The following is a list of works about the spouses of presidents of the United States. While this list is mainly about presidential spouses, administrations with a bachelor or widowed president have a section on the individual (usually a family member) that filled the role of

First Lady First lady is an unofficial title usually used for the wife, and occasionally used for the daughter or other female relative, of a non-monarchical A monarchy is a form of government in which a person, the monarch, is head of state fo ...

. The list includes books and journal articles written in English after c. 1900 as well as primary sources written by the individual themselves. The books included here were selected because they were either published by an academic press or major nationally known publisher or were reviewed in mainstream academic journals. These works are generally intended for an adult audience; works specifically intended for a youth or children are not included. Several presidents were unmarried for all or part of their administration. *

Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson (April 13, 1743 – July 4, 1826) was an American statesman, diplomat, lawyer, architect, philosopher, and Founding Fathers of the United States, Founding Father who served as the third president of the United States from 18 ...

Andrew Jackson Andrew Jackson (March 15, 1767 – June 8, 1845) was an American lawyer, planter, general, and statesman who served as the seventh president of the United States from 1829 to 1837. Before being elected to the presidency, he gained fame as ...

Chester A. Arthur Chester Alan Arthur (October 5, 1829 – November 18, 1886) was an American lawyer and politician who served as the 21st president of the United States from 1881 to 1885. He previously served as the 20th vice president under President James A ...

, and

Martin Van Buren Martin Van Buren ( ; nl, Maarten van Buren; ; December 5, 1782 – July 24, 1862) was an American lawyer and statesman who served as the eighth president of the United States from 1837 to 1841. A primary founder of the Democratic Party (Uni ...

were widowed prior to becoming president and remained unmarried during their administration; in these cases, family members acted in the place of First Lady and White House host. *

John Tyler John Tyler (March 29, 1790 – January 18, 1862) was the tenth president of the United States The president of the United States (POTUS) is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America. The president dire ...

Benjamin Harrison Benjamin Harrison (August 20, 1833March 13, 1901) was an American lawyer and politician who served as the 23rd president of the United States from 1889 to 1893. He was a member of the Harrison family of Virginia–a grandson of the ninth pr ...

, and

Woodrow Wilson Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856February 3, 1924) was an American politician and academic who served as the 28th president of the United States from 1913 to 1921. A member of the Democratic Party, Wilson served as the president of ...

's wives died while they were in office. Tyler and Wilson both quickly remarried during their presidency. *

James Buchanan James Buchanan Jr. ( ; April 23, 1791June 1, 1868) was an American lawyer, diplomat and politician who served as the 15th president of the United States from 1857 to 1861. He previously served as secretary of state from 1845 to 1849 and repr ...

was a life long bachelor and never married. *

Grover Cleveland Stephen Grover Cleveland (March 18, 1837June 24, 1908) was an American lawyer and politician who served as the 22nd and 24th president of the United States from 1885 to 1889 and from 1893 to 1897. Cleveland is the only president in American ...

entered the White House as a bachelor, but married while in office. Because this list also serves as a bibliography of first ladies, in these cases, when someone regularly filled the role of White House hostess and informal first lady while the President was unmarried, an entry is provided.

General works

Books * Abrams, J. E. (2018). ''First Ladies of the Republic: Martha Washington, Abigail Adams, Dolley Madison, and the Creation of an Iconic American Role.'' New York: NYU Press. * Anthony, C. S. (1991). ''First Ladies: The Saga of the Presidents' Wives and Their Power (2 vols.)''. New York: William Morrow and Co. * Beasley, M. H. (2005). ''First ladies and the Press: The Unfinished Partnership for the Media Age.'' Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press. * Black, A. M. (2019). ''The First Ladies of the United States of America''. Washington D.C.: White House Historical Association. * Brower, K. A. (2015). ''The Residence: Inside the Private World of The White House.'' New York: HarperCollins. * ——. (2017). ''First Women: The Grace and Power of America's Modern First Ladies''. New York: HarperCollins. * Burns, L. M. (2008). ''First Ladies and the Fourth Estate: Press Framing of Presidential Wives.'' DeKalb, IL: Northern Illinois University Press. * Caroli, B. (2010). ''First Ladies: From Martha Washington to Michelle Obama.'' New York: Oxford University Press. * Gullan, H. I. (2001). ''Faith of our Mothers: The Stories of Presidential Mothers from Mary Washington to Barbara Bush''. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans. * Hendricks, N. (2015). ''America's First Ladies: A Historical Encyclopedia and Primary Document Collection.'' Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. * Marton, K. (2001). ''Hidden Power: Presidential Marriages That Shaped Our History''. New York: Pantheon. * Schwartz, M. J. (2017). ''Ties That Bound: Founding First Ladies and Slaves.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press. * Sibley, K. A. S. (2016). ''A Companion to First Ladies'', (Wiley Blackwell Companions to American History). Chichester, MA: Wiley Blackwell. * Swain, S. (2016). ''First Ladies: Presidential Historians on the Lives of 45 Iconic American Women.'' New York: PublicAffairs. * Truman, M. (1999). ''First Ladies''. New York: Random House. * Watson, R. P. (2004). ''Life in the White House: A Social History of the First Family and the President's House''. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. * Wead, D. (2004). All The Presidents' Children: Triumph And Tragedy In The Lives Of America's First Families. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster. Journal articles * Black, A. (2001)
The Modern First Lady and Public Policy: From Edith Wilson through Hillary Rodham Clinton
''OAH Magazine of History'', ''15''(3), pp. 15–20. * O'Connor, K., Nye, B., & Van Assendelft, L. (1996)
Wives in the White House: The Political Influence of First Ladies
''Presidential Studies Quarterly'', ''26''(3), pp. 835–853. * Parry-Giles, S., & Blair, D. (2002)
The Rise of the Rhetorical First Lady: Politics, Gender Ideology, and Women's Voice, 1789-2002
''Rhetoric and Public Affairs'', ''5''(4), pp. 565-599. * Sheeler, K. H. (2013)
Remembering the Rhetorical First Lady
''Rhetoric and Public Affairs'', ''16''(4), pp. 767–782. * Watson, R. (1997)
The First Lady Reconsidered: Presidential Partner and Political Institution
''Presidential Studies Quarterly'', ''27''(4), pp. 805–818. * Watson, R. (2001)
The "White Glove Pulpit": A History of Policy Influence by First Ladies
''OAH Magazine of History'', ''15''(3), pp. 9–14. * Watson, R. (2003)
"Source Material": Toward the Study of the First Lady: The State of Scholarship
''Presidential Studies Quarterly'', ''33''(2), pp. 423–441.

Specific works

Martha Washington

Martha Washington Martha Dandridge Custis Washington (June 21, 1731 — May 22, 1802) was the wife of George Washington, the first president of the United States. Although the title was not coined until after her death, Martha Washington served as the inaugural ...

, ''née'' Dandridge; (born June 2, 1731 died May 22, 1802); (in position April 30, 1789 March 4, 1797); The wife of

George Washington George Washington (February 22, 1732, 1799) was an American military officer, statesman, and Founding Father who served as the first president of the United States from 1789 to 1797. Appointed by the Continental Congress as commander of th ...

. Books * Berkin, C. (2009). ''Revolutionary Mothers: Women in the Struggle for America's Independence.'' New York: Vintage Books. * Brady, P. (2014). ''Martha Washington: An American Life''. New York: Penguin Books. * Bryan, H. (2002). ''Martha Washington: First Lady of Liberty.'' New York: Wiley. * Chadwick, B. (2007). ''The General & Mrs. Washington: The Untold Story of a Marriage and a Revolution.'' Naperville, Ill: Sourcebooks. * Fraser, F. (2015). ''The Washingtons: George and Martha. "Join'd by Friendship, Crown'd by Love"''. New York: Knopf. * Norton, M. B. (1980). ''Liberty's Daughters: The Revolutionary Experience of American Women, 17501800.'' Glenview: Scott, Foresman & Co. Biographies of George Washington with significant information about Martha Washington * Chernow, R. (2010). Washington: A life. New York: Penguin Press. * Flexner, J. T. (1965). ''George Washington (4 vols.)''. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. Journal articles * Watson, R. (2000)
Remembering Martha
''OAH Magazine of History'', ''14''(2), pp. 54–56. Primary sources * Fields, J. E. (1994). ''Worthy Partner: The Papers of Martha Washington''. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
Martha Washington letters
Collaborative project of George Washington's Mount Vernon and the Center for History and New Media. * Washington, G. (1997). ''George Washington: Writings (Library of America Founders Collection) (J. H. Rhodehamel, Ed.).''. New York: Penguin Random House.

Abigail Adams

Abigail Adams Abigail Adams ( ''née'' Smith; November 22, [ O.S. November 11] 1744 – October 28, 1818) was the wife and closest advisor of John Adams, as well as the mother of John Quincy Adams. She was a founder of the United States, an ...

, ''née'' Smith; (born November 22, 1744 died October 28, 1818); (in position March 4, 1797 March 4, 1801); The wife of

John Adams John Adams (October 30, 1735 – July 4, 1826) was an American statesman, attorney, diplomat, writer, and Founding Fathers of the United States, Founding Father who served as the second president of the United States from 1797 to 1801. Befor ...

