The western barbastelle (''Barbastella barbastellus''), also known as the barbastelle or barbastelle bat, is a European

bat Bats are mammals of the order Chiroptera.''cheir'', "hand" and πτερόν''pteron'', "wing". With their forelimbs adapted as wings, they are the only mammals capable of true and sustained flight. Bats are more agile in flight than most ...

in the genus '' Barbastella''. This species is found from

Portugal Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic ( pt, República Portuguesa, links=yes ), is a country whose mainland is located on the Iberian Peninsula of Southwestern Europe, and whose territory also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of ...

Azerbaijan Azerbaijan (, ; az, Azərbaycan ), officially the Republic of Azerbaijan, , also sometimes officially called the Azerbaijan Republic is a transcontinental country located at the boundary of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. It is a part of t ...

and from Sweden to Canary Islands, where a sub-species was identified. It has a short nose, small eyes and wide ears. The conservation status of ''B. barbastellus'' is assessed as "near threatened", "vulnerable", "critically endangered" or "extinct" in various parts of its range.

Taxonomy

The western barbastelle was described as a new species in 1774 by Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber, who placed it in the genus ''

Vespertilio ''Vespertilio'' is a genus of bats in the family Vespertilionidae. The common name for this family is vesper bats, which is a better-known classification than ''Vespertilio''. They are also known as frosted bats. Species within the genus ''Vespe ...

'', with a species name of ''Vespertilio barbastellus''. The

holotype A holotype is a single physical example (or illustration) of an organism, known to have been used when the species (or lower-ranked taxon) was formally described. It is either the single such physical example (or illustration) or one of sever ...

had been collected in Burgundy, France. In 1836 it was placed in the genus ''Barbastellus'', and the first use of its current name combination of ''Barbastella barbastellus'' was in 1897 by Gerrit Smith Miller Jr. The name ''Barbastella barbastellus'' might be coming from the Latin ''barba'' (beard) and ''stella'' (star). Viewed from the side, it seems that the upper lip has a beard, or a moustache.Rydell J. & Bogdanowicz, W. 1997. Two subspecies are recognized by ''

Mammal Species of the World ''Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference'' is a standard reference work in mammalogy giving descriptions and bibliographic data for the known species of mammals. It is now in its third edition, published in late 2005, ...

'' (2005): * ''Barbastellus barbastellus barbastellus'': distributed from western Europe until the Caucasus, with isolated populations in Morocco * ''Barbastellus barbastellus guanchae'': only found in the islands of Tenerife and La Gomera, Canary Islands, SpainTrujillo, D. et al. 2002. In addition to morphological measurement, DNA analysis confirmed the presence of an endemic sub-species in the Canary Islands as well as a relatively homogeneous genetic structure among populations of the Iberian Peninsula and Morocco, and probably, across Europe as far as the Thrace region.

Description

The barbastelle is a medium-sized bat, with a characteristic pug-shaped nose. The ears are broad, joined across its head by skin, and covered in gingery-brown fur on the rear surface. The tragus is triangular – broad at the base but with a nearly parallel tip which starts about halfway along its length. Head and body length is between 40 and 55 mm and wingspan is between . Forearm length is and body mass is .

Ecology

A history of British mammals (Plate XVI) (6383354359)

Habitat

Barbastelles roost in splits or behind loose bark of trees all year, generally in mature

deciduous In the fields of horticulture and Botany, the term ''deciduous'' () means "falling off at maturity" and "tending to fall off", in reference to trees and shrubs that seasonally shed leaves, usually in the autumn; to the shedding of petals, ...

forests, as well as rock crevicesSierro, A. 1999. and within human buildings. In central

Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical ...

, tall dead beech in unmanaged woodland were found to be preferred as roost trees.Russo, D. et al. 2004 While barbastelles typically remain within a single roosting area, they move between individual roosts with great frequency. Barbastelles migrate to underground roosting sites over the winter, although they may stay within arboreal roosts in the beginning of the season. Winter roosting sites include natural

cave A cave or cavern is a natural void in the ground, specifically a space large enough for a human to enter. Caves often form by the weathering of rock and often extend deep underground. The word ''cave'' can refer to smaller openings such as sea ...

s and human structures such as basements, mines and

bunker A bunker is a defensive military fortification designed to protect people and valued materials from falling bombs, artillery, or other attacks. Bunkers are almost always underground, in contrast to blockhouses which are mostly above ground. T ...

s. Barbastelles are relatively resistant to cold conditions, and are typically found hibernating in cold sites and in exposed positions.

Hunting and feeding

Barbastelles feed chiefly on

moth Moths are a paraphyletic group of insects that includes all members of the order Lepidoptera that are not butterflies, with moths making up the vast majority of the order. There are thought to be approximately 160,000 species of moth, many of w ...

s, as well as on

flies Flies are insects of the order Diptera, the name being derived from the Greek δι- ''di-'' "two", and πτερόν ''pteron'' "wing". Insects of this order use only a single pair of wings to fly, the hindwings having evolved into advanced m ...

