![Bush Terminal - North aerial - 1958](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Bush_Terminal_-_North_aerial_-_1958.jpg)
Industry City (also Bush Terminal) is a historic
intermodal shipping, warehousing, and manufacturing complex on the
Upper New York Bay
New York Harbor is at the mouth of the Hudson River where it empties into New York Bay near the East River tidal estuary, and then into the Atlantic Ocean on the east coast of the United States. It is one of the largest natural harbors in t ...
waterfront in the
Sunset Park neighborhood of
Brooklyn
Brooklyn () is a borough of New York City, coextensive with Kings County, in the U.S. state of New York. Kings County is the most populous county in the State of New York, and the second-most densely populated county in the United States, be ...
,
New York City
New York, often called New York City or NYC, is the List of United States cities by population, most populous city in the United States. With a 2020 population of 8,804,190 distributed over , New York City is also the L ...
. The northern portion, commonly called "Industry City" on its own, hosts commercial light manufacturing tenants across of space between 32nd and 41st Streets, and is operated by a private consortium. The southern portion, known as "Bush Terminal", is located between 40th and 51st Streets and is operated by the
New York City Economic Development Corporation
New York City Economic Development Corporation (NYCEDC) is a nonprofit corporation whose stated mission is to "leverage the city’s assets to create beneficial jobs that drive growth. This ensures equitable and sustainable development across al ...
(NYCEDC) as a garment manufacturing complex.
Founded by Bush Terminal Company head
Irving T. Bush
Irving Ter Bush (July 12, 1869 – October 21, 1948) was an American businessman. He was the son of the wealthy industrialist, oil refinery owner, and yachtsman Rufus T. Bush.
As founder of the Bush Terminal Company, Bush was responsible for t ...
in the early 20th century, Bush Terminal was the first facility of its kind in New York City and the largest multi-tenant industrial property in the United States. The warehouses were built circa 1892–1910, the railroad from 1896 to 1915, and the factory lofts between 1905 and 1925.
[Raber, Micheal, and Flagg, Thomas (1988). ''Historic American Engineering Record:]
Bush Terminal Company (Bush Terminal)
HAER no. NY-201.'' Philadelphia, PA: Historic American Engineering Record, Mid-Atlantic Region, National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior During
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
, Bush Terminal was used as a
United States Navy
The United States Navy (USN) is the maritime service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States. It is the largest and most powerful navy in the world, with the estimated tonnage ...
base, though it returned to private ownership after the war. At its peak, Bush Terminal covered , bounded by
Gowanus Bay
Gowanus ( ) is a neighborhood in the northwestern portion of the New York City borough of Brooklyn, within the area once known as South Brooklyn. The neighborhood is part of Brooklyn Community District 6. Gowanus is bounded by Wyckoff Street on ...
to the west and north, Third Avenue to the east, 27th Street to the north, and 50th Street to the south.
The surrounding area entered a period of decline after
World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...
, and by the 1970s, the ports in Bush Terminal had been filled. The entire complex was rebranded as Industry City during the post-war years, though the Bush Terminal name remained in popular use. In the 1970s and 1980s, sections of Bush Terminal were demolished or converted into other uses, including a shopping mall, a federal prison, a privately operated manufacturing and commercial complex, and a garment manufacturing district operated by the NYCEDC.
Today, the Bush Terminal site collectively comprises roughly , including sixteen former factory buildings and eleven warehouses between built in the early 20th century. Starting in the 2010s, the complex has been undergoing renovations and expansions. A major expansion of Industry City, which would add of space to the complex, was announced in 2017. The section of Bush Terminal operated by the NYCEDC is also undergoing a renovation into the "Made in NY" campus, a film, TV, and fashion manufacturing complex that is set to open in 2020.
Description
![Industry City Dec 4, 2018 02](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Industry_City_Dec_4%2C_2018_02.jpg)
The privately owned Industry City complex covers sixteen structures and of land on the Brooklyn waterfront, adjacent to
New York Harbor
New York Harbor is at the mouth of the Hudson River where it empties into New York Bay near the East River tidal estuary, and then into the Atlantic Ocean on the east coast of the United States. It is one of the largest natural harbors in t ...
.
