Bernard Bailyn
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Bernard Bailyn (September 10, 1922 – August 7, 2020) was an American historian, author, and academic specializing in U.S. Colonial and Revolutionary-era History. He was a professor at
Harvard University Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Founded in 1636 as Harvard College and named for its first benefactor, the Puritan clergyman John Harvard, it is the oldest institution of higher le ...
from 1953. Bailyn won the
Pulitzer Prize for History The Pulitzer Prize for History, administered by Columbia University, is one of the seven American Pulitzer Prizes that are annually awarded for Letters, Drama, and Music. It has been presented since 1917 for a distinguished book about the history ...
twice (in 1968 and 1987)."History"
''Past winners & finalists by category''. The Pulitzer Prizes. Retrieved 2012-03-17.
In 1998 the
National Endowment for the Humanities The National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) is an independent federal agency of the U.S. government, established by thNational Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities Act of 1965(), dedicated to supporting research, education, preserv ...
selected him for the
Jefferson Lecture The Jefferson Lecture in the Humanities is an honorary lecture series established in 1972 by the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH). According to the NEH, the Lecture is "the highest honor the federal government confers for distinguished ...
.Jefferson Lecturers
at NEH Website (retrieved January 22, 2009).
He was a recipient of the 2010
National Humanities Medal The National Humanities Medal is an American award that annually recognizes several individuals, groups, or institutions for work that has "deepened the nation's understanding of the humanities, broadened our citizens' engagement with the human ...
. He specialized in American colonial and revolutionary-era history, looking at merchants, demographic trends, Loyalists, international links across the Atlantic, and especially the political ideas that motivated the Patriots. He was best known for studies of
republicanism Republicanism is a political ideology centered on citizenship in a state organized as a republic. Historically, it emphasises the idea of self-rule and ranges from the rule of a representative minority or oligarchy to popular sovereignty. It ...
and
Atlantic history Atlantic history is a specialty field in history that studies the Atlantic World in the early modern period. The Atlantic World was created by the discovery of a new land by Europeans, and Atlantic History is the study of that world. It is p ...
that transformed the scholarship in those fields. He was elected a Fellow of the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences The American Academy of Arts and Sciences (abbreviation: AAA&S) is one of the oldest learned societies in the United States. It was founded in 1780 during the American Revolution by John Adams, John Hancock, James Bowdoin, Andrew Oliver, and ...
in 1963 and a member of the
American Philosophical Society The American Philosophical Society (APS), founded in 1743 in Philadelphia, is a scholarly organization that promotes knowledge in the sciences and humanities through research, professional meetings, publications, library resources, and communit ...
in 1971.


Education

Bailyn was born in
Hartford, Connecticut Hartford is the capital city of the U.S. state of Connecticut. It was the seat of Hartford County until Connecticut disbanded county government in 1960. It is the core city in the Greater Hartford metropolitan area. Census estimates since the ...
in 1922, the son of Esther (Schloss) and Charles Manuel Bailyn. His family was Jewish. Bailyn earned his bachelor's degree from
Williams College Williams College is a Private college, private liberal arts colleges in the United States, liberal arts college in Williamstown, Massachusetts. It was established as a men's college in 1793 with funds from the estate of Ephraim Williams, a col ...
in 1945 and in 1953 earned his
Ph.D A Doctor of Philosophy (PhD, Ph.D., or DPhil; Latin: or ') is the most common degree at the highest academic level awarded following a course of study. PhDs are awarded for programs across the whole breadth of academic fields. Because it is ...
from
Harvard University Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Founded in 1636 as Harvard College and named for its first benefactor, the Puritan clergyman John Harvard, it is the oldest institution of higher le ...
. He was associated with Harvard for the rest of his life. As a
graduate student Postgraduate or graduate education refers to academic or professional degrees, certificates, diplomas, or other qualifications pursued by post-secondary students who have earned an undergraduate ( bachelor's) degree. The organization and stru ...
at Harvard, he studied under Perry Miller,
Samuel Eliot Morison Samuel Eliot Morison (July 9, 1887 – May 15, 1976) was an American historian noted for his works of maritime history and American history that were both authoritative and popular. He received his Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1912, and ta ...
, and
Oscar Handlin Oscar Handlin (1915–2011) was an American historian. As a professor of history at Harvard University for over 50 years, he directed 80 PhD dissertations and helped promote social and ethnic history, virtually inventing the field of immigration ...
. He was made a full professor in 1961, and professor emeritus in 1993. In 1979, he received an honorary doctorate from
Grinnell College Grinnell College is a private liberal arts college in Grinnell, Iowa, United States. It was founded in 1846 when a group of New England Congregationalists established the Trustees of Iowa College. Grinnell has the fifth highest endowment-to-stu ...
in Grinnell, Iowa.


History books

Bernard Bailyn was the author of ''The Ideological Origins of the
American Revolution The American Revolution was an ideological and political revolution that occurred in British America between 1765 and 1791. The Americans in the Thirteen Colonies formed independent states that defeated the British in the American Revolut ...
'' (1967), which was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for History in 1968. He was the editor of ''The Apologia of
Robert Keayne Robert Keayne (1595 – March 23, 1656) was a prominent public figure in 17th-century Boston, Massachusetts. He co-founded the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts and served as speaker of the House of the Massachusetts Gene ...
'' (1965) and of the two-volume ''Debate on the Constitution'' (1993). He co-authored ''The Great Republic'' (1977), an American history textbook, and was co-editor of ''The Intellectual Migration, Europe and America, 1930–1960'' (1969), ''Law in American History'' (1972), ''The Press and the American Revolution'' (1980), and ''Strangers Within the Realm: Cultural Margins of the First British Empire'' (1991).


Major themes and ideas

Bailyn's dissertation and first publications dealt with
New England New England is a region comprising six states in the Northeastern United States: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont. It is bordered by the state of New York to the west and by the Canadian provinces ...
merchants A merchant is a person who trades in commodities produced by other people, especially one who trades with foreign countries. Historically, a merchant is anyone who is involved in business or trade. Merchants have operated for as long as industry ...
. He argued that
international commerce International trade is the exchange of capital, goods, and services across international borders or territories because there is a need or want of goods or services. (see: World economy) In most countries, such trade represents a significant ...
was an uncertain business, given the high risk of losses at sea in the very long turnaround times meant that information was often too old to be useful. Merchants reduced the uncertainty by pooling their resources, especially with marriages to other merchant families, and placing their kinfolk as trusted agents in
London London is the capital and largest city of England and the United Kingdom, with a population of just under 9 million. It stands on the River Thames in south-east England at the head of a estuary down to the North Sea, and has been a majo ...
and other foreign ports. International commerce became a chief means of growing rich in
colonial Massachusetts Colonial or The Colonial may refer to: * Colonial, of, relating to, or characteristic of a colony or colony (biology) Architecture * American colonial architecture * French Colonial * Spanish Colonial architecture Automobiles * Colonial (1920 ...
. However, there was an ongoing tension between the
entrepreneurial Entrepreneurship is the creation or extraction of economic value. With this definition, entrepreneurship is viewed as change, generally entailing risk beyond what is normally encountered in starting a business, which may include other values th ...
spirit on the one hand and traditional
Puritan The Puritans were English Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries who sought to purify the Church of England of Catholic Church, Roman Catholic practices, maintaining that the Church of England had not been fully reformed and should become m ...
culture on the other. The world of merchants became an engine of social change, undermining the isolationism,
scholasticism Scholasticism was a medieval school of philosophy that employed a critical organic method of philosophical analysis predicated upon the Aristotelian 10 Categories. Christian scholasticism emerged within the monastic schools that translate ...
, and religious zeal of the Puritan leadership. Bailyn pointed the younger generation of historians away from Puritan theology and toward broader social and economic forces. Bailyn expanded his research to the social structure of
Virginia Virginia, officially the Commonwealth of Virginia, is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern regions of the United States, between the Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth ar ...
, showing how its leadership class was transformed in the 1660s. Like Edmund Morgan at
Brown University Brown University is a private research university in Providence, Rhode Island. Brown is the seventh-oldest institution of higher education in the United States, founded in 1764 as the College in the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providenc ...
and
Yale Yale University is a private research university in New Haven, Connecticut. Established in 1701 as the Collegiate School, it is the third-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and among the most prestigious in the wor ...
, Bailyn emphasized the multiple roles of the family in the colonial social system.A. Roger Ekirch, "Bernard Bailyn," in Clyde N. Wilson, ed. Twentieth-century American Historians (Gale Research Company, 1983) pp 19–26 Bailyn is known for meticulous research and for interpretations that sometimes challenge the conventional wisdom, especially those dealing with the causes and effects of the
American Revolution The American Revolution was an ideological and political revolution that occurred in British America between 1765 and 1791. The Americans in the Thirteen Colonies formed independent states that defeated the British in the American Revolut ...
. In his most influential work, ''The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution'', Bailyn analyzed pre-Revolutionary political
pamphlets A pamphlet is an unbound book (that is, without a hard cover or binding). Pamphlets may consist of a single sheet of paper that is printed on both sides and folded in half, in thirds, or in fourths, called a ''leaflet'' or it may consist of a ...
to show that colonists believed the British intended to establish a tyrannical state that would abridge the historical British rights. He thus argued that the Revolutionary rhetoric of liberty and freedom was not simply propagandistic but rather central to their understanding of the situation. This evidence was used to displace Charles A. Beard's theory, then the dominant understanding of the American Revolution, that the American Revolution was primarily a matter of
class warfare Class conflict, also referred to as class struggle and class warfare, is the political tension and economic antagonism that exists in society because of socio-economic competition among the social classes or between rich and poor. The forms ...
and that the
rhetoric Rhetoric () is the art of persuasion, which along with grammar and logic (or dialectic), is one of the three ancient arts of discourse. Rhetoric aims to study the techniques writers or speakers utilize to inform, persuade, or motivate parti ...
of liberty was meaningless. Bailyn maintained that
ideology An ideology is a set of beliefs or philosophies attributed to a person or group of persons, especially those held for reasons that are not purely epistemic, in which "practical elements are as prominent as theoretical ones." Formerly applied pri ...
was ingrained in the revolutionaries, an attitude he said exemplified the "transforming radicalism of the American Revolution." Bailyn argued that
republicanism Republicanism is a political ideology centered on citizenship in a state organized as a republic. Historically, it emphasises the idea of self-rule and ranges from the rule of a representative minority or oligarchy to popular sovereignty. It ...
was at the core of the values French radical thinkers had striven to affirm. He located the intellectual sources of the
American Revolution The American Revolution was an ideological and political revolution that occurred in British America between 1765 and 1791. The Americans in the Thirteen Colonies formed independent states that defeated the British in the American Revolut ...
within a broader British political framework, explaining how English country Whig ideas about
civic virtue Civic virtue is the harvesting of habits important for the success of a society. Closely linked to the concept of citizenship, civic virtue is often conceived as the dedication of citizens to the common welfare of each other even at the cost of t ...
,
corruption Corruption is a form of dishonesty or a criminal offense which is undertaken by a person or an organization which is entrusted in a position of authority, in order to acquire illicit benefits or abuse power for one's personal gain. Corruption m ...
, ancient rights, and fear of
autocracy Autocracy is a system of government in which absolute power over a state is concentrated in the hands of one person, whose decisions are subject neither to external legal restraints nor to regularized mechanisms of popular control (except perh ...
were, in the colonies, transformed into the ideology of republicanism. According to Bailyn, In Bailyn's assessment, contested libertarian meanings change through time as "the colonists" struggled to define, and to pursue, the property of independence. Recent historians hold that more than any other "colonist," Boston waterfront rebels channeled their "
cosmopolitanism Cosmopolitanism is the idea that all human beings are members of a single community. Its adherents are known as cosmopolitan or cosmopolite. Cosmopolitanism is both prescriptive and aspirational, believing humans can and should be " world citizens ...
into a belief that 'the cause of America' was a libertarian 'cause for all mankind." In her memorial tribute, Harvard historian
Joyce Chaplin Joyce E. Chaplin (born July 28, 1960, in Antioch, California) is an American historian and academic known for her writing and research on early American history, environmental history, and intellectual history. She is the James Duncan Phillips Prof ...
noted Bernard Bailyn's resistance to "dichotomies" and his attention to "granular" records and culture.


Social history

In the 1980s, Bailyn turned from political and intellectual history to social and
demographic history Demographic history is the reconstructed record of human population in the past. Given the lack of population records prior to the 1950s, there are many gaps in our record of demographic history. Historical demographers must make do with estimates, ...
. His histories of the peopling of colonial North America explored questions of
immigration Immigration is the international movement of people to a destination country of which they are not natives or where they do not possess citizenship in order to settle as permanent residents or naturalized citizens. Commuters, tourists, and ...
, cultural contact, and settlement that his mentor Handlin had pioneered decades earlier. Bailyn was a major innovator in new research techniques, such as quantification, collective biography, and kinship analysis. Bailyn is representative of those scholars who believe in the concept of
American exceptionalism American exceptionalism is the belief that the United States is inherently different from other nations. Peggy Noonan, an American political pundit, wrote in ''The Wall Street Journal'' that "America is not exceptional because it has long att ...
but avoid the
terminology Terminology is a group of specialized words and respective meanings in a particular field, and also the study of such terms and their use; the latter meaning is also known as terminology science. A ''term'' is a word, compound word, or multi-wor ...
, and thereby avoid getting entangled in
rhetorical Rhetoric () is the art of persuasion, which along with grammar and logic (or dialectic), is one of the three ancient arts of discourse. Rhetoric aims to study the techniques writers or speakers utilize to inform, persuade, or motivate parti ...
debates. According to Michael Kammen and Stanley N. Katz:


Atlantic history

As a leading advocate of
Atlantic history Atlantic history is a specialty field in history that studies the Atlantic World in the early modern period. The Atlantic World was created by the discovery of a new land by Europeans, and Atlantic History is the study of that world. It is p ...
, Bailyn organized an annual international seminar on the "History of the Atlantic World" from the mid-1980s onward. Through the seminar, he promoted social and demographic studies, especially regarding flows of population into colonial America. Bailyn's ''Atlantic History: Concepts and Contours'' (2005) explores the borders and contents of the emerging field, which emphasizes cosmopolitan and multicultural elements that have tended to be neglected or considered in isolation by traditional historiography dealing with the Americas.


Personal life

Bailyn was married to MIT Professor of Management Lotte Bailyn (née Lazarsfeld). His two sons are
Charles Bailyn Charles David Bailyn (born October 27, 1959) is the A. Bartlett Giamatti Professor of Astronomy and Physics at Yale University and inaugural dean of faculty at Yale-NUS College. Education He earned a B.S. in astronomy and physics from Yale in 1 ...
, who is an astrophysicist at
Yale University Yale University is a private research university in New Haven, Connecticut. Established in 1701 as the Collegiate School, it is the third-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and among the most prestigious in the wo ...
, and John Bailyn, a
linguist Linguistics is the scientific study of human language. It is called a scientific study because it entails a comprehensive, systematic, objective, and precise analysis of all aspects of language, particularly its nature and structure. Linguis ...
at
Stony Brook University Stony Brook University (SBU), officially the State University of New York at Stony Brook, is a public research university in Stony Brook, New York. Along with the University at Buffalo, it is one of the State University of New York system's ...
. Bailyn died on August 7, 2020, at his home in Belmont, Massachusetts. He was 97 and suffered from heart failure.


Students

Former students of Bailyn include
Pulitzer Prize The Pulitzer Prize () is an award for achievements in newspaper, magazine, online journalism, literature, and musical composition within the United States. It was established in 1917 by provisions in the will of Joseph Pulitzer, who had made h ...
winners Michael Kammen, Jack N. Rakove, and
Gordon S. Wood Gordon Stewart Wood (born November 27, 1933) is an American historian and professor at Brown University. He is a recipient of the 1993 Pulitzer Prize for History for '' The Radicalism of the American Revolution'' (1992). His book ''The Creation o ...
, as well as Pulitzer Prize finalist
Mary Beth Norton Mary Beth Norton (born 1943) is an American historian, specializing in American colonial history and well known for her work on women's history and the Salem witch trials. She is the Mary Donlon Alger Professor Emeritus of American History at t ...
. Other notable Bailyn students include: * Fred Anderson (''Crucible of War'' and ''A People's Army''); * Virginia DeJohn Anderson (''Creatures of Empire'') * Mary Sarah Bilder * Richard L. Bushman (''From Puritan to Yankee''); * Philip J. Greven (''The Protestant Temperament'', ''Spare the Child''); * Richard D. Brown (''Revolutionary Politics in Massachusetts: The Boston Committee of Correspondence and the Towns, 1772–1774'' and ''Knowledge Is Power: The Diffusion of Information in Early America, 1700–1865''); * Sally E. Hadden (''Slave Patrols'') * David Hancock (historian) ("Oceans of Wine: Madeira and the Emergence of American Trade and Taste," "Citizens of the World: London Merchants and the Integration of the British Atlantic Community, 1735–1785) * James Henretta (''Families and farms: Mentalité in Pre-Industrial America''); *
Peter Charles Hoffer Peter may refer to: People * List of people named Peter, a list of people and fictional characters with the given name * Peter (given name) ** Saint Peter (died 60s), apostle of Jesus, leader of the early Christian Church * Peter (surname), a su ...
(''Law and People in Colonial America'', among others) * Daniel Hulsebosch, Russell D. Niles Professor of Law at
New York University School of Law New York University School of Law (NYU Law) is the law school of New York University, a private research university in New York City. Established in 1835, it is the oldest law school in New York City and the oldest surviving law school in N ...
* Stanley N. Katz (''Newcastle's New York'') *
James Kettner James is a common English language surname and given name: *James (name), the typically masculine first name James * James (surname), various people with the last name James James or James City may also refer to: People * King James (disambiguat ...
(''The Development of American Citizenship, 1608-1870'') * David Konig,
Washington University in St. Louis Washington University in St. Louis (WashU or WUSTL) is a private research university with its main campus in St. Louis County, and Clayton, Missouri. Founded in 1853, the university is named after George Washington. Washington University is r ...
professor of law and history *
Pauline Maier Pauline Alice Maier (née Rubbelke; April 27, 1938 – August 12, 2013) was a revisionist historian of the American Revolution, whose work also addressed the late colonial period and the history of the United States after the end of the Revolut ...
(''American Scripture'' on the Declaration and ''Ratification: The People Debate the Constitution, 1787–1788'', winner of the 2011
George Washington Book Prize The George Washington Book Prize was instituted in 2005 and is awarded annually to the best book on the founding era of the United States; especially ones that have the potential to advance broad public understanding of American history. It is admi ...
and the Fraunces Tavern Book Prize); * William E. Nelson, legal and constitutional historian and Edward Weinfeld Professor of Law at
New York University School of Law New York University School of Law (NYU Law) is the law school of New York University, a private research university in New York City. Established in 1835, it is the oldest law school in New York City and the oldest surviving law school in N ...
, author of ''The Fourteenth Amendment: From Political Principle to Judicial Doctrine'' (1988), winner of the Littleton-Griswold Prize of the
American Historical Association The American Historical Association (AHA) is the oldest professional association of historians in the United States and the largest such organization in the world. Founded in 1884, the AHA works to protect academic freedom, develop professional s ...
, and many other books * Daniel Oliver (policymaker), former executive editor of ''
National Review ''National Review'' is an American conservative editorial magazine, focusing on news and commentary pieces on political, social, and cultural affairs. The magazine was founded by the author William F. Buckley Jr. in 1955. Its editor-in-chief i ...
'' and former chairman of the
Federal Trade Commission The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) is an independent agency of the United States government whose principal mission is the enforcement of civil (non-criminal) antitrust law and the promotion of consumer protection. The FTC shares jurisdiction ov ...
* Jeffrey Pasley (''The First Presidential Contest'', ''The Tyranny of Printers'', ''Beyond the Founders'' * Mark A. Peterson (''The City State of Boston''); *George David Smith (practitioner of applied economic and business history and founding partner of The Winthrop Group, Inc. ''Anatomy of a Business Strategy" o-winner: Best book on Business and Industry, American Publishers' Assn. "From Monopoly to Competition;" "The New Financial Capitalists,'' with George Baker; ''History of The Firm cKinsey & Co.'' lead author, *
Peter H. Wood Peter Hutchins Wood (born 1943 in St. Louis, Missouri) is an American historian and author of ''Black Majority: Negroes in Colonial South Carolina from 1670 through the Stono Rebellion'' (1974). It has been described as one of the most influenti ...
(''Black Majority''); * Michael Zuckerman (''Peaceable Kingdoms'') Many of these historians have gone on to train a new generation of American historians; others have branched out into fields as diverse as law and the history of science.


See also

* Early American publishers and printers#American Revolution


Bibliography

* * ''Massachusetts Shipping, 1697–1714: A Statistical Study'' (with Lotte Bailyn). Harvard University Press, 1959. * ''Education in the Forming of American Society: Needs and Opportunities for Study''. University of North Carolina Press, 1960. * Awarded the
Pulitzer Prize The Pulitzer Prize () is an award for achievements in newspaper, magazine, online journalism, literature, and musical composition within the United States. It was established in 1917 by provisions in the will of Joseph Pulitzer, who had made h ...
and the
Bancroft Prize The Bancroft Prize is awarded each year by the trustees of Columbia University for books about diplomacy or the history of the Americas. It was established in 1948, with a bequest from Frederic Bancroft, in his memory and that of his brother, ...
in 1968. * ''The Origins of American Politics''. Knopf, 1968. * ''The Ordeal of Thomas Hutchinson''. Harvard University Press, 1974; winner of the 1975
National Book Award The National Book Awards are a set of annual U.S. literary awards. At the final National Book Awards Ceremony every November, the National Book Foundation presents the National Book Awards and two lifetime achievement awards to authors. The Nat ...
in History. * ''The Great Republic: A History of the American People''. Little, Brown, 1977; coauthored college textbook; several editions. * ''The Peopling of British North America: An Introduction''. Knopf, 1986. * '' Voyagers to the West: A Passage in the Peopling of America on the Eve of the Revolution''. Knopf, 1986; won the Pulitzer Prize in History, the Saloutos Award of the Immigration History Society, and distinguished book awards from the Society of Colonial Wars and the
Society of the Cincinnati The Society of the Cincinnati is a fraternal, hereditary society founded in 1783 to commemorate the American Revolutionary War that saw the creation of the United States. Membership is largely restricted to descendants of military officers wh ...
. * ''Faces of Revolution: Personalities and Themes in the Struggle for American Independence''. Knopf, 1990. * Bailyn, Bernard, ed. ''The Debate on the Constitution: Federalist and Antifederalist Speeches, Articles, and Letters During the Struggle for Ratification''. Part One: ''September 1787 to February 1788''. Library of America, 1993. * Bailyn, Bernard, ed. ''The Debate on the Constitution: Federalist and Antifederalist Speeches, Articles, and Letters During the Struggle for Ratification''. Part Two: ''January to August 1788''. Library of America, 1993. * ''On the Teaching and Writing of History''. 1994. * Edited version of the 1995 Charles La Trobe Lecture. * ''To Begin the World Anew: The Genius and Ambiguities of the American Founders''. Knopf, 2003. * ''Atlantic History: Concept and Contours''. Harvard University Press, 2005. * ''The Barbarous Years: The Peopling of British North America: The Conflict of Civilizations, 1600–1675'', Alfred A. Knopf, 2012, . * ''Sometimes an Art: Nine Essays on History'', Alfred A. Knopf, 2015, .


References


Further reading

*Boyd, Kelly, ed. ''Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writers'' (Rutledge, 1999) 1:66–68. * Coclanis, Peter A. "Drang Nach Osten: Bernard Bailyn, the World-Island, and the Idea of Atlantic History." ''Journal of World History'' 13.1 (2002): 169–182. *Ekirch, A. Roger "Bernard Bailyn," in Clyde N. Wilson, ed. ''Twentieth-century American Historians'' (Gale Research Company, 1983) pp 19–26 * Kammen, Michael and Stanley N. Katz, "Bernard Bailyn, Historian, and Teacher: An Appreciation." in James A. Henretta, Michael Kämmen, and Stanley N. Katz, eds. ''The Transformation of Early American History: Society, Authority, and Ideology'' (1991) pp 3–15 * Rakove, Jack N. "'How Else Could It End?' Bernard Bailyn and the Problem of Authority and Early America." in James A. Henretta, Michael Kämmen, and Stanley N. Katz, eds. ''The Transformation of Early American History: Society, Authority, and Ideology'' (1991) pp 51–69 * Rakove, Jack N. "Bernard Bailyn" in Robert Allen Rutland, ed. "Clio's Favorites: Leading Historians of the United States, 1945–2000" (U of Missouri Press. 2000) pp 5–22. * Wood, Gordon. "The creative imagination of Bernard Bailyn," in James A. Henretta, Michael Kämmen, and Stanley N. Katz, eds. ''The Transformation of Early American History: Society, Authority, and Ideology'' (1991) pp 16–50.


External links


"To Begin the World Anew"-Politics and the Creative Imagination
Jefferson Lecture The Jefferson Lecture in the Humanities is an honorary lecture series established in 1972 by the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH). According to the NEH, the Lecture is "the highest honor the federal government confers for distinguished ...
for the
National Endowment for the Humanities The National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) is an independent federal agency of the U.S. government, established by thNational Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities Act of 1965(), dedicated to supporting research, education, preserv ...

Bernard Bailyn: An AppreciationConsidering the Slave Trade: History and Memory
*

Charles C. Mann Charles C. Mann (born 1955) is an American journalist and author, specializing in scientific topics. In 2006 his book '' 1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus'' won the National Academies Communication Award for best book of the ...
, ''
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'', 4 January 2013 {{DEFAULTSORT:Bailyn, Bernard 1922 births 2020 deaths 20th-century American historians 20th-century American male writers 21st-century American historians 21st-century American male writers Academics of the University of Cambridge Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Foreign Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences Harvard University alumni Harvard University faculty Historians of the American Revolution Historians of the Thirteen Colonies Historians of political thought Jewish American historians National Book Award winners National Humanities Medal recipients Presidents of the American Historical Association Pulitzer Prize for History winners Quadrant (magazine) people Williams College alumni American male non-fiction writers Writers from Hartford, Connecticut Historians from Connecticut 21st-century American Jews Members of the American Philosophical Society