Bengalia

''Bengalia'' is a genus of blow flies in the family Calliphoridae with one authority considering the genus to belong to a separate family Bengaliidae.Lehrer, A.Z., 2003, Bengaliidae n. fam. Une nouvelle famille de Diptera Cyclorrhapha. Entom. Croat., 7(1-2) :5-14 These bristly and, unlike the greens and blues of most calliphorids, dull coloured flies, are especially noted for their relationship to ants. Little is known of their biology and life-cycle, although adults of many species are kleptoparasitic on ants and will snatch food and pupae being carried by ants or feed on winged termites.MELLOR, J. E. M. "NATURAL HISTORY NOTES. Notes on a "Bengalia"-like Fly, Which I Have Called the "Highwayman" Fly, and Its Behaviour towards Certain Species of Ants." Sudan Notes and Records 5, no. 2 (1922): 95-100. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41715637.
The apt name “Highwayman Fly” was given by an early observer of their way of robbing ants.
Very little is known about their breeding habits. The genus is found in the Afrotropical and oriental region with one species from Australia possibly a recent introduction.

Description

Most of the species have a yellow or brown ground-colour, an antero-posteriorly compressed head, stout mouthparts, a projecting clypeus below the lower facial margin, and have a silent flight.

Behaviour

''Bengalia'' flies are best known for their remarkable highwayman-like habit of robbing ant pupae from ants moving on ant roads.
With respect to ''Bengalia depressa'' this habit is described as follows: “ he flies weresettling on blades of grass, stones, and other raised objects near the ant column. ... When any ant made a little circuit away from the main body, a fly would generally pursue it at a distance of about half an inch, but back away as soon as the ant turned towards it. ... Eventually Lamborn saw a fly stalk a minor ant carrying a pupa in its jaws. Suddenly the fly rushed forward and apparently pierced the pupa bringing the ant up with a sharp jerk. The two insects then had a tug of war with very little advantage to either side, until the ant apparently became annoyed and letting go of the pupa rushed at the fly, which escaped with the booty which it proceeded to suck. Then he saw a fly swoop down on the ant column and rise at once with a pupa and attendant ant, both of which it dropped after carrying them for about a foot. The ant, however, still held on and started to run off with its charge. The fly caught it again and this time rose three feet in the air and then dropped ant and pupa again. This time the ant left the pupa which the fly immediately seized and proceeded to suck.”

Species

*'' Bengalia africana'' Malloch, 1927
*'' Bengalia africanoides'' Rognes
*'' Bengalia akamanga'' (Lehrer)
*'' Bengalia aliena'' Malloch, 1927
*'' Bengalia asymmetria'' Kurahashi & Tumrasvin, 1979
*'' Bengalia bantuphalla'' (Lehrer)
*'' Bengalia bezzii'' Senior-White, 1923
*'' Bengalia calilungae'' Rueda, 1985
*'' Bengalia chekiangensis'' Fan
*'' Bengalia chiangmaiensis'' Kurahashi & Tumrasvin, 1979
*'' Bengalia chromatella'' Séguy, 1946
*'' Bengalia concava'' Malloch, 1927
*'' Bengalia cuthbertsoni'' Zumpt, 1956
*'' Bengalia depressa'' Walker, 1858
*'' Bengalia emarginata'' Malloch
*'' Bengalia emarginatoides'' Rognes
*'' Bengalia emdeniella'' (Lehrer)
*'' Bengalia escheri'' Bezzi, 1913
*'' Bengalia fani'' Feng & Wei
*'' Bengalia favillacea'' (Walker)
*'' Bengalia fernandiella'' Lehrer
*'' Bengalia floccosa'' Wulp
*'' Bengalia fuscipennis'' Bezzi, 1913
*'' Bengalia gaillardi'' Sourcouf & Guyon, 1912 - Synonyms:''B. spurca'' Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1891, ''B. spurca'' Villeneuve, 1914
*'' Bengalia gigas'' Macquart
*'' Bengalia hastativentris'' Senior-White, 1923
*'' Bengalia hobbyi'' Senior-White, 1940
*'' Bengalia inermis'' Malloch, 1927
*'' Bengalia jejuna'' Fabricius
*'' Bengalia kanoi'' Kurahashi & Magpayo, 2000
*'' Bengalia kuyanianus'' Matsumura
*'' Bengalia labiata'' Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
*'' Bengalia lampunia'' Lehrer
*'' Bengalia lateralis'' Macquart
*'' Bengalia latro'' Meijere
*'' Bengalia lyneborgi'' James, 1966
*'' Bengalia martinleakei'' Senior-White, 1930
*'' Bengalia minor'' Malloch, 1927
*'' Bengalia nirvanella'' Lehrer
*'' Bengalia pallidicoxa'' Senior-White, 1946
*'' Bengalia peuhi'' Villeneuve, 1914
*'' Bengalia pseudovaricolor'' Kurahashi & Tumrasvin, 1979
*'' Bengalia pygomalaya'' Lehrer
*'' Bengalia racovitzai'' (Lehrer)
*'' Bengalia recurva'' Malloch, 1927
*'' Bengalia robertsi'' Kurahashi, 1987
*'' Bengalia roubaudi'' Rickenbach, Hamon & Mochet, 1960
*'' Bengalia semerunia'' Lehrer
*'' Bengalia seniorwhitei'' (Lehrer)
*'' Bengalia siamensis'' Senior-White, 1924
*'' Bengalia smarti'' (Lehrer)
*'' Bengalia spinifemorata'' Villeneuve, 1913
*'' Bengalia subnitida'' James, 1964
*'' Bengalia surcoufi'' Senior-White, 1923
*'' Bengalia taiwanensis'' Fan, 1965
*'' Bengalia taksina'' (Lehrer)
*'' Bengalia tibiaria'' Villeneuve, 1926
*'' Bengalia torosa'' Wiedemann
*'' Bengalia unicolor'' Senior-White, 1946
*'' Bengalia varicolor'' Fabricius, 1805
*'' Bengalia wangariae'' (Lehrer)
*'' Bengalia weii'' Rognes
*'' Bengalia wyatti'' (Lehrer)
*'' Bengalia xanthopyga'' Senior-White, 1924
*'' Bengalia zhangi'' (Lehrer & Wei)

Taxonomic dispute

The genus was reclassified into 11 new genera in 4 subfamilies by Andy Lehrer in 2005, within a newly designated family, Bengaliidae. The family designation was disputed by Rognes (2006) who noted that it was equivalent to the already established tribe Bengaliini (now the subfamily Bengaliinae), and that treating it as a family would render the Calliphoridae paraphyletic.Rognes, K. 2006. Bengalomania – A review of Andy Z. Lehrer's book on Bengalia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 and related works (Diptera, Calliphoridae). Studia dipterologica 12: 443–47

/ref> Further, Rognes considered all the new genera created as junior synonyms of ''Bengalia''. Lehrer's work proposed adding 49 species to the already described 41 species and 18 of these new species were treated as invalid by Rognes. At present, major sources of Dipteran taxonomy do not recognize Lehrer's 10 new genera as valid, nor the 18 new species treated as invalid by Rognes (e.g.). Additional names (of these and related flies) published by Lehrer have since been synonymized, with 120 new synonymies established in a single review in 2020.Verves, Yury G. & Lyudmila Khrokalo (2020) Review of the taxa of Calliphoridae and Sarcophagidae (Diptera) studied by late Prof. Andy Z. Lehrer. ''Priamus'' Supplement(44): 1-282.

This dispute reflects that at present, there is no consensus as to the best way to subdivide the Calliphoridae, which many authorities acknowledge is not a natural group (in this case, polyphyletic); the BioSystematic Database of World Diptera, for example, states "The Calliphoridae are marked as a polyphyletic group of convenience as at the present we are unwilling to reduce the Oestridae to a subordinated group within a monophyletic Calliphoridae nor to elevate a number of other groups (Polleniidae, Helicoboscidae, and Bengaliidae) so as to properly delimit both Calliphoridae and Oestridae

Similarly, the dispute at the generic level is that some of Lehrer's genera are paraphyletic, and, additionally, that they are based largely or exclusively upon features of the male genitalia, and it is therefore impossible to identify most female specimens to subfamily, let alone genus (the rejection of Lehrer's subdivisions therefore being both taxonomic and a matter of practicality). The dispute at the species level centers on the fact that Lehrer did not include or examine 24 of the 41 known species in his revision, so of the 31 species he validly described that were not immediately synonymized, many could still ''potentially'' be synonyms of these 24 excluded species.

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q1952578

Calliphoridae
Oestroidea genera
Taxa named by Jean-Baptiste Robineau-Desvoidy