. Research from Switzerland showed that the biologically most productive parts of the forest are exploited in priority by this species while hunting and that ca. 99% of prey by volume consisted of Lepidoptera. More recent studies confirmed this predominance of Lepidoptera, underlining that medium-sized and larger specimens are targeted in priority by the barbastelles. However, seasonal diet changes were recorded during autumn due to potential interspecific competition (with

Plecotus austriacus The grey long-eared bat (''Plecotus austriacus'') is a fairly large European bat. It has distinctive ears, long and with a distinctive fold. It hunts above woodland, often by day, and mostly for moths. In captivity, it has also been recorded t ...

) and strong decrease of flying larger moths.Andreas, M. et al. 2012. The diet of the barbastelles appears to be one of the narrowest among European bats. This specialization in foraging habits probably points to a higher vulnerability of this species to negative changes in the abundance of moth populations. This could explain its current rarity throughout most of its range.Sierro, A. & Arlettaz, R. 1997. While foraging, barbastelles behave as typical aerial-hawking bat species despite the fact that they hunt exclusively just above the forest canopy. This peculiar foraging technique could be explained by the co-evolution with the defence system of its prey. Specimens can travel up to 20 km per night for foraging purposes and nonreproductive females forage at greater distances than reproductive females Zeale, M. R. et al. 2012.

Reproduction

Individuals reach their sexual maturity after one or two years. After total sexual segregation during most of spring and summer, the mating period starts at the end of summer, sometimes during swarming episodes. The mating period is often finishing with the start of the hibernation, but some cases of late mating during winter and early spring have been observed Around May–June, each pregnant female gives birth to one or two newborn juveniles which she breastfeeds up to 6 weeks.

Echolocation

The barbastelle has two main call types used for echolocation. The frequency parameters of call type 1 lie between 30 and 38 kHz, have most energy at 33 kHz and have an average duration of 2.5 ms. The frequency parameters of call type 2 lie between 29 and 47 kHz, have most energy at 38 kHz and have an average duration of 4.1 ms.

Distribution

This species is rare and most of the time decreasing throughout its range. Some historical data from the 19th century refers to the presence of western barbastelles in Senegal. This data is considered as doubtful. ;Albania: So far, only four specimens of this species were recorded in

Albania Albania ( ; sq, Shqipëri or ), or , also or . officially the Republic of Albania ( sq, Republika e Shqipërisë), is a country in Southeastern Europe. It is located on the Adriatic and Ionian Seas within the Mediterranean Sea and shares ...

. The specimens were caught in 2005 near the

Shebenik-Jabllanicë National Park The Shebenik-Jabllanicë National Park ( sq, Parku Kombëtar Shebenik-Jabllanicë) is a national park in eastern Albania adjacent to the border with North Macedonia. It encompasses and is specifically marked by a mountainous landscape supplied ...

, close to the border with North Macedonia.Sachanowicz, K. et al. 2016. This national park is well known for its beech forest, part of the

UNESCO The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) aimed at promoting world peace and security through international cooperation in education, arts, sciences and culture. It ...

site "Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe".Théou, P. & Bego, F. 2018. ;Belgium: Barbastelle bats are known to occur within the

Sonian Forest The Sonian Forest or Sonian Wood ( nl, Zoniënwoud, french: Forêt de Soignes, ) is a forest at the southeast edge of Brussels, Belgium. The Sonian Forest was a favorite hunting ground of the Habsburg Imperial family, and as such features promi ...

Belgium Belgium, ; french: Belgique ; german: Belgien officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe. The country is bordered by the Netherlands to the north, Germany to the east, Luxembourg to the southeast, France to th ...

. ;Ireland: This species was reported in 1997 from the west coast of Ireland, based on echolocation calls. Recent surveys and researches assessed this data and concluded to a mis-identification of the echolocation calls, and the absence of this species from the island of Ireland. ;Montenegro: The species is present during summer in both Mediterranean and Alpine biogeographic region of Montenegro, on altitudes as low as 80 m and up to 1.700 m a.s.l. ;Netherlands: The barbastelle has been extinct in

the Netherlands ) , anthem = ( en, "William of Nassau") , image_map = , map_caption = , subdivision_type = Sovereign state , subdivision_name = Kingdom of the Netherlands , established_title = Before independence , established_date = Spanish Netherl ...

since 1984. ;Norway: It was considered

extirpated Local extinction, also known as extirpation, refers to a species (or other taxon) of plant or animal that ceases to exist in a chosen geographic area of study, though it still exists elsewhere. Local extinctions are contrasted with global extinct ...

in Norway, having only been sighted in 1896, 1911, 1913 and 1949. However, it was again found in 2004 and 2008. ;United Kingdom: In Britain, only a few breeding roosts are known; Paston Great Barn in

Norfolk Norfolk () is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan county in East Anglia in England. It borders Lincolnshire to the north-west, Cambridgeshire to the west and south-west, and Suffolk to the south. Its northern and eastern boundaries are the No ...