It is subdivided into eight former factory buildings between Second Avenue, 33rd Street,
Third Avenue
Third Avenue is a north-south thoroughfare on the East Side of the New York City borough of Manhattan, as well as in the center portion of the Bronx. Its southern end is at Astor Place and St. Mark's Place. It transitions into Cooper Square ...
, and 37th Street, numbered 8 to 1 from north to south. An additional two buildings, numbered 19 and 20, occupy the block bounded by First Avenue, Second Avenue, 39th Street, and 41st Street. The structures contain a combined of floor space.
All of the buildings were part of the Bush Terminal Company's "Industrial Colony", which was built in the late 1900s and early 1910s.
Directly south of Industry City, between First Avenue, 40th Street, Second Avenue, and 51st Street, is a collection of eleven former warehouses operated by the NYCEDC as part of the Bush Terminal manufacturing complex. These structures were developed by the South Brooklyn Industrial Development Corporation starting in 1989.
The campus comprises of land and of renovated floor space.
The entire complex was originally called Bush Terminal and formerly stretched further north to 28th Street.
The section north of 32nd Street, comprising the former Naval Fleet Supply Base, is no longer part of Bush Terminal. One of the buildings between 29th and 31st Street, called Federal Building No. 2, are a privately owned shopping complex called Liberty View Industrial Plaza. It was bought by Salman Properties in 2011, and before that, it had been vacant since 2000. The site of the other structure, Federal Building No. 1, is occupied by
Metropolitan Detention Center, Brooklyn
The Metropolitan Detention Center, Brooklyn (MDC Brooklyn) is a United States federal administrative detention facility in the Sunset Park neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York City. It holds male and female prisoners of all security levels. It ...
(MDC Brooklyn), which was built in the 1990s.
Federal Building No. 1 was demolished in 1993 to make way for MDC Brooklyn.
The
South Brooklyn Marine Terminal
The South Brooklyn Marine Terminal (SBMT) is an intermodal shipping, warehousing, and manufacturing complex in the Port of New York and New Jersey. It is located along the Upper New York Bay, between 29th and 39th Streets in the Sunset Park and ...
, also owned by the NYCEDC, occupies the waterfront to the north and west, from 39th to 29th Streets.
Factory lofts
By 1918, the Bush Terminal Company owned of waterfront in Brooklyn, and the terminal covered 20 waterfront blocks.
The complex ultimately encompassed sixteen factory buildings between 28th and 37th Streets, and between 39th and 41st Streets.
The buildings were outfitted with the most modern amenities available in the 1900s and 1910s, such as fireproof metal facades and a fire sprinkler system.
The floors of each loft building could carry loads of up to .
The loft buildings had a combined 150 freight elevators.
They were mostly U-shaped to facilitate loading at the rail sidings located in between the two wings of each building. By the 1970s, the facility's buildings had 263,740 window panes in their walls and of fire sprinklers running within them.
Bush Terminal Company Building
Industry City includes the Bush Terminal Company Building (now Buildings 19 and 20
), a loft structure located on Second Avenue between 39th and 40th Streets.
[''Bush Terminal Co. Putting Up A Great Loft Building'', '']The New York Times
''The New York Times'' (''the Times'', ''NYT'', or the Gray Lady) is a daily newspaper based in New York City with a worldwide readership reported in 2020 to comprise a declining 840,000 paid print subscribers, and a growing 6 million paid ...
'', April 12, 1911, p. 6. Construction on the building started around 1911,
It was eight stories tall with three distinct buildings connected in U-shaped manner. The primary structure possessed a common courtyard with wings. The structure had a frontage of 460 feet on the west side of Second Avenue. Its wings ran westward from Second Avenue along 39th Street and 40th Street. It extended 335 feet each to a private street located off the bulkheads. The court measured 210 feet by 55 feet.
The property on which the edifice was erected was purchased in part from the
New York Dock Company for $30 million. The building's completion was part of a plan long contemplated by the Bush Terminal Company's president,
Irving T. Bush
Irving Ter Bush (July 12, 1869 – October 21, 1948) was an American businessman. He was the son of the wealthy industrialist, oil refinery owner, and yachtsman Rufus T. Bush.
As founder of the Bush Terminal Company, Bush was responsible for t ...
. Its construction coincided with an improvement in the industrial region between First and Second Avenues. The Bush Terminal Company erected structures like this on both sides of Second Avenue.
Railroad
The Bush Terminal Railroad Company owned about of track within the terminal by 1917,
which had grown to of track by 1950.