. The mother of

John Quincy Adams John Quincy Adams (; July 11, 1767 – February 23, 1848) was an American statesman, diplomat, lawyer, and diarist who served as the sixth president of the United States, from 1825 to 1829. He previously served as the eighth United States S ...

and grandmother of

Charles Francis Adams Sr. Charles Francis Adams Sr. (August 18, 1807 – November 21, 1886) was an American historical editor, writer, politician, and diplomat. As United States Minister to the United Kingdom during the American Civil War, Adams was crucial to Union effort ...

Books * Akers, C. W. (2007). ''Abigail Adams: A Revolutionary American Woman (3rd edition)''. New York: Pearson Longman. * Barker-Benfield, G.J. (2010). ''Abigail and John Adams: The Americanization of Sensibility''. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. * Ellis, Joseph J. (2010). ''First Family: Abigail and John Adams''. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. * Gelles, E. B. (2009). ''Abigail and John: Portrait of a Marriage''. New York: William Morrow. * ——. (2010). ''Portia: The World of Abigail Adams''. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. * ——. (2017). ''Abigail Adams: A Writing Life.'' New York: Routledge. * Gullan, H. I. (2001). ''Faith of our Mothers: The Stories of Presidential Mothers from Mary Washington to Barbara Bush''. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans. * Holton, W. (2009). ''Abigail Adams: A Life''. New York: Free Press. * Kaminski, J. P. (Ed.). (2009). ''The Quotable Abigail Adams''. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press. * Keller, R. S. (1994). ''Patriotism and the Female Sex: Abigail Adams and the American Revolution''. Brooklyn, N.Y: Carlson. * Levin, P. L. (2001). ''Abigail Adams: A Biography''. New York: St. Martin's Press. * Nagel, P. C. (1987). ''The Adams Women: Abigail and Louisa Adams, Their Sisters and Daughters.'' New York: Oxford University Press. * Norton, M. B. (1980). ''Liberty's Daughters: The Revolutionary Experience of American Women, 17501800.'' Glenview: Scott, Foresman & Co. * Whitney, J. (2013). ''Abigail Adams''. London: Harrap. * Withey, L. (1981). ''Dearest Friend: A Life of Abigail Adams.'' New York: Atria Simon & Schuster. Biographies of John Adams with significant information about Abigal Adams * McCullough, D. G. (2001). John Adams. New York: Simon & Schuster. Journal articles * Crane, E. (1999)
Political Dialogue and the Spring of Abigail's Discontent
''The William and Mary Quarterly'', ''56''(4), pp. 745–774. * Crane, E. (2007)
Abigail Adams, Gender Politics, and "The History of Emily Montague"
''The William and Mary Quarterly'', ''64''(4), third series, pp. 839–844. * Damiano, S. T. (2017)
Writing Women's History Through the Revolution: Family Finances, Letter Writing, and Conceptions of Marriage
''The William and Mary Quarterly'', ''74''(4), pp. 697–728. * Forbes, A. (1936)
Abigail Adams, Commentator
''Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society'', ''66'', pp. 126–153. * Gelles, E. B. (1979)
Abigail Adams: Domesticity and the American Revolution
''The New England Quarterly'', ''52''(4), pp. 500–521. * Gelles, E. B (1987)
A Virtuous Affair: The Correspondence Between Abigail Adams and James Lovell
''American Quarterly'', ''39''(2), pp. 252–269. * Gelles, E. B. (1988)
The Abigail Industry
''The William and Mary Quarterly'', ''45''(4), pp. 656–683. * Gelles, E. B. (1996)
Bonds of Friendship: The Correspondence of Abigail Adams and Mercy Otis Warren
''Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society'', ''108'', pp. 35–71. * Gelles, E. B. (2006)
The Adamses Retire
''Early American Studies'' ''4''(1), pp. 1–15. * Holton, W. (2007)
Abigail Adams, Bond Speculator
''The William and Mary Quarterly'', ''64''(4), third series, pp. 821–838. * Hutson, J. (1975)
Women in the Era of the American Revolution: The Historian as Suffragist
''The Quarterly Journal of the Library of Congress'', ''32''(4), pp. 290–303. * McCullough, D. (2001)
Abigail in Paris. Massachusetts Historical Review
''3'', pp. 1–18. * Musto, D. (1981)
The Adams Family
''Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society'', ''93'', pp. 40–58. * Ryerson, R. (1988)
The Limits of a Vicarious Life: Abigail Adams and Her Daughter
''Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society'', ''100'', pp. 1–14. * Shields, D. S., & Fredrika J. T. (2015)
The Court of Abigail Adams
''Journal of the Early Republic'' ''35''(2), pp. 227–235. Primary sources * * Adams, J. (1997). ''John Adams: Writings (2 vols.) (Library of America Founders Collection)'' ( G. S. Wood, Ed.). New York: Penguin Random House. * Adams, J., Cappon, L. J. (2012). ''The Adams-Jefferson Letters: The Complete Correspondence Between Thomas Jefferson and Abigail and John Adams''. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. * Adams, J., Adams, A., & Shuffelton, F. (Ed.). (2004). ''The letters of John and Abigail Adams''. New York: Penguin Books.
The Adams Family Papers
The Massachusetts Historical Society.

Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson

Martha Jefferson Martha Skelton Jefferson ( ''née'' Wayles; October 30, 1748 – September 6, 1782) was the wife of Thomas Jefferson. She served as First Lady of Virginia during Jefferson's term as governor from 1779 to 1781. She died in 1782, 19 years before ...

, ''née'' Wayles; (born October 19 or 30, 1748 died September 6, 1782); (in position: never); The wife of

. Martha Jefferson died before her husband assumed the presidency, so she never served as first lady. Since she died young (age 33) comparatively little is written about her independent of biographies of Thomas Jefferson. Her daughter Martha served as informal first lady (see below). Books * Holowchak, M. (2018). ''Jefferson and Women''. Charlottesville, VA: Thomas Jefferson Heritage Society. * Hyland, W. G. (2014). ''Martha Jefferson: An intimate life with Thomas Jefferson''. Lanham, MD: Rowman Littlefield. * Kukla, J. (2008). ''Mr. Jefferson's Women.'' New York: Vintage Books. * Malone, D. (1993). Jefferson the Virginian. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. (Original work published 1948). *William G. Hyland (1993). Jr. Martha Jefferson: An Intimate Life with Thomas Jefferson Fiction books * Kelly Joyce Neff. (1997) Dear Companion: The Inner Life of Martha Jefferson Other * Watson, R. P., & Yon, R. M. (2002). ''The Unknown Presidential Wife: Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson.'' Ripton, VT: Jefferson Legacy Foundation.

Martha Jefferson Randolph

Martha Jefferson Randolph Martha "Patsy" Randolph ( ''née'' Jefferson; September 27, 1772 – October 10, 1836) was the eldest daughter of Thomas Jefferson, the third president of the United States, and his wife, Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson. She was born at Monticel ...

, ''née'' Jefferson; (born September 27, 1772 died October 10, 1836); (in role: March 4, 1801 March 4, 1809); She was the eldest daughter of Thomas Jefferson and his wife Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson. By the time Jefferson was President, she was his only surviving child with his wife. Since Jefferson never remarried, she served as needed in her mother's place as White House hostess and informal first lady during Jefferson's administration. Books * Kierner, C. A. (2012). ''Martha Jefferson Randolph, Daughter of Monticello: Her Life and Times.'' Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. * Wead, D. (2004). All The Presidents' Children: Triumph And Tragedy In The Lives Of America's First Families. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster. * Sibley, K. A. S. (2016). ''A Companion to First Ladies'', (Wiley Blackwell Companions to American History). Chichester, MA: Wiley Blackwell. Journal articles * Kerrison, C. (2013)
The French Education of Martha Jefferson Randolph
''Early American Studie''s, ''11''(2), pp. 349–394.

Dolley Madison

Dolley Madison Dolley Todd Madison (née Payne; May 20, 1768 – July 12, 1849) was the wife of James Madison, the fourth president of the United States from 1809 to 1817. She was noted for holding Washington social functions in which she invited members of bo ...

, ''née'' Payne; (born May 20, 1768 died July 12, 1849; (in position: March 4, 1809 – March 4, 1817); The wife of

James Madison James Madison Jr. (March 16, 1751June 28, 1836) was an American statesman, diplomat, and Founding Father. He served as the fourth president of the United States from 1809 to 1817. Madison is hailed as the "Father of the Constitution" for hi ...