, parts of

Exmoor Exmoor is loosely defined as an area of hilly open moorland in west Somerset and north Devon in South West England. It is named after the River Exe, the source of which is situated in the centre of the area, two miles north-west of Simonsbath ...

and the

Quantock Hills The Quantock Hills west of Bridgwater in Somerset, England, consist of heathland, oak woodlands, ancient parklands and agricultural land. They were England's first Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, designated in 1956. Natural England have desi ...

Devon Devon ( , historically known as Devonshire , ) is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan county in South West England. The most populous settlement in Devon is the city of Plymouth, followed by Devon's county town, the city of Exeter. Devo ...

and

Somerset ( en, All The People of Somerset) , locator_map = , coordinates = , region = South West England , established_date = Ancient , established_by = , preceded_by = , origin = , lord_lieutenant_office =Lord Lieutenant of Somerset , lord_ ...

(see

Tarr Steps The Tarr Steps is a clapper bridge across the River Barle in the Exmoor National Park, Somerset, England. They are located in a national nature reserve about south east of Withypool and north west of Dulverton. A typical clapper bridge con ...

), Wimpole Wood in

Cambridgeshire Cambridgeshire (abbreviated Cambs.) is a county in the East of England, bordering Lincolnshire to the north, Norfolk to the north-east, Suffolk to the east, Essex and Hertfordshire to the south, and Bedfordshire and Northamptonshire to the ...

, the Mottisfont woodland in

Hampshire Hampshire (, ; abbreviated to Hants) is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan county in western South East England on the coast of the English Channel. Home to two major English cities on its south coast, Southampton and Portsmouth, Hampshire ...

and Ebernoe Common in

West Sussex West Sussex is a county in South East England on the English Channel coast. The ceremonial county comprises the shire districts of Adur, Arun, Chichester, Horsham, and Mid Sussex, and the boroughs of Crawley and Worthing. Covering an ...

. The UK distribution can be found on the

National Biodiversity Network The National Biodiversity Network (UK) (NBN) is a collaborative venture set up in 2000 in the United Kingdom committed to making biodiversity information available through various media, including on the internet via the NBN Atlas—the data searc ...

websit
here

Conservation

This species is protected in the European Union under the

Habitats Directive The Habitats Directive (more formally known as Council Directive 92/43/EEC on the Conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora) is a directive adopted by the European Community in 1992 as a response to the Berne Convention. The E ...

, meaning that habitats and roosts use by this species may be considered for notification as a Site of Special Scientific Interest. This species is also listed in the

Berne Convention The Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, usually known as the Berne Convention, was an international assembly held in 1886 in the Swiss city of Bern by ten European countries with the goal to agree on a set of leg ...

and is specifically targeted by the UNEP- EUROBATS convention. Several national legislation are also protecting this species and its habitats in many countries and regions. In order to highlight the importance of protecting this species at the European scale, this species was selected as bat species of the Year 2020-2021 by the pan-European NGO BatLife Europe.

Status

This species is classified as near threatened (NT) in the worldwide

IUCN Red List The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species, also known as the IUCN Red List or Red Data Book, founded in 1964, is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of biol ...

, while it is considered as vulnerable (VU) at the European and European Union scale and near threatened (NT) in the Mediterranean Red List. {, class="wikitable sortable" , + style="text-align: center;" , National and regional Red List status of the western barbastelle ! scope="col" style="width:300px;" , Country ! scope="col" style="width:300px;" , National ! scope="col" style="width:300px;" , Regional , - ! scope="row", Albania , Data deficient (DD) , {{smalldiv, N/A , - ! scope="row", Austria , Vulnerable (VU) , {{smalldiv, N/A , - ! scope="row", Belarus , Endangered (EN) (2016) , {{smalldiv, N/A , - ! scope="row", Belgium , Critically endangered (CR) , {{smalldiv, *

Flanders Flanders (, ; Dutch: ''Vlaanderen'' ) is the Flemish-speaking northern portion of Belgium and one of the communities, regions and language areas of Belgium. However, there are several overlapping definitions, including ones related to cultu ...

: regionally extinct (RE) *

Wallonia Wallonia (; french: Wallonie ), or ; nl, Wallonië ; wa, Waloneye or officially the Walloon Region (french: link=no, Région wallonne),; nl, link=no, Waals gewest; wa, link=no, Redjon walone is one of the three regions of Belgium—alo ...