The terminal's railroad greatly reduced shippers' cost to haul freight from their facilities to a rail yard.
The rail yard could hold about 1,000 freight cars and was six blocks long.
The terminal also owned of double-tracked electric railroad that ran on the streets along Brooklyn's waterfront.
The tracks ran along Second Avenue from 28th to 41st Streets and along First Avenue from 41st to 64th Streets, with spurs into every factory building and into the
Brooklyn Army Terminal
The Brooklyn Army Terminal (BAT) is a large warehouse complex in Sunset Park, Brooklyn, New York City. The site occupies more than between 58th and 63rd Streets west of Second Avenue, on Brooklyn's western shore. The complex was originally u ...
at 58th Street.
Eventually, Bush Terminal could handle 50,000 freight railcars at a time.
The tracks connected with the
Pennsylvania Railroad
The Pennsylvania Railroad (reporting mark PRR), legal name The Pennsylvania Railroad Company also known as the "Pennsy", was an American Class I railroad that was established in 1846 and headquartered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was named ...
's
New York Connecting Railroad
The New York Connecting Railroad or NYCR is a rail line in the borough of Queens in New York City. It links New York City and Long Island by rail directly to the North American mainland. Amtrak, CSX, Canadian Pacific Railway, Providence a ...
at 65th Street, south of the Brooklyn Army Terminal.
There was also a direct connection to the
Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company
The Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company (BRT) was a public transit holding company formed in 1896 to acquire and consolidate railway lines in Brooklyn and Queens, New York City, United States. It was a prominent corporation and industry leader using ...
's trackage at 39th Street, which is now operated by the
South Brooklyn Railway
The South Brooklyn Railway is a railroad in the New York City borough of Brooklyn. It is owned by the City of New York and operated by the New York City Transit Authority. Its original main line ran parallel to 38th Street from the Upper New Yo ...
.
Around 1913, there were plans to extend the railroad northward along the Brooklyn waterfront via the "Marginal Elevated Railway". The railroad would have used an elevated viaduct, similar to the
High Line
The High Line is a elevated park, elevated linear park, greenway (landscape), greenway and rail trail created on a former New York Central Railroad spur on the West Side (Manhattan), west side of Manhattan in New York City. The High Line's ...
in Manhattan, between Bush Terminal and the piers at
Fulton Ferry Landing (now
Brooklyn Bridge Park
Brooklyn Bridge Park is an park on the Brooklyn side of the East River in New York City. Designed by landscape architecture firm Michael Van Valkenburgh Associates, the park is located on a plot of land from Atlantic Avenue in the south, und ...
) in
Brooklyn Heights
Brooklyn Heights is a residential neighborhood within the New York City borough of Brooklyn. The neighborhood is bounded by Old Fulton Street near the Brooklyn Bridge on the north, Cadman Plaza West on the east, Atlantic Avenue on the south, an ...
. However, this marginal railroad was never built.
In addition, the Bush Terminal Company ran a
car float
A railroad car float or rail barge is a specialised form of lighter with railway tracks mounted on its deck used to move rolling stock across water obstacles, or to locations they could not otherwise go. An unpowered barge, it is towed by a tugb ...
operation in which freight cars were loaded aboard car-float barges with railroad tracks, which traveled across New York Harbor to and from car float piers in New Jersey. The company had a fleet of
tugboat
A tugboat or tug is a marine vessel that manoeuvres other vessels by pushing or pulling them, with direct contact or a tow line. These boats typically tug ships in circumstances where they cannot or should not move under their own power, su ...
s specifically for car floats, each with three crews. Each tug pulled three or four car-float barges, which each measured and could hold up to 17 freight cars at a time.
By 1957, two tugboats were still operating, both of which dated to 1905 and 1906.
Piers and storage
In its most active years, the Bush Terminal/Industry City complex contained seven covered piers, which each extended over into New York Harbor.
Each pier measured , and contained a railroad track for loading freight onto ships. Adjacent to each pier were slips that measured wide by deep, large enough to accommodate container ships at the time.
Twenty-five steamship lines used these piers,
and by 1910, Bush Terminal handled 10 percent of all steamships arriving in New York.
