Bartolus of Saxoferrato

Bartolus de Saxoferrato (Italian: ''Bartolo da Sassoferrato''; 131313 July 1357) was an Italian law professor and one of the most prominent continental jurists of Medieval Roman Law. He belonged to the school known as the commentators or postglossators. The admiration of later generations of civil lawyers is shown by the adage ''nemo bonus íurista nisi bartolista'' — no one is a good jurist unless he is a Bartolist (i.e. a follower of Bartolus).

Life and works

Bartolus was born in the village of Venatura, near Sassoferrato, in the Italian region of Marche. His father was Franciscus Severi, and his mother was of the Alfani family. He read civil law at the University of Perugia under Cinus, and in the University of Bologna under Oldradus and Belviso, and graduated to doctor of law in 1334. In 1339 he started teaching first in Pisa, then in Perugia. He raised the character of Perugia's law school to a level with that of Bologna, and this city made him an honorary citizen in 1348. In 1355, Emperor Charles IV appointed him as his ''consiliarius''. In Perugia Baldus de Ubaldis and his brothers Angelus and Petrus became pupils of Bartolus. Bartolus died in Perugia at the age of 43, and was interred in the church of San Francisco with a monument inscribed with "Ossa Bartoli".

Despite his short life, Bartolus left an extraordinary number of works. He wrote commentaries on all parts of the Corpus Juris Civilis. He is also the author of a large number of treatises on specific subjects. Among these treatises is his famous book on the law relating to rivers ('' De fluminibus seu Tyberiadis''). There are also almost 400 legal opinions (''consilia'') written at the request of judges or private parties seeking legal advice.

Bartolus developed many novel legal concepts, which became part of the civil law tradition. Among his most important contributions were those to the area of conflict of laws – a field of great importance in 14th century Italy, where every city-state had its own statutes and customs. Bartolus also dealt with a variety of constitutional law issues. In his treatise '' De insigniis et armis'' he discussed not only the law of Arms but also some problems of trademark law.

Bartolus also wrote on political issues, including the legitimacy of city governments, partisan divisions and the regimes of Italy's petty tyrants. His political thought balanced respect for the Empire with defense of the legitimacy of local Italian governments.

Bartolus is believed to be the first theorist of international law. He and his disciple Baldus of Ubaldis defined a set of norms which enforced the reciprocal independency and autonomy of the city-states of northern Italy, but into the cornerstone of a common discipline established by the Empire. While the city-states were internally self-governing, their mutual relationships were governed by the Holy Roman Emperor.

Legacy

Already famous in his lifetime, Bartolus was later regarded as the greatest jurist after the renaissance of Roman law.
This is evident not only from the above-quoted saying, but also from the fact that statutes in Spain 1427/1433 and Portugal 1446 provided that his opinions should be followed where the Roman source texts and the Accursian gloss were silent.
Lorenzo Valla was driven out of the University of Pavia in 1431 for his critique of Bartolus' Latin style.
Even in England, where the civil law he had worked on was not applicable, Bartolus was held in high esteem.
He influenced civilian writers such as Alberico Gentili and Richard Zouch.

Due to Bartolus' fame, his name was used for the character of a lawyer in many Italian plays and other works, for example Dr. Bartolo in Pierre Beaumarchais' '' The Barber of Seville (play)'', and hence Gioachino Rossini's opera '' The Barber of Seville'' and Mozart's ''The Marriage of Figaro''.

Works

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File:Bartolo da Sassoferrato – De fluminibus, 1587 – BEIC 4617927.jpg, 1587 edition in Italian of ''De fluminibus''
File:Benvenutus-Straccha-De-mercatura-decisiones MG 1244.tif, Bartolus de Saxoferrato at the left on the title page of Benvenutus Straccha (Benvenuto Stracca) : De mercatura decisiones, 1671
File:Bartolus de Saxoferrato - Opera omnia, 1581 - 038.tif, ''Opera omnia'', 1581 (Milano, Fondazione Mansutti)

Catalogs of manuscripts

Catalogs:
*Casamassima, Emanuele, ''Codices operum Bartoli a Saxoferrato recensiti'' 1, ''Iter Germanicum'' (Firenze: Olschki, 1971).
*Dolezalek, Gero, ''Verzeichnis der Handschriften zum römischen Recht bis 1600'', 4 vols. (Frankfurt: Max-Planck-Institut für europäische Rechtsgeschichte, 1972).
* García y García, Antonio, ''Codices operum Bartoli a Saxoferrato recensiti'' 2, ''Iter Hispanicum'' (Firenze: Olschki, 1973).
* Izbicki, Thomas M., and Patrick Lally, "Texts Attributed to Bartolus de Saxoferrato in North American Manuscript Collections," ''Manuscripta'' 35 (1991): 146–155.
* Izbicki, Thomas M., "Additional Texts Attributed to Bartolus de Saxoferrato in North American Manuscript Collections," ''Manuscripta'' 55 (2011): 146–155.
* Izbicki, Thomas M., "Manuscript Works of Bartolus de Saxoferrato in the Vatican Library," ''Rivista Internazionale di Diritto Comune'' 23 (2012): 147-210.
* Krafzik, Sebastian: ''Die Herrschereinsetzung aus der Sicht des Bartolus von Sassoferato'' In: Journal on European History of Law, London: STS Science Centre, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 39–43, (ISSN 2042-6402).
*Kuttner, Stephan, and Reinhard Elze, ''A Catalogue of Canon and Roman Law Manuscripts in the Vatican Library'', 2 vols. (Città del Vaticano: Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, 1986–1987). Volume 1: Codices Vaticani latini 541-2299; volume 2: Codices Vaticani latini 2300-2746.

References

Sources

;Primary sources
* Diego Quaglioni, ''Politica e diritto nel trecento italiano. Il "De tyranno" di Bartolo da Sassoferrato (1314–1357). Con l'edizione critica dei trattati "De Guelphis et Gebellinis", "De regimine civitatis", e "De tyranno"'', Olschki, Firenze, 1983.

;Secondary sources
* Maria Ada Benedetto (1958). ''Bartolo da Sassoferrato''. In ''Novissimo Digesto Italiano. Vol 2''. . pp. 279–280.
* Friedrich Carl von Savigny (1850). ''Geschichte des römischen Rechts im Mittelalter. Vol. 6''. pp. 137–184.
* Walter Ullmann (1962). ''Bartolus and English Jurisprudence''. In ''Bartolo da Sassoferrato. Studi e Documenti per il VI centenario. Vol. 1''. pp. 47–73.
* Ephraim Emerton, ''Humanism and Tyranny'' (Gloucester, Mass., P. Smith, 1964 1925. Includes translations of Bartolus, "De tyrannia" and "De Guelphis et Gebellinis".
* Osvaldo Cavallar et al., ''A grammar of signs: Bartolo da Sassoferrato's Tract on insignia and coats of arms'' (Berkeley, CA: Robbins Collection, University of California at Berkeley, 1994).
* Osvaldo Cavallar,"River of Law," in ''A Renaissance of conflicts: visions and revisions of law and society in Italy and Spain'', ed. John A Marino and Thomas Kuehn (Toronto, Ont.: Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Studies, 2004), pp. 31–129. (Includes editions of parts of the ''Tyberiadis'' and of a ''consilium''.)
*Anna T. Sheedy, ''Bartolus on Social Conditions in the Fourteenth Century'' (New York: Columbia University Press, 1942).
* C. N. S. Woolf, Bartolus of Sassoferrato: His Position in the History of Medieval Political Thought (Cambridge, 1913).

External links

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''In primam, secundam Codicis partem commentaria''''In primam, secundam Infortiati partem commentaria''Commentary on Digestum Vetus part 1Commentary on Digestum Vetus, part 2Commentary on Digestum Novum, part 1Commentary on Digestum Novum, part 2Commentary on three books of CodexCommentary on Codex, part 1Commentary on Codex, part 2Translations of his tracts ''On Guelphs and Ghibellines'' and ''On the Government of a City''Complete works by Bartolus at ParalipomenaIuris

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bartolus de Saxoferrato
1313 births
1357 deaths
People from the Province of Ancona
14th-century Italian jurists
Italian heraldists
14th-century Latin writers
University of Perugia alumni
University of Bologna alumni
University of Pisa faculty
University of Perugia faculty