that we and we alone knew the way. The rigidity and the narcissism.' " "We weren't terrorists," Ayers told an interviewer for the ''Chicago Tribune'' in 2001. "The reason we weren't terrorists is because we did not commit random acts of terror against people. Terrorism was what was being practiced in the countryside of Vietnam by the United States." In a letter to the editor in the ''Chicago Tribune'', Ayers wrote, "I condemn all forms of terrorism—individual, group and official". He also condemned the September 11 terrorist attacks in that letter.


Views on his past expressed since 2001

Ayers was asked in a January 2004 interview, "How do you feel about what you did? Would you do it again under similar circumstances?" He replied: "I've thought about this a lot. Being almost 60, it's impossible to not have lots and lots of regrets about lots and lots of things, but the question of did we do something that was horrendous, awful? ..I don't think so. I think what we did was to respond to a situation that was unconscionable." On September 9, 2008, journalist Jake Tapper copied to his ABC News "Political Punch" blog and opined on a four-panel comic strip by Ryan Alexander-Tanner from Bill Ayers's blog site.


In the comic strip, the Ayers cartoon character says: "The one thing I don't regret is opposing the war in Vietnam with every ounce of my being... When I say, 'We didn't do enough,' a lot of people rush to think, 'That must mean, "We didn't bomb enough shit." ' But that's not the point at all. It's not a tactical statement, it's an obvious political and ethical statement. In this context, 'we' means 'everyone.' " After the 2008 presidential election, Ayers published an
op-ed An op-ed, short for "opposite the editorial page", is a written prose piece, typically published by a North-American newspaper or magazine, which expresses the opinion of an author usually not affiliated with the publication's editorial board. ...
piece in ''The New York Times'' giving his assessment of his activism.
Feminist Feminism is a range of socio-political movements and ideologies that aim to define and establish the political, economic, personal, and social equality of the sexes. Feminism incorporates the position that society prioritizes the male po ...
critic Katha Pollitt criticized Ayers's opinion piece as a "sentimentalized, self-justifying whitewash of his role in the weirdo violent fringe of the 1960s–1970s antiwar left". She says Ayers and his Weathermen cohorts made "the antiwar movement look like the enemy of ordinary people" during the
Vietnam War The Vietnam War (also known by #Names, other names) was a conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vie ...
era. Ayers gave this assessment of his actions:
The Weather Underground crossed lines of legality, of propriety and perhaps even of common sense. Our effectiveness can be—and still is being—debated.
He also reiterated his rebuttal to the description of his actions as terrorism despite the use of shrapnel devices:
The Weather Underground went on to take responsibility for placing several small bombs in empty offices... We did carry out symbolic acts of extreme vandalism directed at monuments to war and racism, and the attacks on property, never on people, were meant to respect human life and convey outrage and determination to end the Vietnam war. Peaceful protests had failed to stop the war. So we issued a screaming response. But it was not terrorism; we were not engaged in a campaign to kill and injure people indiscriminately, spreading fear and suffering for political ends.