: critically endangered (CR) , - ! scope="row", Croatia , Data deficient (DD) (2006) , {{smalldiv, N/A , - ! scope="row", Czech Republic , Least concern (LC) (2017) , {{smalldiv, N/A , - ! scope="row", Denmark , Vulnerable (VU) (2008) , {{smalldiv, N/A , - ! scope="row", Estonia , Not evaluated (NE) (2008) , {{smalldiv, N/A , - ! scope="row", France , Least concern (LC) , {{smalldiv, *

Alsace Alsace (, ; ; Low Alemannic German/ gsw-FR, Elsàss ; german: Elsass ; la, Alsatia) is a cultural region and a territorial collectivity in eastern France, on the west bank of the upper Rhine next to Germany and Switzerland. In 2020, it had ...

(2014): vulnerable (VU) *

Auvergne Auvergne (; ; oc, label= Occitan, Auvèrnhe or ) is a former administrative region in central France, comprising the four departments of Allier, Puy-de-Dôme, Cantal and Haute-Loire. Since 1 January 2016, it has been part of the new region Au ...

(2015): vulnerable (VU) * Burgundy (2015): near threatened (NT) *

Brittany Brittany (; french: link=no, Bretagne ; br, Breizh, or ; Gallo: ''Bertaèyn'' ) is a peninsula, historical country and cultural area in the west of modern France, covering the western part of what was known as Armorica during the period ...

(2015): near threatened (NT) * Centre-Val de Loire (2013): near threatened (NT) *

Upper Normandy Upper Normandy (french: Haute-Normandie, ; nrf, Ĥâote-Normaundie) is a former administrative region of France. On 1 January 2016, Upper and Lower Normandy merged becoming one region called Normandy. History It was created in 1956 from two d ...

(2013): vulnerable (VU) *

Ile de France Ile may refer to: * iLe, a Puerto Rican singer * Ile District (disambiguation), multiple places * Ilé-Ifẹ̀, an ancient Yoruba city in south-western Nigeria * Interlingue (ISO 639:ile), a planned language * Isoleucine, an amino acid * Another ...

(2017): critically endangered (CR) * Picardy (2016): endangered (EN) *

Poitou-Charentes Poitou-Charentes (; oc, Peitau-Charantas; Poitevin-Saintongese: ) is a former administrative region on the southwest coast of France. It is part of the new region Nouvelle-Aquitaine. It comprises four departments: Charente, Charente-Maritime, D ...

(2018): least concern (LC) *

Rhône-Alpes Rhône-Alpes () was an administrative region of France. Since 1 January 2016, it is part of the new region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. It is located on the eastern border of the country, towards the south. The region was named after the river Rhône ...

(2015): least concern (LC) , - ! scope="row", Georgia , Vulnerable (VU) (2006) , {{smalldiv, N/A , - ! scope="row", Germany , Endangered (EN) (2008) , {{smalldiv, N/A , - ! scope="row", Italy , Endangered (EN) (2013) , {{smalldiv, N/A , - ! scope="row", Lithuania , Endangered (EN) , {{smalldiv, N/A , - ! scope="row", Moldova , Critically endangered (CR) , {{smalldiv, N/A , - ! scope="row", The Netherlands , Regionally extinct (RE) , {{smalldiv, N/A , - ! scope="row", Norway , Critically endangered (CR) (2015) , {{smalldiv, N/A , - ! scope="row", Poland , Data deficient (DD) (2013) , {{smalldiv, N/A , - ! scope="row", Portugal , Data deficient (DD) (2005) , {{smalldiv, N/A , - ! scope="row", Romania , Not evaluated (NE) , {{smalldiv, N/A , - ! scope="row", Switzerland , Endangered (EN) (2014) , {{smalldiv, N/A , - ! scope="row", Ukraine , Endangered (EN) , {{smalldiv, N/A , - ! scope="row", United Kingdom {{cite web , url=https://www.eurobats.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/National_Reports/UK.pdf, title=National report of the United Kingdom (2018)-EUROBATS , author=, website=www.eurobats.org , access-date=5 March 2020 , Vulnerable (VU) (2017) , {{smalldiv, N/A , -

References

{{Reflist

Literature cited

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External links

{{Commons category, Barbastella barbastellus
ARKive page about barbastellesWoodland Management For Bats Guide''Barbastella barbastellus'' - Science for Nature Foundation

Western Barbastelle Bat (Science For Nature Foundation)
{{Vespertilionidae, V., Pl. {{Taxonbar, from=Q215907 Barbastella Mammals of Russia Bats of Europe Mammals of Turkey Mammals of Azerbaijan Mammals of the Middle East Mammals of North Africa Mammals of the Canary Islands Mammals described in 1774 Taxa named by Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber