HOME

TheInfoList



OR:

The Free Speech Movement (FSM) was a massive, long-lasting
student protest Campus protest or student protest is a form of student activism that takes the form of protest at university campuses. Such protests encompass a wide range of activities that indicate student dissatisfaction with a given political or academ ...
which took place during the 1964–65 academic year on the campus of the
University of California, Berkeley The University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley, Berkeley, Cal, or California) is a public land-grant research university in Berkeley, California. Established in 1868 as the University of California, it is the state's first land-grant univ ...
. The Movement was informally under the central leadership of Berkeley graduate student
Mario Savio Mario Savio (December 8, 1942 – November 6, 1996) was an American activist and a key member of the Berkeley Free Speech Movement. He is most famous for his passionate speeches, especially the "Bodies Upon the Gears" address given at Spro ...
. Other student leaders include Jack Weinberg, Michael Rossman, George Barton, Brian Turner,
Bettina Aptheker Bettina Fay Aptheker (born September 13, 1944) is an American political activist, radical feminist, professor and author. Aptheker was active in civil rights and anti-war movements of the 1960s and 1970s, and has since worked in developing femini ...
, Steve Weissman, Michael Teal, Art Goldberg,
Jackie Goldberg Jacqueline "Jackie" Goldberg (born November 18, 1944) is an American politician and teacher serving as a member of the Los Angeles Unified School District Board of Education for the 5th district. Early life and education Goldberg was born in th ...
and others. With the participation of thousands of students, the Free Speech Movement was the first mass act of
civil disobedience Civil disobedience is the active, professed refusal of a citizen to obey certain laws, demands, orders or commands of a government (or any other authority). By some definitions, civil disobedience has to be nonviolent to be called "civil". Henc ...
on an American college campus in the 1960s. Students insisted that the university administration lift the ban of on-campus political activities and acknowledge the students' right to
free speech Freedom of speech is a principle that supports the freedom of an individual or a community to articulate their opinions and ideas without fear of retaliation, censorship, or legal sanction. The right to freedom of expression has been recogn ...
and
academic freedom Academic freedom is a moral and legal concept expressing the conviction that the freedom of inquiry by faculty members is essential to the mission of the academy as well as the principles of academia, and that scholars should have freedom to teach ...
. The Free Speech Movement was influenced by the New Left, and was also related to the
Civil Rights Movement The civil rights movement was a nonviolent social and political movement and campaign from 1954 to 1968 in the United States to abolish legalized institutional racial segregation, discrimination, and disenfranchisement throughout the United ...
and the
Anti-Vietnam War Movement Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War (before) or anti-Vietnam War movement (present) began with demonstrations in 1965 against the escalating role of the United States in the Vietnam War and grew into a broad social mov ...
. To this day, the Movement's legacy continues to shape American political dialogue both on college campuses and in broader society, influencing some political views and values of college students and the general public.


1964–1965


Background

In 1958, activist students organized
SLATE Slate is a fine-grained, foliated, homogeneous metamorphic rock derived from an original shale-type sedimentary rock composed of clay or volcanic ash through low-grade regional metamorphism. It is the finest grained foliated metamorphic rock. ...
, a campus political party meaning a "slate" of candidates running on the same level –a same "slate." The students created SLATE to promote the right of student groups to support off-campus issues. In the fall of 1964, student activists, some of whom had traveled with the
Freedom Riders Freedom Riders were civil rights activists who rode interstate buses into the segregated Southern United States in 1961 and subsequent years to challenge the non-enforcement of the United States Supreme Court decisions '' Morgan v. Virginia ...
and worked to register
African American African Americans (also referred to as Black Americans and Afro-Americans) are an ethnic group consisting of Americans with partial or total ancestry from sub-Saharan Africa. The term "African American" generally denotes descendants of enslav ...
voters in Mississippi in the
Freedom Summer Freedom Summer, also known as the Freedom Summer Project or the Mississippi Summer Project, was a volunteer campaign in the United States launched in June 1964 to attempt to register as many African-American voters as possible in Mississippi. ...
project, set up information tables on campus and were soliciting donations for causes connected to the
Civil Rights Movement The civil rights movement was a nonviolent social and political movement and campaign from 1954 to 1968 in the United States to abolish legalized institutional racial segregation, discrimination, and disenfranchisement throughout the United ...
. According to existing rules at the time, fundraising for political parties was limited exclusively to the Democratic and Republican school clubs. There was also a mandatory "
loyalty oath A loyalty oath is a pledge of allegiance to an organization, institution, or state of which an individual is a member. In the United States, such an oath has often indicated that the affiant has not been a member of a particular organization or ...
" required of faculty, which had led to dismissals and ongoing controversy over academic freedom.
Sol Stern Sol Stern (born 1935) is the author of the book ''Breaking Free: Public School Lessons and the Imperative of School Choice'' (2003) and has written extensively on education reform. Early life Stern was born in Ramat Gan, Israel (then Mandatory Pal ...
, a former radical who took part in the Free Speech Movement, stated in a 2014 ''
City Journal ''City Journal'' is a public policy magazine and website, published by the conservative Manhattan Institute for Policy Research, that covers a range of topics on urban affairs, such as policing, education, housing, and other issues. The magazine ...
'' article that the group viewed the United States government to be racist and imperialist, and that the main intent after lifting Berkeley's loyalty oath was to build on the legacy of
C. Wright Mills Charles Wright Mills (August 28, 1916 – March 20, 1962) was an American sociologist, and a professor of sociology at Columbia University from 1946 until his death in 1962. Mills published widely in both popular and intellectual journals, and i ...
. On September 14, 1964, Dean
Katherine Towle Colonel Katherine Amelia Towle (April 30, 1898 – March 1, 1986) was the second director of the United States Marine Corps Women's Reserve (USMCWR) and the first director of Women Marines. Biography Towle was born in Towle, California on Apri ...
announced that existing University regulations prohibiting advocacy of political causes or candidates, outside political speakers, recruitment of members, and fundraising by student organizations at the intersection of Bancroft and
Telegraph Telegraphy is the long-distance transmission of messages where the sender uses symbolic codes, known to the recipient, rather than a physical exchange of an object bearing the message. Thus flag semaphore is a method of telegraphy, whereas p ...
Avenues would be "strictly enforced."


Jack Weinberg and sit-in

On October 1, 1964, former graduate student Jack Weinberg was sitting at the
CORE Core or cores may refer to: Science and technology * Core (anatomy), everything except the appendages * Core (manufacturing), used in casting and molding * Core (optical fiber), the signal-carrying portion of an optical fiber * Core, the central ...
table. He refused to show his identification to the campus police and was arrested. There was a spontaneous movement of students to surround the police car in which he was to be transported. This was a form of civil disobedience that became a major part of the movement. These protests were meant to illustrate that the opposing side was in the wrong. The police car remained there for 32 hours, all while Weinberg was inside it. At one point, there may have been 3,000 students around the car. The car was used as a speaker's podium and a continuous public discussion was held which continued until the charges against Weinberg were dropped. On December 2, between 1,500 and 4,000 students went into
Sproul Hall Sproul Plaza (pronounced ) is one center of student activity at the University of California, Berkeley. It is divided into two sections: Upper Sproul and Lower Sproul. They are vertically separated by and linked by a set of stairs. History S ...
as a last resort in order to re-open negotiations with the administration on the subject of restrictions on political speech and action on campus. Among other grievances was the fact that four of their leaders were being singled out for punishment. The demonstration was orderly; students studied, watched movies, and sang folk songs.
Joan Baez Joan Chandos Baez (; born January 9, 1941) is an American singer, songwriter, musician, and activist. Her contemporary folk music often includes songs of protest and social justice. Baez has performed publicly for over 60 years, releasing more ...
was there to lead in the singing, as well as lend moral support. "Freedom classes" were held by teaching assistants on one floor, and a special Channukah service took place in the main lobby. On the steps of Sproul Hall,
Mario Savio Mario Savio (December 8, 1942 – November 6, 1996) was an American activist and a key member of the Berkeley Free Speech Movement. He is most famous for his passionate speeches, especially the "Bodies Upon the Gears" address given at Spro ...
gave a famous speech:
... But we're a bunch of raw materials that don't mean to be — have any process upon us. Don't mean to be made into any product! Don't mean — Don't mean to end up being bought by some clients of the University, be they the government, be they industry, be they organized labor, be they anyone! We're human beings! ...  There's a time when the operation of the machine becomes so odious — makes you so sick at heart — that you can't take part. You can't even passively take part. And you've got to put your bodies upon the gears and upon the wheels, upon the levers, upon all the apparatus, and you've got to make it stop. And you've got to indicate to the people who run it, to the people who own it, that unless you're free, the machine will be prevented from working at all.
At midnight, Alameda County deputy district attorney
Edwin Meese III Edwin Meese III (born December 2, 1931) is an American attorney, law professor, author and member of the Republican Party who served in official capacities within the Ronald Reagan's gubernatorial administration (1967–1974), the Reagan pre ...
telephoned Governor Edmund Brown Sr., asking for authority to proceed with a mass arrest. Shortly after 2 a.m. on December 4, 1964, police cordoned off the building, and at 3:30 a.m. began the arrest. Close to 800 students were arrested, most of whom were transported about 25 miles by bus to
Santa Rita Jail Santa Rita Jail is a county jail located in Dublin, Alameda County, California, and operated by the Alameda County Sheriff's Office. With a design capacity of 3489, Santa Rita is one of the largest prisons in the United States and larger than m ...
in
Dublin Dublin (; , or ) is the capital and largest city of Ireland. On a bay at the mouth of the River Liffey, it is in the province of Leinster, bordered on the south by the Dublin Mountains, a part of the Wicklow Mountains range. At the 2016 cen ...
. They were released on their own recognizance after a few hours. About a month later, the university brought charges against the students who organized the
sit-in A sit-in or sit-down is a form of direct action that involves one or more people occupying an area for a protest, often to promote political, social, or economic change. The protestors gather conspicuously in a space or building, refusing to mo ...
, resulting in an even larger student protest that all but shut down the university.


Aftermath

After much disturbance, the University officials slowly backed down. By January 3, 1965, the new acting chancellor, Martin Meyerson (who had replaced the previous resigned Edward Strong), established provisional rules for political activity on the Berkeley campus. He designated the Sproul Hall steps an open discussion area during certain hours of the day and permitted information tables. This applied to the entire student political spectrum, not just the liberal elements that drove the Free Speech Movement. Most outsiders, however, identified the Free Speech Movement as a movement of the Left. Students and others opposed to U.S. foreign policy did indeed increase their visibility on campus following the FSM's initial victory. In the spring of 1965, the FSM was followed by the
Vietnam Day Committee The Vietnam Day Committee (VDC) was a coalition of left-wing political groups, student groups, labour organizations, and pacifist religions in the United States of America that opposed the Vietnam War during the counterculture era. It was formed in ...
, a major starting point for the
anti-Vietnam war Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War (before) or anti-Vietnam War movement (present) began with demonstrations in 1965 against the escalating role of the United States in the Vietnam War and grew into a broad social mov ...
movement.


Achievements

For the first time, disobedience tactics of the Civil Rights Movement were brought by the Free Speech Movement to a college campus in the 1960s. Those approaches gave the students exceptional leverage to make demands of the university administrators, and build the foundation for future protests, such as those against the Vietnam War.


1966–1970

The Free Speech Movement had long-lasting effects at the Berkeley campus and was a pivotal moment for the civil liberties movement in the 1960s. It was seen as the beginning of the famous student activism that existed on the campus in the 1960s, and continues to a lesser degree today. There was a substantial voter backlash against the individuals involved in the Free Speech Movement. Ronald Reagan won an unexpected victory in the fall of 1966 and was elected
Governor A governor is an administrative leader and head of a polity or political region, ranking under the head of state and in some cases, such as governors-general, as the head of state's official representative. Depending on the type of political r ...
. He then directed the
UC Board of Regents The Regents of the University of California (also referred to as the Board of Regents to distinguish the board from the corporation it governs of the same name) is the governing board of the University of California (UC), a state university s ...
to dismiss UC President
Clark Kerr Clark Kerr (May 17, 1911 – December 1, 2003) was an American professor of economics and academic administrator. He was the first chancellor of the University of California, Berkeley, and twelfth president of the University of California. Bi ...
because of the perception that he had been too soft on the protesters. The
FBI The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is the domestic intelligence and security service of the United States and its principal federal law enforcement agency. Operating under the jurisdiction of the United States Department of Justice, t ...
kept secret files on Kerr and Savio, and subjected their lives and careers to interference under
COINTELPRO COINTELPRO (syllabic abbreviation derived from Counter Intelligence Program; 1956–1971) was a series of covert and illegal projects actively conducted by the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) aimed at surveilling, infiltratin ...
. Reagan had gained political traction by campaigning on a platform that promised to "clean up the mess in Berkeley". In the minds of those involved in the backlash, a wide variety of protests, concerned citizens, and
activist Activism (or Advocacy) consists of efforts to promote, impede, direct or intervene in social, political, economic or environmental reform with the desire to make changes in society toward a perceived greater good. Forms of activism range fro ...
s were lumped together. Furthermore,
television news News broadcasting is the medium of broadcasting various news events and other information via television, radio, or the internet in the field of broadcast journalism. The content is usually either produced locally in a radio studio or televis ...
and
documentary film A documentary film or documentary is a non-fictional motion-picture intended to "document reality, primarily for the purposes of instruction, education or maintaining a historical record". Bill Nichols has characterized the documentary in ter ...
making had made it possible to photograph and broadcast moving images of protest activity. Much of this media is available today as part of the permanent collection of the Bancroft Library at Berkeley, including iconic photographs of the protest activity by student Ron Enfield (then chief photographer for the Berkeley campus newspaper, the ''
Daily Cal ''The Daily Californian'' (''Daily Cal'') is an independent, student-run newspaper that serves the University of California, Berkeley, campus and its surrounding community. It formerly published a print edition four days a week on Monday, Tuesd ...
''). A reproduction of what may be considered the most recognizable and iconic photograph of the movement, a shot of suit-clad students carrying the Free Speech banner through the University's
Sather Gate Sather Gate is a prominent landmark separating Sproul Plaza from the bridge over Strawberry Creek, leading to the center of the University of California, Berkeley campus. The gate was donated by Jane K. Sather, a benefactor of the university, in ...
in Fall of 1964, now stands at the entrance to the college's Free Speech Movement Cafe. Earlier protests against the House Committee on Un-American Activities meeting in
San Francisco San Francisco (; Spanish for " Saint Francis"), officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the commercial, financial, and cultural center of Northern California. The city proper is the fourth most populous in California and 17th ...
in 1960 had included an iconic scene as protesters were literally washed down the steps inside the Rotunda of
San Francisco City Hall San Francisco City Hall is the seat of government for the City and County of San Francisco, California. Re-opened in 1915 in its open space area in the city's Civic Center, it is a Beaux-Arts monument to the City Beautiful movement that epitomi ...
with fire hoses. The anti-Communist film ''Operation Abolition'' depicted this scene and became an organizing tool for the protesters.


Reunions

The 20th anniversary reunion of the FSM was held during the first week of October, 1984, to considerable media attention. A rally in Sproul Plaza featured FSM veterans Mario Savio, who ended a long self-imposed silence, Jack Weinberg, and Jackie Goldberg. The week continued with a series of panels open to the public on the movement and its impact. The 30th anniversary reunion, held during the first weekend of December 1994, was also a public event, with another Sproul Plaza rally featuring Savio, Weinberg, Goldberg, panels on the FSM, and current free speech issues. In April 2001, UC's
Bancroft Library The Bancroft Library in the center of the campus of the University of California, Berkeley, is the university's primary special-collections library. It was acquired from its founder, Hubert Howe Bancroft, in 1905, with the proviso that it retai ...
held a symposium celebrating the opening of the Free Speech Movement Digital Archive. Although not a formal FSM reunion, many FSM leaders were on the panels and other participants were in the audience. The 40th anniversary reunion, the first after Savio's death in 1996, was held in October 2004. It featured columnist
Molly Ivins Mary Tyler "Molly" Ivins (August 30, 1944 – January 31, 2007) was an American newspaper columnist, author, political commentator, and humorist. Born in California and raised in Texas, Ivins attended Smith College and the Columbia Univers ...
giving the annual Mario Savio Memorial Lecture, followed later in the week by the customary rally in Sproul Plaza and panels on civil liberties issues. A Sunday meeting was a more private event, primarily a gathering for the veterans of the movement, in remembrance of Savio and of a close FSM ally, professor Reginald Zelnik, who had died in an accident in May.


Today

Today, Sproul Hall and the surrounding
Sproul Plaza Sproul Plaza (pronounced ) is one center of student activity at the University of California, Berkeley. It is divided into two sections: Upper Sproul and Lower Sproul. They are vertically separated by and linked by a set of stairs. History S ...
are active locations for protests and marches, as well as the ordinary daily tables with free literature. Groups of political, religious and social persuasions set up tables at Sproul Plaza. The Sproul steps, now officially known as the "Mario Savio Steps", may be reserved for a speech or rally. An on-campus restaurant commemorating the event, the Mario Savio Free Speech Movement Cafe, resides in a portion of the Moffitt Undergraduate Library. The Free Speech Monument, commemorating the movement, was created in 1991 by artist Mark Brest van Kempen. It is located, appropriately, in Sproul Plaza. The monument consists of a six-inch hole in the ground filled with soil and a granite ring surrounding it. As a sort of protest autonomous zone, the granite ring bears the inscription, "This soil and the air space extending above it shall not be a part of any nation and shall not be subject to any entity's jurisdiction." The monument makes no explicit reference to the movement, but it evokes notions of free speech and its implications through its rhetoric.Free Speech Monument, Mark Brest Van Kempen
/ref>


See also

* Berkeley riots, associated with the FSM and other events in the 1960s *
Counterculture of the 1960s The counterculture of the 1960s was an anti-establishment cultural phenomenon that developed throughout much of the Western world in the 1960s and has been ongoing to the present day. The aggregate movement gained momentum as the civil rights m ...
* William E. Forbes, chairman of a Regents' committee investigating student activities in this era. *
Free speech fights Free speech fights are struggles over free speech, and especially those struggles which involved the Industrial Workers of the World and their attempts to gain awareness for labor issues by organizing workers and urging them to use their collective ...
*
Alliance of Libertarian Activists Alliance of Libertarian Activists (ALA) was a libertarian student organization primarily located in the San Francisco Bay area, mostly active at University of California, Berkeley, established in 1965–1966, and considered the first campus group t ...
*
Hippie A hippie, also spelled hippy, especially in British English, is someone associated with the counterculture of the 1960s, originally a youth movement that began in the United States during the mid-1960s and spread to different countries around ...
* New Left *
Students for a Democratic Society Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) was a national student activist organization in the United States during the 1960s, and was one of the principal representations of the New Left. Disdaining permanent leaders, hierarchical relationships a ...
* ''
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District ''Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District'', 393 U.S. 503 (1969), was a landmark decision by the United States Supreme Court that defined First Amendment rights of students in U.S. public schools. The ''Tinker'' test, also k ...
'' *
Town and gown Town and gown are two distinct communities of a university town; 'town' being the non-academic population and 'gown' metonymically being the university community, especially in ancient seats of learning such as Oxford, Cambridge, Durham, and ...


Notes


References

* Cloke, Kenneth. ''Democracy and Revolution in Law and Politics: The Origin of Civil Liberties Protest Movements in Berkeley, From TASC and SLATE to FSM (1957–1965),'' Ph.D. Dissertation, Dept. of History, UCLA, 1980. * Cohen, Robert. ''Freedom's Orator: Mario Savio and the Radical Legacy of the 1960s.'' New York: Oxford University Press, 2009. * Cohen, Robert and Reginald Zelnik, eds. ''The Free Speech Movement: Reflections on Berkeley in the 1960s''. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2002. * Cohen, Robert, ed. The FSM and Beyond: Berkeley Students, Protest and Social Change in the 1960s. Unpublished anthology, Berkeley, Ca.: n.d. 1994. * Freeman, Jo. ''At Berkeley in the Sixties: Education of an Activist, 1961–1965''. Bloomington, IN: Indiana U. Press, 2004. * Draper, Hal. ''Berkeley: The New Student Revolt''. New York: Grove Press, 1965. * Goines, David Lance. ''The Free Speech Movement: Coming of Age in the 1960s''. Berkeley,
Ten Speed Press Ten Speed Press is a publishing house founded in Berkeley, California in 1971 by Phil Wood. Ten Speed Press was bought by Random House in February 2009 and is now part of their Crown Publishing Group division. History Wood worked with Barnes & N ...
, 1993. * Heirich, Max. ''The Beginning: Berkeley, 1964''. New York: Columbia University Press, 1971. * Horowitz, David. ''Student: What Has Been Happening at a Major University, The Political Activities of the Berkeley Students''. New York: Ballantine Books, 1962. * Katope, Christopher G., and Paul G. Zolbrod, eds. ''Beyond Berkeley: A Sourcebook in Student Values''. Cleveland: World Publishing Company, 1966. * Kerr, Clark. ''The Gold and the Blue: A Personal Memoir of the University of California, 1949–1967''. * Lipset, Seymour Martin and Sheldon S. Wolin, eds. ''The Berkeley Student Revolt: Facts and Interpretations''. Garden City: Anchor Books, 1965. * Lunsford, Terry F. ''The "Free Speech" Crises at Berkeley, 1964–1965: Some Issues for Social and Legal Research,'' A Report form the Center for Research and Development in Higher Education, University of California, Berkeley, December 1965. * Rand, Ayn. ''The New Left: The Anti-Industrial Revolution''. Revised ed. 1971; Plume, 1993. * Raskin, A.H. "The Berkeley Affair: Mr. Kerr vs. Mr. Savio & Co." ''The New York Times Magazine,'' February 14, 1965, pp. 24–5, 88–91. Reprinted in Miller and Gilmore, 1965, pp. 78–91. * Rorabaugh, W. J. ''Berkeley at War: The 1960s''. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989. * Rosenfeld, Seth. ''Subversives: The FBI's War on Student Radicals, and Reagan's Rise to Power''. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2012. * Rossman, Michael. ''The Wedding Within the War''. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday and Co., 1971. * Seaborg, Glenn, with Ray Colvig. ''Chancellor at Berkeley.'' Berkeley: Institute of Governmental Studies Press, University of California, Berkeley, 1994. * Searle, John. ''The Campus War: A Sympathetic Look at the University in Agony''. New York: The World Publishing Company, 1971. * Stadtman, Verne A. ''The University of California 1868–1968''. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1970. * Stewart, George R. ''The Year of the Oath: The Fight for Academic Freedom at the University of California''. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1950. * Wolin, Sheldon S., and John H. Schaar. ''The Berkeley Rebellion and Beyond: Essays on Politics & Education in the Technological Society''. A New York Review Book, 1970.


Further reading

*


External links

*articles by
Jo Freeman Jo Freeman aka Joreen (born August 26, 1945), is an American feminist, political scientist, writer and attorney. As a student at the University of California, Berkeley in the 1960s, she became active in organizations working for civil liberties a ...
on social protest at Berkele

* documents from
SLATE Slate is a fine-grained, foliated, homogeneous metamorphic rock derived from an original shale-type sedimentary rock composed of clay or volcanic ash through low-grade regional metamorphism. It is the finest grained foliated metamorphic rock. ...
— the UC Berkeley student political party (1958–1966) and the first of the student organizations in the rising New Left and student movement


John Searle account
of FSM

on
John Searle John Rogers Searle (; born July 31, 1932) is an American philosopher widely noted for contributions to the philosophy of language, philosophy of mind, and social philosophy. He began teaching at UC Berkeley in 1959, and was Willis S. and Mario ...
's site.
"People's History of Berkeley"
— extensive history at the Barrington Collective's Wiki

* ttp://www.fsm-a.org/ Free Speech Movement Archives
Free Speech Movement Digital Archives from UC Berkeley


Free Speech Movement Photograph Gallery 1964–1965 by Student & Chief Photographer of ''The Daily Californian'' Ron Enfield — includes the iconic photograph of the Free Speech Movements student march through the college gates and photographs of Mario Savio, Joan Baez, Phil Ochs, and more.
FSM@40: Free Speech in a Dangerous Time
* ttp://www.newsreel.org/nav/title.asp?tc=CN0009&s=Berkeley "Berkeley in the '60s"
Photos taken in Sproul Hall during the sit in, including the police take-over of the building

California State Senator John F. McCarthy's speech 'The Situation at the Universities' to the Commonwealth Club of California

Former Chancellor Edward Strong's speech 'What's Ahead for the University' to the Commonwealth Club of California

Chancellor Roger W. Heyn's speech 'University Tradition and Social Change' to the Commonwealth Club of California

Photos of the Free Speech Movement on Calisphere

Guide to the Free Speech Movement Participants Papers, 1959–1997 (bulk 1964–1972)
at
The Bancroft Library The Bancroft Library in the center of the campus of the University of California, Berkeley, is the university's primary special-collections library. It was acquired from its founder, Hubert Howe Bancroft, in 1905, with the proviso that it retai ...
{{Counterculture of the 1960s 1964 in California 1965 in California 1964 protests Movements for civil rights Counterculture of the 1960s Defunct American political movements Freedom of speech in the United States 20th century in Berkeley, California Political history of the San Francisco Bay Area University of California, Berkeley Student protests in California Social movements in the United States Riots and protests at UC Berkeley New Left Protests in the San Francisco Bay Area