. There is a variety of ways her first name is spelled; depending on the era of writing a different form of her first name may be used. ''Dollie'', appears to have been her given name at birth. Her birth was registered with the New Garden Friends Meeting as ''Dolley'' and her will of 1841 uses ''Dolly''. Books * Allgor, C. (2000). ''Parlor Politics: In Which the Ladies of Washington Help Build a City and a Government.'' Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. * Allgor, C. (2006). ''A Perfect Union: Dolley Madison and the Creation of the American Nation.'' New York: Henry Holt & Co. * Allgor, C. (2012). ''Dolley Madison: The Problem of National Unity.'' Boulder, CO: Westview Press. * Côté, R. N. (2005). ''Strength and Honor: The Life of Dolley Madison''. Mt. Pleasant, SC: Corinthian Books. * Howard, H. (2012). ''Mr. and Mrs. Madison's War: America's First Couple and the Second War of Independence.'' New York: Bloomsbury. Journal articles * Allgor, C. (2000)
"Queen Dolley" Saves Washington City
''Washington History'', ''12''(1), pp. 54–69. * Scofield, M. E. (2012)
Yea or Nay to Removing the Seat of Government: Dolley Madison and the Realities of 1814 Politics
''The Historian'', ''74''(3), pp. 449–466. * Schulman, H. (2010)
"A Constant Attention": Dolley Madison and the Publication of the Papers of James Madison, 1836-1837
''The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography'', ''118''(1), pp. 40–70. * Schulman, H. (2011)
Madison v. Madison: Dolley Payne Madison and Her Inheritance of the Montpelier Estate, 1836-38
''The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography'', ''119''(4), pp. 350–393. * Todd, J., Todd, D., Madison, J., & Sifton, P. (1963)
"What a Dread Prospect...": Dolley Madison's Plague Year
''The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography'', ''87''(2), pp. 182–188. Primary sources * Cutts, L. B. (1970). ''Memoirs and Letters of Dolly Madison.'' Boston: Houghton Mifflin. * Madison, J. (1995). ''James Madison: Writings (Library of America Founders Collection) ( J. N. Rakvoe, Ed.).''. New York: Penguin Random House. * Mattern, D. B., & Shulman, H. C. (2003). ''The Selected Letters of Dolley Payne Madison.'' Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. Biographies of James Madison with significant information about Dolley Madison * Brookhiser, R. (2013). ''James Madison.'' New York: Basic Books.

Elizabeth Monroe

Elizabeth Jane Monroe, ''née'' Kortright; (born June 30, 1768 died September 23, 1830); (in position: March 4, 1817 – March 4, 1825); The wife of

James Monroe James Monroe ( ; April 28, 1758July 4, 1831) was an American statesman, lawyer, diplomat, and Founding Father who served as the fifth president of the United States from 1817 to 1825. A member of the Democratic-Republican Party, Monroe was ...

. Books * Ammon, H. (2008). ''James Monroe: The Quest for National Identity.'' Newtown, CT: American Political Biography Press. * McGrath, T. (2020). ''James Monroe: A Life''. New York: Penguin Random House.

Louisa Adams

Louisa Adams Louisa Catherine Adams ( ''née'' Johnson; February 12, 1775 – May 15, 1852) was the First Lady of the United States from 1825 to 1829 during the presidency of John Quincy Adams. Early life Adams was born on February 12, 1775, in the City ...

, ''née'' Johnson; (born February 12, 1775 died May 15, 1852); (in position March 4, 1825 March 4, 1829); The wife of

. The mother of Charles Francis Adams (18071886). The first First Lady to be born outside of the United States or the American colonies. Books * Nagel, P. (1987). ''The Adams Women: Abigail and Louisa Adams, Their Sisters and Daughters'' Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. * O'Brien, M. (2010). ''Mrs. Adams in Winter: A Journey in the Last Days of Napoleon''. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. * Thomas, L. (2016). ''Louisa: The Extraordinary Life of Mrs. Adams''. New York: Penguin Press. Journal articles * Allgor, C. (1997)
"A Republican in a Monarchy": Louisa Catherine Adams in Russia
''Diplomatic History'', ''21''(1), pp. 15–43. * Butterfield, L. (1974)
Tending a Dragon-Killer: Notes for the Biographer of Mrs. John Quincy Adams
''Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society'', ''118''(2), pp. 165–178. Primary sources * Adams, J. Q. (2017). ''John Quincy Adams: Writings (2 vols.) (Library of America Founders Collection) (D. Waldstreicher, Ed.).''. New York: Penguin Random House. * Adams, L. C., et al. (2013). ''The Adams Papers. Diary and Autobiographical Writings of Louisa Catherine Adams.'' Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press. * Hogan, M. A., Lane, L. (2014).'' A Traveled First Lady: Writings of Louisa Catherine Adams.'' Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press. . Biographies of John Quincy Adams with significant information about Louisa Adams * Nagel, P. C. (2012). ''John Quincy Adams: A Public Life, A Private Life.'' New York: Knopf.

Rachel Jackson

Rachel Jackson Rachel Jackson ( ''née'' Donelson; June 15, 1767 – December 22, 1828) was the wife of Andrew Jackson, the 7th president of the United States.

, ''née'' Donelson; June 15, 1767 December 22, 1828; The wife of

. The aunt of

Emily Donelson Emily Donelson (June 1, 1807 – December 19, 1836) was the niece of Rachel Donelson Jackson. She served as White House hostess, a role that effectively made her an acting first lady of the United States. Early life and marriage Emily Tennessee ...

(18071836). Rachel Jackson died just after Jackson's election but before his inauguration as President; she never served as First Lady. The role was assumed by her niece, Emily Donelson until 1834 and from then by

Sarah Yorke Jackson Sarah Jackson ( ''née'' Yorke; July 16, 1803 – August 23, 1887) was the daughter-in-law of U.S. President Andrew Jackson. She served as White House hostess and first lady of the United States from November 26, 1834, to March 4, 1837. Bio ...

, Jackson's daughter-in-law. She was the final first lady to be born before the

Declaration of Independence A declaration of independence or declaration of statehood or proclamation of independence is an assertion by a polity in a defined territory that it is independent and constitutes a state. Such places are usually declared from part or all of the ...

. Biographies of Andrew Jackson with significant content on Rachel Jackson * Brands, H. W. (2005). ''Andrew Jackson: His Life and Times''. New York: Knopf. * Cheathem, M. R. (2007). ''Old Hickory's Nephew: The political and private struggles of Andrew Jackson Donelson''. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press. . * Remini, R. V. (1977/1981). ''Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Empire (Vols. 12)''. New York: Harper & Row. * Sibley, K. A. S. (2016). ''A Companion to First Ladies'', (Wiley Blackwell Companions to American History). Chichester, MA: Wiley Blackwell. * Spence, R. D. (2017). ''Andrew Jackson Donelson: Jacksonian and Unionist''. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press. .

Emily Donelson

, ''née'' none; (born June 1, 1807 died December 19, 1836); (in position March 4, 1829 November 26, 1834); The niece of

. She served as acting First Lady and White House host in the place of her mother, Rachel Jackson. Books * Burke, P. W. (1941).'' Emily Donelson of Tennessee (2 vols.)''. Richmond, VA: Garrett and Massie. * Sibley, K. A. S. (2016). ''A Companion to First Ladies'', (Wiley Blackwell Companions to American History). Chichester, MA: Wiley Blackwell. * Wead, D. (2004). All The Presidents' Children: Triumph And Tragedy In The Lives Of America's First Families. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster.

Sarah Yorke Jackson

Sarah Jackson, ''née'' Yorke; (born July 16, 1803 died August 23, 1887); (in position November 26, 1834 March 4, 1837); The daughter-in-law of Andrew Jackson; she served as White House hostess and acting First Lady in the place of her mother in law. Relatively little has been written about Sarah York Jackson. For information about her, see the Bibliography of Andrew Jackson.

Hannah Van Buren

Hannah Van Buren Martin Van Buren ( ; nl, Maarten van Buren; ; December 5, 1782 – July 24, 1862) was an American lawyer and statesman who served as the eighth president of the United States from 1837 to 1841. A primary founder of the Democratic Party, he ...

, ''née'' Hoes; (born March 8, 1783 died February 5, 1819); The wife of

. She died before Van Buren was elected President, so never held the position of First Lady. Acting as First Lady and White House host in her place was her daughter in law, Sarah Van Buren. Because she died at age 35 before Martin Van Buren became widely known, very little is known about her. Books * Black, A. M. (2019). ''The First Ladies of the United States of America''. Washington D.C.: White House Historical Association. * Sibley, K. A. S. (2016). ''A Companion to First Ladies'', (Wiley Blackwell Companions to American History). Chichester, MA: Wiley Blackwell. Primary sources
The Papers of Martin Van Buren
at

Cumberland University Cumberland University is a private university in Lebanon, Tennessee. It was founded in 1842. The campus's current historic buildings were constructed between 1892 and 1896. History 1842-1861 The university was founded by the Cumberland ...

Relatively little has been written about Hannah Van Buren. For information about her, see the Bibliography of Martin Van Buren.

Sarah Van Buren

Sarah Angelica Van Buren, ''née'' Singleton; February 13, 1818 December 29, 1877; The daughter in law of

. She was married to the President's son,

Abraham Van Buren Abraham Van Buren II (November 27, 1807 – March 15, 1873) was the eldest son of Martin Van Buren, the eighth President of the United States and his wife, Hannah Hoes Van Buren. A career soldier and veteran of the Second Seminole War and Mexi ...

and served as acting First Lady and White House host in the place of her mother in law, Hannah Van Buren. Books * Sibley, K. A. S. (2016). ''A Companion to First Ladies'', (Wiley Blackwell Companions to American History). Chichester, MA: Wiley Blackwell. * Wead, D. (2004). All The Presidents' Children: Triumph And Tragedy In The Lives Of America's First Families. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster. Primary sources
Angelica Singleton Van Buren Collection
at University of South Carolina Relatively little has been written about Sarah Van Buren. For information about her, see the Bibliography of Martin Van Buren.

Anna Harrison

Anna Tuthill Harrison, ''née'' Symmes; July 25, 1775 February 25, 1864; The wife of

William Henry Harrison William Henry Harrison (February 9, 1773April 4, 1841) was an American military officer and politician who served as the ninth president of the United States. Harrison died just 31 days after his inauguration in 1841, and had the shortest pres ...

and grandmother of

. Since Harrison died less than a month into his term in office, she is the individual who spent the shortest time as First Lady. She was too ill to travel from Ohio to Washington D.C. when her husband became President, so

Jane Irwin Harrison Jane Harrison ( ''née'' Irwin; July 23, 1804 – May 11, 1845 or 1847) briefly acted as first lady of the United States, performing the duties of presidential hostess during the administration of her father-in-law William Henry Harrison, th ...

, Harrison's daughter in law served as White House hostess during his short time in office. Relatively little has been written about Anna Harrison. For information about her, see the Bibliography of William Henry Harrison

Letitia Tyler

Letitia Christian Tyler Letitia Tyler ( ''née'' Christian; November 12, 1790 – September 10, 1842) was the first wife of President John Tyler and first lady of the United States from 1841 to 1842. She married Tyler, then a law student, in 1808 at Cedar Grove, her f ...

, ''née'' Christian; November 12, 1790 September 10, 1842; The wife of

. When John Tyler became the first vice president to ascend to the presidency, Letitia Tyler became First Lady. She was the first of three people to die while in the position. Journal articles * Leahy, C. (2006)
Torn between Family and Politics: John Tyler's Struggle for Balance
''The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography'', ''114''(3), pp. 322–355. Relatively little has been written about Letitia Tyler. For information about her, see the Bibliography of John Tyler

Priscilla Tyler

Priscilla Cooper Tyler Elizabeth Priscilla Cooper Tyler (June 14, 1816 – December 29, 1889) was the daughter-in-law of John Tyler, the tenth president of the United States. She served as official White House hostess and first lady of the United States from September ...

, ''née'' Cooper; June 14, 1816 December 29, 1889; The daughter in law of

. She was married to the President's son, Robert Tyler and served as acting First Lady and White House host after the death of her mother in law, Letitia Tyler, from September, 1842 March, 1844. Journal articles * Leahy, C. (2012)
Playing Her Greatest Role: Priscilla Cooper Tyler and the Politics of the White House Social Scene, 1841–44
''The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography'', ''120''(3), pp. 236–269. Relatively little has been written about Priscilla Tyler. For information about her, see the Bibliography of John Tyler.

Letitia Semple

Letitia "Letty" Christian Semple, ''née'' Tyler; May 11, 1821 December 28, 1907; The daughter of

. She served as acting First Lady and White House host from March, 1844 June 26, 1844, after her sister in law, Priscilla Tyler left the White House. She was succeeded in the position by Tyler's second wife Julia. Relatively little has been written about Letitia Semple. For information about her, see the Bibliography of John Tyler.

Julia Tyler

Julia Gardiner Tyler Julia Tyler ( ''née'' Gardiner; May 4, 1820 – July 10, 1889) was the second wife of John Tyler, who was the tenth president of the United States. As such, she served as the first lady of the United States from June 26, 1844, to March 4, 184 ...

, ''née'' Gardiner; May 4, 1820 July 10, 1889; The daughter in law of

. She was the second wife of John Tyler. She served the second shortest period of time as First Lady after Anna Harrison, from June 26, 1844 to March 4, 1845. Journal articles * Pugh, E. (1980)
Women and Slavery: Julia Gardiner Tyler and the Duchess of Sutherland
''The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography'', ''88''(2), pp. 186–202. Relatively little has been written about Julia Tyler. For information about her, see the Bibliography of John Tyler.

Sarah Polk

Sarah Polk, ''née'' Childress; September 4, 1803 August 14, 1891; She was the wife of

James Polk James is a common English language surname and given name: *James (name), the typically masculine first name James * James (surname), various people with the last name James James or James City may also refer to: People * King James (disambiguat ...

. Books * Bumgarner, J. R. (1997). ''Sarah Childress Polk: A Biography of the Remarkable First Lady''. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. * Claxton, J. (1972). ''88 years with Sarah Polk''. New York, NY: Vantage Press. . * Greenberg, A. S. (2019). ''Lady First: The World of First Lady Sarah Polk''. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. Journal articles * Bergeron, P. (1987)
All in the Family: President Polk in the White House
''Tennessee Historical Quarterly'', ''46''(1), pp. 10–20. * Thweatt, J. (1974)
The James K. Polk Papers
''Tennessee Historical Quarterly'', ''33''(1), pp. 93–98. * Wallace, S. (1952). Letters of Mrs. James K. Polk to her Husband. ''Tennessee Historical Quarterly'' :
Part One
''11''(2), pp. 180-191. :
Part Two
''11''(3), pp. 282-288. Primary sources
Digital Collection: James K. Polk Papers
Washington D.C.: The Library of Congress.
Correspondence Of James K. Polk
Knoxville, TN: The University of Tennessee. Biographies of James Polk with significant information about Sarah Polk * Borneman, W. R. (2008). ''Polk''. New York: Random House.

Margaret Taylor

Margaret "Peggy" Mackall Taylor, ''née'' Smith; September 21, 1788 August 14, 1852; She was the wife of

Zachary Taylor Zachary Taylor (November 24, 1784 – July 9, 1850) was an American military leader who served as the 12th president of the United States from 1849 until his death in 1850. Taylor was a career officer in the United States Army, rising to th ...

. Relatively little has been written about Margaret Taylor. For information about her, see the Bibliography of Zachary Taylor.

Abigail Fillmore

Abigail Fillmore Abigail Fillmore ( née Powers; March 13, 1798 – March 30, 1853), wife of President Millard Fillmore, was the First Lady of the United States from 1850 to 1853. She began work as a schoolteacher at the age of 16, where she took on Millard Fillm ...

, ''née'' Powers; March 13, 1798 March 30, 1853; She was the wife of

Millard Fillmore Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800March 8, 1874) was the 13th president of the United States, serving from 1850 to 1853; he was the last to be a member of the Whig Party while in the White House. A former member of the U.S. House of Represen ...

. She was the final first lady to be born in the eighteenth century. Biographies of Millard Fillmore with significant information on Abigail Fillmore * Rayback, Robert J. (2015). ''Millard Fillmore: Biography of a President''. Newtown, CT: American Political Biography Press. * Scarry, R. J. (2001). ''Millard Fillmore''. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co. Relatively little has been written about Abigail Fillmore. For information about her, see the Bibliography of Millard Fillmore.

Jane Pierce

Jane Means Pierce, ''née'' Appleton; March 12, 1806 December 2, 1863; She was the wife of

Franklin Pierce Franklin Pierce (November 23, 1804October 8, 1869) was the 14th president of the United States, serving from 1853 to 1857. He was a northern Democrat who believed that the abolitionist movement was a fundamental threat to the nation's unity ...

. Relatively little has been written about Jane Pierce. For information about her, see the Bibliography of Franklin Pierce.

Harriet Lane

Harriet Rebecca Lane Johnston, ''née'' Lane; May 9, 1830 July 3, 1903; She was the niece of

. Buchanan was never married and Harriet Lane acted as First Lady during his presidency. Relatively little has been written about Harriet Lane. For information about her, see the Bibliography of James Buchanan.

Mary Todd Lincoln

Mary Todd Lincoln Mary Ann Todd Lincoln (December 13, 1818July 16, 1882) served as First Lady of the United States from 1861 until the assassination of her husband, President Abraham Lincoln in 1865. Mary Lincoln was a member of a large and wealthy, slave-owning ...

, ''née'' Todd; December 13, 1818 July 16, 1882; She was the wife of

Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln ( ; February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was an American lawyer, politician, and statesman who served as the 16th president of the United States from 1861 until his assassination in 1865. Lincoln led the nation thro ...

. Books * Baker, J. H. (1987). ''Mary Todd Lincoln: A Biography''. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. * Clinton, C. (2010). ''Mrs. Lincoln: A Life.'' New York Harper Perennial. * Ellison, B. B. (2014). ''The True Mary Todd Lincoln: A Biography.'' Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company. * Emerson, J., & Brust, J. S. (2014). ''The Madness of Mary Lincoln.'' Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press. * McDermott, S. P. (2015). ''Mary Lincoln: Southern Girl, Northern Woman''. New York: Routledge. * Neely, M. E., & McMurtry, R. G. (2014). ''The Insanity File: The Case of Mary Todd Lincoln.'' Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press. * Randall, R. P. (1953). ''Mary Lincoln: Biography of a Marriage.'' Boston: Little, Brown and Co. * Simmons, D. L. (1970). ''A Rose for Mrs. Lincoln: A Biography of Mary Todd Lincoln''. Boston: Beacon. * Williams, F. J. (2012). ''The Mary Lincoln Enigma: Historians on America's most controversial First Lady.'' Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. Journal articles * Bach, J. (2004)
Acts of Remembrance: Mary Todd Lincoln and Her Husband's Memory
''Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association'', ''25''(2), pp. 25–49. * Baker, J. (1988)
Mary Todd Lincoln: Biography as Social History
''The Register of the Kentucky Historical Society'', ''86''(3), pp. 203–215. * Baker, J. (1990)
Mary Todd Lincoln: Managing Home, Husband, and Children
''Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association'', ''11'', pp. 1–12. * Emerson, J. (2010)
Mary Lincoln: An Annotated Bibliography
''Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society'', ''103''(2), pp. 180–235. * Emerson, J. (2011)
Mary Lincoln: An Annotated Bibliography Supplement
''Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society'', ''104''(3), pp. 238–249. * Holden, C.J. (2004)
Review of the book Abraham and Mary Lincoln: A House Divided
''Film & History: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Film and Television Studies'' ''34''(1), pp. 76–77. * Neely, M. (1996)
The Secret Treason of Abraham Lincoln's Brother-in-Law
''Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association'', ''17''(1), pp. 39–43. * Scharf, L., & Neely, M. (1988
A House Divided: Mary Todd Lincoln and Her Family
''Reviews in American History'', ''16''(2), pp. 227–232. * Schwartz, T. (2005)
Mary Todd's 1835 Visit to Springfield, Illinois
''Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association'', ''26''(1), pp. 42–45. Primary sources
Papers of Abraham Lincoln Digital Library
Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library
Abraham Lincoln Papers at the Library of Congress
Library of Congress Digital Collection
Robert Todd Lincoln family papers
Library of Congress.
Manuscripts for: Mary Lincoln
First Ladies National Library. Biographies of Abraham Lincoln with significant content on Mary Todd Lincoln * Burlingame, M. (2013). ''Abraham Lincoln: A Life (2 vols.)''. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press * Donald, D. H. (1995). Lincoln. New York: Simon & Schuster. * McPherson, J. M. (2009). ''Abraham Lincoln''. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Eliza Johnson

Eliza McCardle Johnson, ''née'' McCardle; October 4, 1810 January 15, 1876; She was the wife of

Andrew Johnson Andrew Johnson (December 29, 1808July 31, 1875) was the 17th president of the United States, serving from 1865 to 1869. He assumed the presidency as he was vice president at the time of the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. Johnson was a Dem ...

. Primary sources
The papers of Andrew Johnson
Digital Collection, The United States National Archives.
The papers of Andrew Johnson
Digital Collection, The Library of Congress. Relatively little has been written about Eliza Johnson. For information about her, see the Bibliography of Andrew Johnson.

Julia Grant

Julia Boggs Grant, ''née'' Dent; January 26, 1826 December 14, 1902; She was the wife of

Ulysses S. Grant Ulysses S. Grant (born Hiram Ulysses Grant ; April 27, 1822July 23, 1885) was an American military officer and politician who served as the 18th president of the United States from 1869 to 1877. As Commanding General, he led the Union Ar ...

. Primary sources
The Personal Memoirs of Ulysses S. Grant

The papers of Ulysses S. Grant
Mississippi State University.
The papers of Ulysses S. Grant
Digital Collection, The Library of Congress.
The papers of Ulysses S. Grant
Digital Collection, The United States National Archives. * Simon, J. Y., & Catton, B. (1996). '' The Personal Memoirs of Julia Dent Grant''. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. Biographies of Ulysses S. Grant with significant information about Julia Grant * Chernow, R. (2017). ''Grant''. New York: Penguin Press. Relatively little has been written about Julia Grant. For information about her, see the

Bibliography of Ulysses S. Grant Ulysses S. Grant (born Hiram Ulysses Grant; April 27, 1822 – July 23, 1885) was the 18th president of the United States (1869–1877) following his success as military commander in the American Civil War. Under Grant, the Union Army defeated t ...

Lucy Hayes

Lucy Webb Hayes Lucy Ware Hayes ( née Webb; August 28, 1831 – June 25, 1889) was the wife of President Rutherford B. Hayes and served as first lady of the United States from 1877 to 1881. Hayes was the first First Lady to have a college degree. She was a ...

, ''née'' Webb; August 28, 1831 June 25, 1889; She was the wife of

Rutherford B. Hayes Rutherford Birchard Hayes (; October 4, 1822 – January 17, 1893) was an American lawyer and politician who served as the 19th president of the United States from 1877 to 1881, after serving in the U.S. House of Representatives and as governor ...

. Primary sources
The papers of Rutherford B. Hayes
The Rutherford B. Hayes Library. Relatively little has been written about Lucy Hayes. For information about her, see the Bibliography of Rutherford B. Hayes.

Lucretia Garfield

Lucretia Garfield Lucretia Garfield ('' née'' Rudolph; April 19, 1832 – March 13, 1918) was the first lady of the United States from March to September 1881, as the wife of James A. Garfield, the 20th president of the United States. Born in Garrettsville, Oh ...

, ''née'' Rudolph; April 19, 1832 March 13, 1918; She was the wife of

James A. Garfield James Abram Garfield (November 19, 1831 – September 19, 1881) was the 20th president of the United States, serving from March 4, 1881 until his death six months latertwo months after he was shot by an assassin. A lawyer and Civil War gene ...

. Primary sources
The papers of James A. Garfield
The Library of Congress. Relatively little has been written about Lucretia Garfield. For information about her, see the Bibliography of James A. Garfield.

Nell Arthur

Nell Arthur Ellen Lewis Arthur ( ''née'' Herndon; August 30, 1837 – January 12, 1880), known as Nell Arthur, was the wife of the 21st president of the United States, Chester A. Arthur. She died of pneumonia in January 1880; her husband was elected vice-p ...

, ''née'' Herndon; August 30, 1837 January 12, 1880; She was the wife of

, but died two years before he became President, so never assumed the position. Primary sources
The papers of Chester Alan Arthur
The Library of Congress. Relatively little has been written about Nell Arthur. For information about her, see the Bibliography of Chester A. Arthur.

Mary Arthur McElroy

Mary Arthur McElroy Mary McElroy (; July 5, 1841 – January 8, 1917) was the sister of the 21st president of the United States, Chester A. Arthur, and served as a hostess (acting as the first lady) for his administration (1881–1885). She assumed the ...

, ''née'' Arthur; July 5, 1841 January 8, 1917; She was the sister of

; she assumed the role of acting First Lady in the place of Arthur's deceased wife. Primary sources
The papers of Chester Alan Arthur
The Library of Congress. Relatively little has been written about Mary Arthur McElroy. For information about her, see the Bibliography of Chester A. Arthur.

Frances Cleveland

Frances Clara Cleveland Preston, ''née'' Folsom; date date; She was the wife of

. She was the youngest person (age 21) to fill the position of First Lady and is one of two who remarried after the deaths of their Presidential husbands and one of two First Ladies to marry a sitting President. Primary sources
The papers of Grover Cleveland
The Library of Congress. Relatively little has been written about Frances Cleveland. For information about her, see the Bibliography of Grover Cleveland.

Rose Cleveland

Rose Elizabeth Cleveland, ''née'' Name; date date; She was the sister of

. Since Cleveland entered the White House unmarried, Rose Cleveland served as acting First Lady and White House host until her brother married fourteen months into his first term. She is the only

LGBTQ ' is an initialism that stands for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender. In use since the 1990s, the initialism, as well as some of its common variants, functions as an umbrella term for sexuality and gender identity. The LGBT term is a ...

individual to serve in the position of First Lady and White House hostess. Primary sources
The papers of Grover Cleveland
The Library of Congress. Relatively little has been written about Rose Cleveland. For information about her, see the Bibliography of Grover Cleveland.

Caroline Harrison

Caroline Lavinia Harrison, ''née'' Scott; October 1, 1832 October 25, 1892; She was the wife of

. Primary sources
The papers of Benjamin Harrison
The Library of Congress. Relatively little has been written about Caroline Harrison. For information about her, see the Bibliography of Benjamin Harrison.

Mary Harrison McKee

Mary Harrison McKee Mary Scott McKee ( Harrison; April 3, 1858 – October 28, 1930) was the only daughter of Benjamin Harrison, the 23rd president of the United States, and his wife Caroline Scott Harrison outside of her infant sister who died shortly after birt ...

, ''née'' Harrison; April 3, 1858 October 28, 1930; She was the daughter of Benjamin Harrison. She assumed the role of acting First Lady after the death of her mother. Primary sources
The papers of Benjamin Harrison
The Library of Congress. Relatively little has been written about Mary Harrison McKee. For information about her, see the Bibliography of Benjamin Harrison.

Ida McKinley

Ida Saxton McKinley Ida McKinley ( née Saxton; June 8, 1847 – May 26, 1907) was the first lady of the United States from 1897 until 1901, as the wife of President William McKinley. Born to a successful Ohio family, Ida met her future husband and later marr ...

, ''née'' Saxton; June 8, 1847 May 26, 1907; She was the wife of

William McKinley William McKinley (January 29, 1843September 14, 1901) was the 25th president of the United States, serving from 1897 until his assassination in 1901. As a politician he led a realignment that made his Republican Party largely dominant in ...

. Books * Anthony, C. S. (2013). Ida McKinley: The Turn-of-the-Century First Lady through War, Assassination, and Secret Disability. Kent, OH: The Kent State University Press. Primary sources
The papers of William McKinley
The Library of Congress. Relatively little has been written about Ida McKinley. For information about her, see the

Bibliography of William McKinley This bibliography of William McKinley is a comprehensive list of written and published works about or by William McKinley, the 25th president of the United States The president of the United States (POTUS) is the head of state and head of ...

Edith Roosevelt

Edith Kermit Roosevelt, ''née'' Carrow; August 6, 1861 September 30, 1948; She was the wife of

Theodore Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt Jr. ( ; October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919), often referred to as Teddy or by his initials, T. R., was an American politician, statesman, soldier, conservationist, naturalist, historian, and writer who served as the 26t ...

. Books * Lewis, L. G. (2013). ''Edith Kermit Roosevelt: Creating the Modern First Lady.'' Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. * Morris, S. J. (2001). ''Edith Kermit Roosevelt: Portrait of a First Lady.'' New York: Modern Library. Primary sources
The papers of Theodore Roosevelt
The Library of Congress.
The Theodore Roosevelt Collection
Harvard University.

Helen Herron Taft

Helen Louise "Nellie" Taft, ''née'' Herron; June 2, 1861 May 22, 1943; She was the wife of

William Howard Taft William Howard Taft (September 15, 1857March 8, 1930) was the 27th president of the United States (1909–1913) and the tenth chief justice of the United States (1921–1930), the only person to have held both offices. Taft was elected pr ...

. Books * Anthony, C. S. (2007). ''Nellie Taft: The Unconventional First Lady of the Ragtime Era''. New York: HarperCollins. * Gould, L. L. (2010). ''Helen Taft: Our Musical First Lady.'' Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. Primary sources * Taft, H. H. (2010). ''

Recollections of Full Years ''Recollections of Full Years'' is a 1914 memoir by Helen Taft, a First Lady of the United States and wife of William Howard Taft. The memoirs were the first to be published by a first lady. The book serves as "the most important source of info ...

.'' Charleston, SC: BiblioLife. * Taft, W. H., & Gould, L. L. (2011).'' My dearest Nellie: The letters of William Howard Taft to Helen Herron Taft, 1909-1912.'' Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas.
The papers of William Howard Taft
Library of Congress. For information about Helen Herron Taft, see the

Bibliography of William Howard Taft The following are some of the books and papers which have been written concerning William Howard Taft William Howard Taft (September 15, 1857March 8, 1930) was the 27th president of the United States (1909–1913) and the tenth chief ju ...

Ellen Axson Wilson

Ellen Louise Axson Wilson Ellen Louise Wilson (née Axson; May 15, 1860 – August 6, 1914) was the first wife of President Woodrow Wilson and the mother of their three daughters. Like her husband, she was a Southerner, as well as the daughter of a clergyman. She was ...

, ''née'' Axson; May 15, 1860 August 6, 1914; She was the first wife of

. She died in 1914 and was succeeded as First Lady (acting) by her daughter, Margaret. Biographies of Woodrow Wilson with significant information about Ellen Axson Wilson * Berg, A. S. (2013). ''Wilson''. New York: Simon & Schuster. * Bragdon, Henry W. (1967). ''Woodrow Wilson: the Academic Years.'' Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press. * Cooper, John Milton Jr. (2009). ''Woodrow Wilson''. New York: Knopf Doubleday * Link, A. S. (1947–1965),'' Wilson (5 vols.).'' Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. * Mulder, John H. (1978). ''Woodrow Wilson: The Years of Preparation.'' Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Primary sources
The papers of Woodrow Wilson
Digital Collection, Library of Congress.
The papers of Woodrow Wilson
The United States National Archives.

Digital Collection, The University of Virginia.
The papers of Woodrow Wilson
Printed Volumes, Princeton University Press.

Margaret Woodrow Wilson

Margaret Woodrow Wilson Margaret Woodrow Wilson (April 16, 1886 – February 12, 1944) was the eldest child of President Woodrow Wilson and Ellen Louise Axson. Her two siblings were Jessie and Eleanor. After her mother's death in 1914, Margaret served her father as the ...

, ''née'' Wilson; April 16, 1886 February 12, 1944; She was the daughter of Woodrow Wilson and filled in for her mother Ellen as acting First Lady until her father remarried in 1915. Relatively little has been written about Margaret Woodrow Wilson. For information about her, see the Bibliography of Woodrow Wilson.

Edith Wilson

Edith Wilson Edith Wilson ( Bolling, formerly Galt; October 15, 1872 – December 28, 1961) was the first lady of the United States from 1915 to 1921 and the second wife of President Woodrow Wilson. She married the widower Wilson in December 1915, during hi ...

, ''née'' Bolling; October 15, 1872 December 28, 1961; She was the second wife of

. Biographies of Woodrow Wilson with significant information about Edith Wilson * Berg, A. S. (2013). ''Wilson''. New York: Simon & Schuster. * Cooper, John Milton Jr. (2009). ''Woodrow Wilson''. New York: Knopf Doubleday. * Levin, P. L. (2001). ''Edith and Woodrow: The Wilson White House''. New York: Scribner. * Link, A. S. (1947–1965),'' Wilson (5 vols.).'' Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Florence Harding

Florence Mabel Harding, ''née'' Kling; August 15, 1860 November 21, 1924; She was the wife of

Warren G. Harding Warren Gamaliel Harding (November 2, 1865 – August 2, 1923) was the 29th president of the United States, serving from 1921 until his death in 1923. A member of the Republican Party, he was one of the most popular sitting U.S. presidents. A ...

. Books * Anthony, Carl Sferranza (1998). ''Florence Harding: The First Lady, The Jazz Age, and the Death of America's Most Scandalous President.'' New York: W. Morrow & Company. * Sibley, Katherine A. S. (2009). ''First Lady Florence Harding: Behind the Tragedy and Controversy.'' Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. For information about Florence Harding, see the Bibliography of Warren G. Harding

Grace Coolidge

Grace Anna Coolidge, ''née'' Goodhue; January 3, 1879 July 8, 1957; She was the wife of

Calvin Coolidge Calvin Coolidge (born John Calvin Coolidge Jr.; ; July 4, 1872January 5, 1933) was the 30th president of the United States from 1923 to 1929. Born in Vermont, Coolidge was a History of the Republican Party (United States), Republican lawyer ...

. Books * Ferrell, R. H. (2008). Grace Coolidge: The people's lady in Silent Cal's White House. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. For information about Grace Coolidge, see the Bibliography of Calvin Coolidge.

Lou Henry Hoover

Lou Henry Hoover Lou Hoover (née Henry; March 29, 1874 – January 7, 1944) was an American philanthropist, geologist, and First Lady of the United States from 1929 to 1933 as the wife of President Herbert Hoover. She was active in numerous community organizatio ...

, ''née'' Henry; March 29, 1874 January 7, 1944; She was the wife of

Herbert Hoover Herbert Clark Hoover (August 10, 1874 – October 20, 1964) was an American politician who served as the 31st president of the United States from 1929 to 1933 and a member of the Republican Party, holding office during the onset of the Gr ...

. Books * Allen, A. B. (2000). ''An Independent Woman: The Life of Lou Henry Hoover.'' Westport, CT. Greenwood Press * Mayer, D. C. (1994). ''Lou Henry Hoover: Essays on a Busy Life''. Worland, WY: High Plains Publishing. * Walch, T. (2003). ''Uncommon Americans: The Lives and Legacies of Herbert and Lou Henry Hoover.'' Westport, CT: Praeger. * Young, N. B. (2016). ''Lou Henry Hoover: Activist First Lady.'' Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. Journal articles * Clements, K. (2004)
The New Era and the New Woman
''Pacific Historical Review'', ''73''(3), pp. 425–462. * Day, D. (1990)
A New Perspective on the "DePriest Tea" Historiographic Controversy
''The Journal of Negro History'', ''75''(3/4), pp. 120–124. * Jones, M. (2014)
The Joy of Sympathetic Companionship: The Correspondence of Mary Vaux Walcott and Lou Henry Hoover
''Quaker History'', ''103''(1), pp. 36–52. * Mayer, D. (1990)
An Uncommon Woman: The Quiet Leadership Style of Lou Henry Hoover
''Presidential Studies Quarterly'', ''20''(4), pp. 685–698. * Melville, J. (1988)
The First Lady and the Cowgirl
''Pacific Historical Review'', ''57''(1), pp. 73–76. Primary sources
Lou Henry Hoover Papers
The Herbert Hoover Library.

Eleanor Roosevelt

Anna Eleanor Roosevelt Anna Eleanor Roosevelt () (October 11, 1884November 7, 1962) was an American political figure, diplomat, and activist. She was the first lady of the United States from 1933 to 1945, during her husband President Franklin D. Roosevelt's four ...

, ''née'' Roosevelt; (born October 11, 1884 died November 7, 1962); (in position March 4, 1933 April 12, 1945); She was the wife of

Franklin Roosevelt Franklin Delano Roosevelt (; ; January 30, 1882April 12, 1945), often referred to by his initials FDR, was an American politician and attorney who served as the 32nd president of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945. As the ...

. Because her husband was the longest serving President, Eleanor Roosevelt is the longest serving First Lady. * See Bibliography of Eleanor Roosevelt for works about and by Eleanor Roosevelt.

Bess Truman

Elizabeth Virginia Truman, ''née'' Wallace; (born February 13, 1885 died October 18, 1982); (in position April 12, 1945 January 20, 1953 ); She was the wife of

Harry S. Truman Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884December 26, 1972) was the 33rd president of the United States, serving from 1945 to 1953. A leader of the Democratic Party, he previously served as the 34th vice president from January to April 1945 under Franklin ...

. Books * Sale, S. L. (2010). ''Bess Wallace Truman: Harry's White House "boss".'' Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. * Truman, M. (2014). ''Bess Truman.'' Newbury CT: New Word City. Primary sources * Truman, H. S., & Ferrell, R. H. (1997). ''Off the Record: The Private Papers of Harry S. Truman.'' Columbia: University of Missouri Press. * Truman, H. S., Truman, B. W., & Ferrell, R. H. (1998). ''Dear Bess: The Letters from Harry to Bess Truman, 1910-1959.'' Columbia: University of Missouri Press.
The papers of Harry S. Truman
The Truman Library. Biographies of with significant information about * Levantrosser, W. F. (1986). ''Harry S. Truman: The Man from Independence.'' New York: Greenwood Press. * McCullough, D. (1992). ''Truman.'' New York: Simon & Schuster. * Truman, H. S., & Ferrell, R. H. (2002). ''The Autobiography of Harry S. Truman.'' Columbia: University of Missouri Press.

Mamie Eisenhower

Mamie Geneva Eisenhower, ''née'' Doud; (born November 14, 1896 died November 1, 1979); (in position January 20, 1953 January 20, 1961); She was the wife of

Dwight Eisenhower Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (born David Dwight Eisenhower; ; October 14, 1890 – March 28, 1969) was an American military officer and statesman who served as the 34th president of the United States from 1953 to 1961. During World War II, ...

. She was the last First Lady to be born in the nineteenth century. Books * Eisenhower, S. (1997). ''Mrs. Ike: Memories and reflections on the life of Mamie Eisenhower''. Albany, NY: Ferrous Books. * Holt, M. I. (2007). ''Mamie Doud Eisenhower: The General's First Lady.'' Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. Primary sources
The papers of Dwight David Eisenhower
The United States National Archives. * Eisenhower, D. D., Chandler, A. D., Galambos, L., Van, E. D. (2003). ''The Papers of Dwight David Eisenhower.'' Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Biographies of with significant information about * Ambrose, S. E. (1983). ''Eisenhower''. New York: Simon and Schuster.

Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis

Jacqueline Lee Kennedy Onassis, ''née'' Bouvier; (born July 28, 1929 died May 19, 1994); (In position January 20, 1961 November 22, 1963); She was the wife of

John F. Kennedy John Fitzgerald Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), often referred to by his initials JFK and the nickname Jack, was an American politician who served as the 35th president of the United States from 1961 until his assassination ...

. Books * Adler, B. (2014). The Eloquent Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis: A portrait in her own words. New York: HarperCollins. * Alam, M. B. (2007). ''Jackie Kennedy: Trailblazer''. New York: Nova History Publications. * Leaming, B. (2015). ''Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis: The Untold Story.'' New York: Thomas Dunne Books. * Perry, B. A. (2019). ''Jacqueline Kennedy: First Lady of the New Frontier.'' Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. * Pottker, J. (2002). ''Janet and Jackie: The Story of a Mother and Her Daughter''. New York: St. Martin's Press. * Spoto, D. (2000). ''Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis: A Life.'' New York: St. Martin's Press. Journal articles * Walton, W. (2013)
Jacqueline Kennedy, Frenchness, and French-American Relations in the 1950s and Early 1960s
''French Politics, Culture & Society'', ''31''(2), pp. 34–57. Primary sources * Ritchie, D., & Schlesinger, A. (2012)
Jacqueline Kennedy: Historical Conversations On Her Life With John F. Kennedy
''The Oral History Review'', ''39''(1), pp. 162–165. Biographies of with significant information about * O'Brien, M. (2006). ''John F. Kennedy: A Biography''. New York: St. Martin's Press.

Lady Bird Johnson

Claudia Alta "Lady Bird" Johnson, ''née'' Taylor; (born December 22, 1912 died July 11, 2007); (in position November 22, 1963 January 20, 1969); She was the wife of

Lyndon B. Johnson Lyndon Baines Johnson (; August 27, 1908January 22, 1973), often referred to by his initials LBJ, was an American politician who served as the 36th president of the United States from 1963 to 1969. He had previously served as the 37th vice ...

. Books * Gillette, M. L. (2015). ''Lady Bird Johnson: An oral history.'' New York: Oxford University Press. * Gould, L. L. (1999). ''Lady Bird Johnson: Our Environmental First Lady.'' Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. * Johnson, C. A. (2012). ''Lady Bird Johnson''. New York: Oxford University Press. * Russell, J. J. (2014). ''Lady Bird: A Biography of Mrs. Johnson''. New York: Simon and Schuster. Journal articles * Gould, L. (1986)
First Lady as Catalyst: Lady Bird Johnson and Highway Beautification in the 1960s.
''Environmental Review'', ''10''(2), pp. 77–92. * Koman, R. (2001)
"...To Leave This Splendor for Our Grandchildren": Lady Bird Johnson, Environmentalist Extraordinaire.
''OAH Magazine of History'', ''15''(3), pp. 30–34. * Smith, N. (1990)
Private Reflections on a Public Life: The Papers on Lady Bird Johnson at the LBJ Library
''Presidential Studies Quarterly'', ''20''(4), pp. 737–744. Biographies of Lyndon Johnson with significant information about Lady Bird Johnson * Caro, R. A. (1982/1990/2002/2012) ''The Years of Lyndon Johnson (4 vols.).'' New York: Knopf. * Dallek, Robert (2005). ''Lyndon B. Johnson: Portrait of a President''. New York: Oxford University Press.

Pat Nixon

Thelma Catherine "Pat" Nixon, ''née'' Ryan; (born March 16, 1912 died June 22, 1993); (in position January 20, 1969 August 9, 1974); She was the wife of

Richard Nixon Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913April 22, 1994) was the 37th president of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974. A member of the Republican Party, he previously served as a representative and senator from California and was ...

. Books * Brennan, M. C. (2011). ''Pat Nixon: Embattled First Lady''. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. * Eisenhower, J. N. (1986). ''Pat Nixon: The Untold Story.'' New York: Simon & Schuster. * David, L. (1978). ''The Lonely Lady of San Clemente: The Story of Pat Nixon''. New York: Berkley Publishing. * Swift, W. (2014). ''Pat and Dick: The Nixons, An Intimate Portrait of a Marriage''. New York: Simon & Schuster. Biographies of Richard Nixon with significant information about Pat Nixon * Farrell, J. A. (2017). ''Richard Nixon: The Life.'' New York: Doubleday. * Thomas, E. (2016). ''Being Nixon: A Man Divided.'' New York: Random House.

Betty Ford

Elizabeth Anne Ford, ''née'' Bloomer, formerly Warren; (born April 8, 1918 died July 8, 2011); (in position August 9, 1974 January 20, 1977); She was the wife of

Gerald R. Ford Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr. ( ; born Leslie Lynch King Jr.; July 14, 1913December 26, 2006) was an American politician who served as the 38th president of the United States from 1974 to 1977. He was the only president never to have been elected ...

. Books * McCubbin, L. (2019). ''Betty Ford: First Lady, Women's Advocate, Survivor, Trailblazer.'' New York :Gallery Books. * Greene, J. R. (2019). ''Betty Ford: Candor and Courage in the White House.'' Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. Journal articles * Borrelli, M. (2001)
Competing Conceptions of the First Ladyship: Public Responses to Betty Ford's "60 Minutes" Interview
''Presidential Studies Quarterly'', ''31''(3), pp. 397–414. * Tobin, L. (1990)
Betty Ford as First Lady: A Woman for Women
'' Presidential Studies Quarterly'', ''20''(4), pp. 761–767. Biographies of Gerald Ford with significant information about Betty Ford * Cannon, J., & Cannon, S. (2014). ''Gerald R. Ford: An Honorable Life.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

Rosalynn Carter

Eleanor Rosalynn Carter, ''née'' Smith; (born August 18, 1927); (in position January 20, 1977 January 20, 1981); She is the wife of

Jimmy Carter James Earl Carter Jr. (born October 1, 1924) is an American politician who served as the 39th president of the United States from 1977 to 1981. A member of the Democratic Party (United States), Democratic Party, he previously served as th ...

. Books * Godbold, E. S. (2010). ''Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter: The Georgia Years, 1924-1974.'' New York: Oxford University Press. * Kaufman, S. (2007). ''Rosalynn Carter: Equal Partner in the White House''. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. Journal articles * The American Bar Association
Human Rights Heroes: Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter
(2003). ''Human Rights'', ''30''(1), pp. 24–24. * Jensen, F. (1990)
An Awesome Responsibility: Rosalynn Carter as First Lady
''Presidential Studies Quarterly'', 20(4), pp. 769–775. * Smith, K. (1997)
The First Lady Represents America: Rosalynn Carter in South America
''Presidential Studies Quarterly'', ''27''(3), pp. 540–548. Primary sources * Carter, J. (2015). A Full Life: Reflections at Ninety. New York: Simon & Schuster. * Carter, R. (1994). ''First Lady from Plains''. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press. Biographies of Jimmy Carter with significant information about Rosalynn Carter * Balmer, R. (2014). ''Redeemer: The Life of Jimmy Carter.'' New York: Basic Books. * Eizenstat, S., & Albright, M. K. (2020). ''President Carter: The White House Years''. New York: St. Martin's Press.

Nancy Reagan

Nancy Davis Reagan Nancy Davis Reagan (; born Anne Frances Robbins; July 6, 1921 – March 6, 2016) was an American film actress and First Lady of the United States from 1981 to 1989. She was the second wife of president Ronald Reagan. Reagan was born in New ...

, ''née'' Robbins, later Davis (adoption); (born July 6, 1921 died March 6, 2016); (in position January 20, 1981 January 20, 1989); She was the wife of

Ronald Reagan Ronald Wilson Reagan ( ; February 6, 1911June 5, 2004) was an American politician, actor, and union leader who served as the 40th president of the United States from 1981 to 1989. He also served as the 33rd governor of California from 1967 ...

. Books * Benze, James G. (2005). ''Nancy Reagan: On the White House Stage.'' Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. * Deaver, M. K. (2004). ''Nancy: A Portrait of My Years with Nancy Reagan.'' New York: William Morrow. * Leamer, L. (1983). ''Make-Believe: The Story of Nancy and Ronald Reagan''. New York: HarperCollins. * Loizeau, P. M. (2004). ''Nancy Reagan: The Woman Behind the Man.'' Hauppauge, NY: Nova Publishers. * Loizeau, P. M. (2005). ''Nancy Reagan in Perspective.'' Hauppauge, NY: Nova Publishers. * Schifando, P., & Joseph, J. (2007). ''Entertaining at the White House with Nancy Reagan.'' New York: William Morrow. * Wertheimer, M. M. (2004). ''Nancy Reagan in Perspective''. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. Journal articles * Benez, J. (1990)
Nancy Reagan: China Doll or Dragon Lady?
''Presidential Studies Quarterly'', ''20''(4), pp. 777–790. * Stimpson, C. (1988)
Nancy Reagan Wears a Hat: Feminism and Its Cultural Consensus
''Critical Inquiry'', ''14''(2), pp. 223–243. Primary sources * Reagan, N., & Libby, B. (1980). ''Nancy: The Autobiography of America's First Lady.'' New York: HarperCollins. * Reagan, N., & Novak, W. (1989). ''My Turn: The Memoirs of Nancy Reagan.'' New York: Random House. * Reagan, N., & Reagan, R. (2002). ''I Love You, Ronnie: The Letters of Ronald Reagan to Nancy Reagan.'' New York: Random House. Biographies of Ronald Reagan with significant information about Nancy Reagan * Cannon, Lou (2003). ''Governor Reagan: His Rise to Power.'' New York: Public Affairs. * Cannon, L. (2008). ''President Reagan: The Role of a Lifetime''. New York: PublicAffairs.

Barbara Bush

Barbara Pierce Bush, ''née'' Pierce; (born June 8, 1925 died April 17, 2018); (in position January 20, 1989 January 20, 1993); She was the wife of

George H. W. Bush George Herbert Walker BushSince around 2000, he has been usually called George H. W. Bush, Bush Senior, Bush 41 or Bush the Elder to distinguish him from his eldest son, George W. Bush, who served as the 43rd president from 2001 to 2009; pr ...

. She is one of two individuals to be both a wife and mother of a President. Books * Gullan, H. I. (2001). ''Faith of our Mothers: The Stories of Presidential Mothers from Mary Washington to Barbara Bush''. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans. * Kelley, K. (2005). ''The Family: The Real Story of the Bush Dynasty''. New York: Anchor Books. * Killian, P. (2003). ''Barbara Bush: Matriarch of a Dynasty''. New York: St. Martin's Press. * Myra, G. G. (2018). ''Barbara Bush: Presidential Matriarch''. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. * Page, S. (2019). ''The Matriarch: Barbara Bush and the Making of an American Dynasty''. New York: Twelve. * Radcliffe, D. (1990). ''Simply Barbara Bush: A Portrait of America's Candid First Lady''. New York: Warner Books. Journal articles * Hertz, R., & Reverby, S. (1995)
Gentility, Gender, and Political Protest: The Barbara Bush Controversy at Wellesley College
''Gender and Society'', ''9''(5), pp. 594–611. Primary sources * Bush, B. (1994). ''Barbara Bush: A Memoir''. New York: Scribner. * Bush, B. (2004). ''Reflections: Life After the White House''. New York: Scribner. Biographies of George H. W. Bush with significant information about Barbara Bush *

Hillary Clinton

Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton, ''née'' Rodham; October 26, 1947; She is the wife of

Bill Clinton William Jefferson Clinton ( né Blythe III; born August 19, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 42nd president of the United States from 1993 to 2001. He previously served as governor of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981 and agai ...

. After her time as First Lady, she became a United States Senator and later Secretary of State. She is the only First Lady to have held national office. She became the first woman to run for President on a major party ticket and the first First Lady to run for President in 2016. * See Bibliography of Hillary Clinton

Laura Bush

Laura Lane Welch Bush, ''née'' Welch; (born November 4, 1946); (in position January 20, 2001 January 20, 2009); She is the wife of

George W. Bush George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 43rd president of the United States from 2001 to 2009. A member of the Republican Party, Bush family, and son of the 41st president George H. W. Bush, he ...

. Books * Gerhart, A. (2014). ''The Perfect Wife: The life and choices of Laura Bush''. New York: Simon & Schuster. * Kelley, K. (2005). ''The Family: The Real Story of the Bush Dynasty''. New York: Anchor Books. * Kessler, R. (2006). ''Laura Bush: An Intimate Portrait of the First Lady''. New York: Doubleday. Journal articles * Burns, L. (2005)
Collective Memory and the Candidates' Wives in the 2004 Presidential Campaign
''Rhetoric and Public Affairs'', ''8''(4), pp. 684–688. * Kniffel, L. (2001)
First Lady, First Librarian
''American Libraries'', 32(2), pp. 50–51. * Kniffel, L. (2008)
8 Years Later: Laura Bush: Librarian in the White House
''American Libraries'', ''39''(11), 42-47. * MacManus, S., & Quecan, A. (2008)
Spouses as Campaign Surrogates: Strategic Appearances by Presidential and Vice Presidential Candidates' Wives in the 2004 Election
''Political Science and Politics'', ''41''(2), pp. 337–348. * Muller, P. (2002)
Leveraging Laura Bush
''American Libraries'', ''33''(3), pp. 38–38. * Nixie, K., & Gilles, M. (2009)
Mixed Reviews on Laura Bush
''American Libraries'', ''40''(1/2), pp. 10–10. * Sulfaro, V. (2007)
Affective Evaluations of First Ladies: A Comparison of Hillary Clinton and Laura Bush
''Presidential Studies Quarterly'', ''37''(3), pp. 486–514. Primary sources * Bush, L. (2014). ''Spoken from the Heart''. New York: Scribner. Biographies of with significant information about * Smith, J. E. (2017). Bush. New York: Simon & Schuster.

Michelle Obama

Michelle LaVaughn Robinson Obama, ''née'' Robinson; January 17, 1964; She is the wife of

Barack Obama Barack Hussein Obama II ( ; born August 4, 1961) is an American politician who served as the 44th president of the United States from 2009 to 2017. A member of the Democratic Party, Obama was the first African-American president of the U ...

. She is the first and only African American First Lady. Books * Journal articles * Primary sources * Obama, M. (2018). ''Becoming''. New York: Crown. * Biographies of with significant information about *

Melania Trump

Melania Trump Melania Trump ( ; born Melanija Knavs , Germanized as Melania Knauss ; born April 26, 1970) is a Slovene-American former model and businesswoman who served as First Lady of the United States from 2017 to 2021 as the wife of 45th president Do ...

, ''née'' Knavs, born Melanija Knavs; April 26, 1970; She is the wife of

Donald Trump Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is an American politician, media personality, and businessman who served as the 45th president of the United States from 2017 to 2021. Trump graduated from the Wharton School of the University of Pe ...

. She is the second first lady, after Louisa Adams, born outside the United States. Books * Journal articles * Primary sources * Biographies of with significant information about Melania Trump *

Jill Biden

Jill Tracy Jacobs Biden, ''née'' Jacobs, born June 3, 1951; She is the second wife of Joe Biden; his first wife,

Neilia Hunter Biden Neilia Hunter Biden (July 28, 1942 – December 18, 1972) was an American teacher and the first wife of Joe Biden, the 46th and current president of the United States. She died in a car crash in 1972 with her one-year-old daughter, Naomi. Her t ...

died in 1972 prior to his becoming President of the United States. Books * Journal articles * Primary sources * Biographies of with significant information about Jill Biden *

Notes

References

External links

The Presidents
The Miller Center, University of Virginia
The National First Ladies Library

Library of Congress The Library of Congress (LOC) is the research library that officially serves the United States Congress and is the ''de facto'' national library of the United States. It is the oldest federal cultural institution in the country. The library is ...

.
Office of the First Lady

WhiteHouse.gov whitehouse.gov (also simply known as wh.gov) is the official website of the White House and is managed by the Office of Digital Strategy. It was launched on July 29, 1994 by the Clinton administration. The content of the website is in the ...

First Lady's Gallery
WhiteHouse.gov
The First Ladies at the Smithsonian
An online exhibition from the

National Museum of American History The National Museum of American History: Kenneth E. Behring Center collects, preserves, and displays the heritage of the United States in the areas of social, political, cultural, scientific, and military history. Among the items on display is t ...

;

Smithsonian Institution The Smithsonian Institution ( ), or simply the Smithsonian, is a group of museums and education and research centers, the largest such complex in the world, created by the U.S. government "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge". Founded ...

{{First Ladies and Gentlemen *

United States The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territorie ...

Political bibliographies