Academic career

Ayers is a retired professor at the University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Education. His interests include teaching for
social justice Social justice is justice in terms of the distribution of wealth, opportunities, and privileges within a society. In Western and Asian cultures, the concept of social justice has often referred to the process of ensuring that individuals ...
, urban educational reform, narrative and interpretive research, children in trouble with the law, and related issues.William Ayers
''
University of Illinois at Chicago The University of Illinois Chicago (UIC) is a public research university in Chicago, Illinois. Its campus is in the Near West Side community area, adjacent to the Chicago Loop. The second campus established under the University of Illinois ...
, College of Education''
He began his career in primary education while an undergraduate, teaching at the Children's Community School (CCS), a project founded by a group of students and based on the Summerhill method of education. After leaving the underground, he earned an M.Ed from
Bank Street College Bank Street College of Education is a private school and graduate school in New York City. It consists of a graduate-only teacher training college and an independent nursery-through-8th-grade school. In 2020 the graduate school had about 65 full ...
in Early Childhood Education (1984), an M.Ed from
Teachers College, Columbia University Teachers College, Columbia University (TC), is the graduate school of education, health, and psychology of Columbia University, a private research university in New York City. Founded in 1887, it has served as one of the official faculties and ...
in Early Childhood Education (1987) and an Ed.D from Teachers College, Columbia University in Curriculum and Instruction (1987). Ayers was elected vice president for curriculum studies by the American Educational Research Association in 2008. William H. Schubert, a fellow professor at the
University of Illinois at Chicago The University of Illinois Chicago (UIC) is a public research university in Chicago, Illinois. Its campus is in the Near West Side community area, adjacent to the Chicago Loop. The second campus established under the University of Illinois ...
, wrote that his election was "a testimony of yers'sstature and hehigh esteem he holds in the field of education locally, regionally, nationally, and internationally". Writer
Sol Stern Sol Stern (born 1935) is the author of the book ''Breaking Free: Public School Lessons and the Imperative of School Choice'' (2003) and has written extensively on education reform. Early life Stern was born in Ramat Gan, Israel (then Mandatory P ...
, a conservative opponent of progressive education policies, has criticized Ayers as having a virulent "hatred of America", and said, "Calling Bill Ayers a school reformer is a bit like calling Joseph Stalin an agricultural reformer.""Ayers Is No Education 'Reformer'"
''The Wall Street Journal'', October 16, 2008
Ayers has edited and written many books and articles on education theory, policy and practice, and has received several honors for his work. His book ''To Teach: The Journey of A Teacher'' was named the Kappa Delta Pi Book of the Year in 1993 and subsequently won the Witten award for Distinguished Work in Biography and Autobiography in 1995. On August 5, 2010, Ayers announced his intent to retire from the University of Illinois at Chicago. On September 23, 2010, William Ayers was unanimously denied
emeritus ''Emeritus'' (; female: ''emerita'') is an adjective used to designate a retired chair, professor, pastor, bishop, pope, director, president, prime minister, rabbi, emperor, or other person who has been "permitted to retain as an honorary title ...
status by the University of Illinois, after a speech by the university's board chair
Christopher G. Kennedy Christopher George Kennedy (born July 4, 1963) is an American businessman, politician, and Chair of Joseph P. Kennedy Enterprises, Inc. He is a son of former U.S. Senator Robert F. Kennedy, a member of the Kennedy family. Kennedy served as Chair o ...
(son of assassinated U.S. Senator Robert F. Kennedy), containing the quote "I intend to vote against conferring the honorific title of our university to a man whose body of work includes a book dedicated in part to the man who murdered my father, Robert F. Kennedy." He added, "There is nothing more antithetical to the hopes for a university that is lively and yet civil...than to permanently seal off debate with one's opponents by killing them".Brown, R. (2011) ''Emeritus Status: It's a Matter of Honor, Especially When It's Denied'',
The Chronicle of Higher Education ''The Chronicle of Higher Education'' is a newspaper and website that presents news, information, and jobs for college and university faculty and student affairs professionals (staff members and administrators). A subscription is required to re ...
57(43), A8-A9.
Kennedy referred to a 1974 book ''Prairie Fire: The Politics of Revolutionary Anti-Imperialism,'' written by Ayers and other Weather Underground members. The book was dedicated to a list of over 200 revolutionary figures, musicians and others, including Sirhan Sirhan, who was convicted of the 1968 assassination of Robert F. Kennedy and sentenced to life in prison. Ayers denied having ever dedicated a book to Sirhan Sirhan and accused right-wing bloggers of having started a rumor to that effect. In an October 2010 '' Chicago Sun Times'' editorial entitled ''Attacks on Ayers distort our history,'' former students of Ayers and UIC alumni, Daniel Schneider and Adam Kuranishi, responded in opposition to the University of Illinois Board of Trustees' decision to deny Ayers emeritus status.


Civic and political life

Ayers worked with Chicago Mayor
Richard M. Daley Richard Michael Daley (born April 24, 1942) is an American politician who served as the 54th mayor of Chicago, Illinois, from 1989 to 2011. Daley was elected mayor in 1989 and was reelected five times until declining to run for a seventh term ...
in shaping the city's school reform program,Mike Dorning and Rick Pearson
Daley: Don't tar Obama for Ayers
, ''The Chicago Tribune'', April 17, 2008
and was one of three co-authors of the
Chicago Annenberg Challenge The Chicago Annenberg Challenge (CAC) was a Chicago public school reform project from 1995 to 2001 that worked with half of Chicago's public schools and was funded by a $49.2 million, 2-to-1 matching challenge grant over five years from the Annenbe ...
grant proposal that in 1995 won $49.2 million over five years for public school reform.








In 1997, Chicago awarded him its Citizen of the Year award for his work on the project. Since 1999, he has served on the board of directors of the Woods Fund of Chicago, an anti-
poverty Poverty is the state of having few material possessions or little income. Poverty can have diverse
, philanthropic foundation established as the Woods Charitable Fund in 1941. ''
The Wall Street Journal ''The Wall Street Journal'' is an American business-focused, international daily newspaper based in New York City, with international editions also available in Chinese and Japanese. The ''Journal'', along with its Asian editions, is published ...
'' columnist Thomas Frank praised Ayers as a "model citizen" and a scholar whose "work is esteemed by colleagues of different political viewpoints". According to Ayers, his radical past occasionally affects him, as when, by his account, he was asked not to attend a progressive educators' conference in the fall of 2006 on the basis that the organizers did not want to risk an association with his past. On January 18, 2009, on his way to speak about education reform at the Centre for Urban Schooling at the University of Toronto, he was refused admission to Canada when he arrived at the Toronto City Centre Airport although he has traveled to Canada more than a dozen times in the past. According to Ayers, "It seems very arbitrary. The border agent said I had a conviction for a felony from 1969. I have several arrests for misdemeanors, but not for felonies."


Political views

In an interview published in 1995, Ayers characterized his political beliefs at that time and in the 1960s and 1970s: "I am a radical, Leftist, small 'c' communist ... aughsMaybe I'm the last communist who is willing to admit it. aughsWe have always been small 'c' communists in the sense that we were never in the Communist party and never Stalinists. The ethics of communism still appeal to me. I don't like Lenin as much as the early Marx. I also like Henry David Thoreau, Mother Jones and
Jane Addams Laura Jane Addams (September 6, 1860 May 21, 1935) was an American Settlement movement, settlement activist, Social reform, reformer, social worker, sociologist, public administrator, and author. She was an important leader in the history of s ...
... In 1970, ''The New York Times'' called Ayers "a national leader" of the Weatherman organization and "one of the chief theoreticians of the Weathermen". The Weathermen were initially part of the Revolutionary Youth Movement (RYM) within the SDS, splitting from the RYM's
Maoist Maoism, officially called Mao Zedong Thought by the Chinese Communist Party, is a variety of Marxism–Leninism that Mao Zedong developed to realise a socialist revolution in the agricultural, pre-industrial society of the Republic of Ch ...
s by claiming there was no time to build a vanguard party and that revolutionary war against the United States government and the capitalist system should begin immediately. Their founding document called for the establishment of a "white fighting force" to be allied with the "Black Liberation Movement" and other "anti-colonial" movements to achieve "the destruction of US imperialism and the achievement of a classless world: world communism".See document 5, In June 1974, the Weather Underground released a 151-page volume titled ''Prairie Fire'', which stated: "We are a guerrilla organization ..We are communist women and men underground in the United States .. The Weatherman leadership, including Ayers, pushed for a radical reformulation of sexual relations under the slogan "Smash
Monogamy Monogamy ( ) is a form of dyadic relationship in which an individual has only one partner during their lifetime. Alternately, only one partner at any one time ( serial monogamy) — as compared to the various forms of non-monogamy (e.g., pol ...
". Radical bomber and feminist
Jane Alpert Jane Lauren Alpert (born May 20, 1947) is an American former far left radical who conspired in the bombings of eight government and commercial office buildings in New York City in 1969. Arrested when other members of her group were caught plantin ...
criticized the Weatherman group in 1974 for still being dominated by men, including Ayers, and referred to his "callous treatment and abandonment of Diana Oughton before her death, and for his generally fickle and high-handed treatment of women". Larry Grathwohl, an undercover FBI agent who infiltrated The Weather Underground, says Ayers told him where to plant bombs. He says Ayers was bent on overthrowing the government. In response to Grathwohl's claims, Ayers stated, "Now that's being blown into dishonest narratives about hurting people, killing people, planning to kill people. That's just not true. We destroyed government property".Ayers' speech interrupted by protesters
by Alan Wang, ABC7 News, KGO-TV San Francisco, January 28, 2009.
On June 18, 2013, Ayers gave an interview to
RealClearPolitics RealClearPolitics (RCP) is an American political news website and polling data aggregator formed in 2000 by former options trader John McIntyre and former advertising agency account executive Tom Bevan. The site features selected political new ...
' Morning Commute in which he stated that every president in this century should be tried for war crimes, including President Obama for his use of drone attacks, which Ayers considers an act of terror.


Obama–Ayers controversy

During the 2008 U.S. presidential campaign, a controversy arose about Ayers's contacts with then-candidate
Barack Obama Barack Hussein Obama II ( ; born August 4, 1961) is an American politician who served as the 44th president of the United States from 2009 to 2017. A member of the Democratic Party (United States), Democratic Party, Obama was the first Af ...
, a matter that had been public knowledge in Chicago for years. After being raised by the American and British press, the connection was picked up by conservative blogs and newspapers in the United States. The matter was raised in a campaign debate by moderator George Stephanopoulos, and later became an issue for the
John McCain John Sidney McCain III (August 29, 1936 – August 25, 2018) was an American politician and United States Navy officer who served as a United States senator from Arizona from 1987 until his death in 2018. He previously served two te ...
presidential campaign. Investigations by ''The New York Times'', CNN, and other news organizations concluded that Obama did not have a close relationship with Ayers. In an op-ed piece after the election, Ayers denied any close association with Obama, and criticized the Republican campaign for its use of
guilt by association Guilt may refer to: *Guilt (emotion), an emotion that occurs when a person feels that they have violated a moral standard *Culpability, a legal term * Guilt (law), a legal term Music * ''Guilt'' (album), a 2009 album by Mims * "Guilt" (The Long B ...
tactics.


Personal life

Ayers is married to Bernardine Dohrn, a fellow former leader of the Weather Underground. They have two adult children, Zayd and Malik, and shared legal guardianship of
Chesa Boudin Chesa Boudin (, ; born August 21, 1980) is an American lawyer who served as the 29th District Attorney of San Francisco from January 8, 2020 to July 8, 2022. He is a member of the Democratic Party. After graduating with his Juris Doctor from Ya ...
, son of
Kathy Boudin Kathy Boudin (May 19, 1943 – May 1, 2022) was an American radical leftist who served 23 years in prison for felony murder based on her role in the 1981 Brink's robbery. The robbery resulted in the killing of two Nyack, New York, police offic ...
and David Gilbert. Boudin and Gilbert were former Weather Underground members who later joined the May 19 Communist Organization and were convicted of felony murder for their roles in that group's Brinks robbery. Chesa Boudin went on to win a
Rhodes scholarship The Rhodes Scholarship is an international postgraduate award for students to study at the University of Oxford, in the United Kingdom. Established in 1902, it is the oldest graduate scholarship in the world. It is considered among the world' ...
and was elected District Attorney of San Francisco in November 2019. Ayers and Dohrn currently live in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago. His son Zayd is married to actress and writer
Rachel DeWoskin Rachel DeWoskin (born 1972, Kyoto, Japan) is an American actress and author who is a 2012 recipient of the Alex Awards. She is currently an associate professor of creative writing at the University of Chicago. Early life and education DeWoskin ...
.


Works

*''Education: An American Problem''. Bill Ayers, Radical Education Project, 1968, ASIN B0007H31HU *''Hot town: Summer in the City: I ain't gonna work on Maggie's farm no more'', Bill Ayers, Students for a Democratic Society, 1969, ASIN B0007I3CMI *''Prairie Fire: The Politics of Revolutionary Anti-Imperialism'', Bernardine Dohrn, Jeff Jones, Billy Ayers, Celia Sojourn, Communications Co., 1974, ASIN B000GF2KVQ *''The Good Preschool Teacher: Six Teachers Reflect on Their Lives'', William Ayers, Teachers College Press, 1989, *''To Teach: The Journey of a Teacher'', William Ayers, Teachers College Press, 1993, *''To Become a Teacher: Making a Difference in Children's Lives'', William Ayers, Teachers College Press, 1995, *''City Kids, City Teachers: Reports from the Front Row'', William Ayers (Editor) and Patricia Ford (Editor), The New Press, 1996, *''A Kind and Just Parent'', William Ayers,
Beacon Press Beacon Press is an American left-wing non-profit book publisher. Founded in 1854 by the American Unitarian Association, it is currently a department of the Unitarian Universalist Association. It is known for publishing authors such as James B ...
, 1997, *''A Light in Dark Times: Maxine Greene and the Unfinished Conversation'', Maxine Greene (Editor), William Ayers (Editor), Janet L. Miller (Editor), Teachers College Press, 1998, *''Teaching for Social Justice: A Democracy and Education Reader'', William Ayers (Editor), Jean Ann Hunt (Editor), Therese Quinn (Editor), 1998, *''Teacher Lore: Learning from Our Own Experience'', William H. Schubert (editor) and William C. Ayers (editor), Educator's International Press, 1999, *''Teaching from the Inside Out: The Eight-Fold Path to Creative Teaching and Living'', Sue Sommers (author), William Ayers (Foreword), Authority Press, 2000, *''A Simple Justice: The Challenge of Small Schools'', William Ayers, Teachers College Press, 2000, *''Zero Tolerance: Resisting the Drive for Punishment'', William Ayers (editor), Rick Ayers (editor), Bernardine Dohrn (editor), Jesse L. Jackson (author), The New Press, 2001, *''A School of Our Own: Parents, Power, and Community at the East Harlem Block Schools'', Tom Roderick (author), William Ayers (author), Teachers College Press, 2001, Only the foreword is written by Ayers. *''Refusing Racism: White Allies and the Struggle for Civil Rights'', Cynthia Stokes Brown (author), William Ayers (editor), Therese Quinn (editor), Teachers College Press, 2002, *''On the Side of the Child: Summerhill Revisited'', William Ayers, Teachers College Press, 2003, *'' Fugitive Days: A Memoir'', Bill Ayers, Beacon Press, 2001, (Penguin, 2003, ) *''Teaching the Personal and the Political: Essays on Hope and Justice'', William Ayers, Teachers College Press, 2004, *''Teaching Toward Freedom: Moral Commitment and Ethical Action in the Classroom'', William Ayers, Beacon Press, 2004, *'' Sing a Battle Song: The Revolutionary Poetry, Statements, and Communiques of the Weather Underground 1970-1974'', Bernardine Dohrn, Bill Ayers, and Jeff Jones, Seven Stories Press, 2006, . *''Handbook of Social Justice in Education'', William C. Ayers, Routledge, June 2008, *''City Kids, City Schools: More Reports from the Front Row'', Ruby Dee (Foreword), Jeff Chang (Afterword), William Ayers (editor), Billings, Gloria Ladson (editor), Gregory Michie (editor), Pedro Noguera (editor), The New Press, August 2008, *''To Teach: the journey, in comics'', William Ayers and Ryan Alexander-Tanner, Jonathan Kozol(Foreword), Teachers College Press, 2010, This is a graphic novel based on Ayers's ''To Teach: The Journey of a Teacher''. It is not written by him. *''Public Enemy. Confessions of an American Dissident'', Bill Ayers, Beacon Press, 2013, *''Demand The Impossible: A Radical Manifesto'', William Ayers, Haymarket Books, 2016, * ''"You Can't Fire the Bad Ones!": And 18 Other Myths about Teachers, Teachers Unions, and Public Education'', William Ayers, Crystal Laura, Rick Ayers, Beacon Press, 2018,


References


External links

*
blogCV
*
''In Depth'' interview with Ayers, June 7, 2009
* * *
Video interview with Brandon Kosters of F Newsmagazine 19 February 2009
, '' PBS NewsHour'' ('' PBS''), 1996, transcript
Which Way The Wind Blows: Bill Ayers On Obama
Terry Gross, '' Fresh Air'' ('' NPR''), November 18, 2008
Bill Ayers: Radical Education Theory Gets Graphic
John Seven, ''Publishers Weekly'', April 5, 2010
Interview with Bill Ayers
Eddie Arruza, '' Chicago Tonight'' ('' WTTW''), June 22, 2010 (video, 13:54) *
Thorne Dreyer Thorne Webb Dreyer (born August 1, 1945) is an American writer, editor, publisher, and political activist who played a major role in the 1960s-1970s counterculture, New Left, and underground press movements. Dreyer now lives in Austin, Texas, wh ...
'
June 8, 2010, Rag Radio interview with Bill Ayers
(58:47) *
Thorne Dreyer Thorne Webb Dreyer (born August 1, 1945) is an American writer, editor, publisher, and political activist who played a major role in the 1960s-1970s counterculture, New Left, and underground press movements. Dreyer now lives in Austin, Texas, wh ...
'
February 4, 2011, Rag Radio interview with Bill Ayers and Rick Ayers
(55:48) {{DEFAULTSORT:Ayers, Bill 1944 births Living people American anti-war activists American autobiographers American communists American socialists American cultural critics American education writers American educational theorists American political writers American male non-fiction writers American anti-poverty advocates American anti-racism activists American anti-capitalists Bank Street College of Education alumni COINTELPRO targets Teachers College, Columbia University alumni Lake Forest Academy alumni Members of Students for a Democratic Society Writers from Chicago People from Glen Ellyn, Illinois University of Illinois Chicago faculty University of Michigan College of Literature, Science, and the Arts alumni Members of the Weather Underground New Left