Once freight was offloaded from vessels or ready for shipment, it could be stored within one of the warehouses at Bush Terminal. Estimates varied as to the number of warehouses at Bush Terminal. According to ''
The New York Times
''The New York Times'' (''the Times'', ''NYT'', or the Gray Lady) is a daily newspaper based in New York City with a worldwide readership reported in 2020 to comprise a declining 840,000 paid print subscribers, and a growing 6 million paid ...
'', the complex had 118 warehouses by 1918, ranging in height from one to eight stories, which could store a combined of goods.
However, ''
The Wall Street Journal
''The Wall Street Journal'' is an American business-focused, international daily newspaper based in New York City, with international editions also available in Chinese and Japanese. The ''Journal'', along with its Asian editions, is published ...
'' described the terminal later that year as having 121 warehouses with of total storage space,
and a 1920 article in the Bush Company's magazine mentioned that the complex had 122 warehouses.
The warehouses were used to store both raw and manufactured goods from Manhattan, in addition to materials offloaded from incoming ships and merchandise headed for distribution.
The Bush Terminal Company also maintained a fleet of four steam
lighters
A lighter is a portable device which creates a flame, and can be used to ignite a variety of items, such as cigarettes, gas lighter, fireworks, candles or campfires. It consists of a metal or plastic container filled with a flammable liquid or ...
and seven tugboats that carried goods between the terminal and piers in Manhattan.
By 1920, distribution was controlled from an 8-story steel-and-concrete service building at 39th Street west of Second Avenue. The building had two levels of railroad tracks, one for incoming freight and one for outgoing freight, and each level could accommodate six freight cars.
Historic operations
![Industry City Dec 4, 2018 04](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Industry_City_Dec_4%2C_2018_04.jpg)
When the complex was known as Bush Terminal, it offered economies of scale for its tenants, so that even the smallest interests had available to them the type of facilities normally only available to large, well-capitalized firms.
An article published in the ''Brooklyn Daily Eagle'' in 1940 mentioned that tenants took up anywhere between of space.
During the 1910s, advertisements for Bush Terminal were posted in newspapers such as the ''
Brooklyn Daily Eagle
:''This article covers both the historical newspaper (1841–1955, 1960–1963), as well as an unrelated new Brooklyn Daily Eagle starting 1996 published currently''
The ''Brooklyn Eagle'' (originally joint name ''The Brooklyn Eagle'' and ''King ...
''. The advertisements claimed that companies could have private railroad tracks, a "free waterfront", and "a million-dollar factory at your present rental or less", and stated that the Bush Terminal complex covered over of land. Other advertisements by the Bush Terminal Company depicted companies that were moving to Bush Terminal in large numbers, and claimed that the Bush Terminal Company was "boosting" Brooklyn.
Bush Terminal employed 35,000 workers by 1928, and the vice president of the Bush Terminal Company had created a court system for Bush Terminal as a form of self-policing.
There were four
tribunal
A tribunal, generally, is any person or institution with authority to judge, adjudicate on, or determine claims or disputes—whether or not it is called a tribunal in its title.
For example, an advocate who appears before a court with a single ...
s, one each for marine employees, railroad workers, trucking employees, and mechanical employees. These handled both
civil cases
Civil law is a major branch of the law. Glanville Williams. ''Learning the Law''. Eleventh Edition. Stevens. 1982. p. 2. In common law legal systems such as England and Wales and the United States, the term refers to non- criminal law. The law r ...
, such as those for job demotions seen as unfair, and
criminal cases, such as those for fraud. There was also a "supreme court" that handled disputes between departments, and employees were allowed to
appeal
In law, an appeal is the process in which cases are reviewed by a higher authority, where parties request a formal change to an official decision. Appeals function both as a process for error correction as well as a process of clarifying and ...
cases directly to Irving Bush. The terminal also had a "Pivot Club", which was composed of longshoremen who met twice a week to draft legislation for Bush Terminal.
Bush Terminal had two coal-and-oil power plants for steam and light, which provided the complex's power.
In addition, the terminal contained a hall for longshoremen, a bank, restaurants, and a
trolley system to provide transportation for workers. An administration building was constructed circa 1895–1902.
Bush Terminal also had its own police force and fire department,
as well as a mailbox for
airmail
Airmail (or air mail) is a mail transport service branded and sold on the basis of at least one leg of its journey being by air. Airmail items typically arrive more quickly than surface mail, and usually cost more to send. Airmail may be the ...
. A chamber of commerce for Bush Terminal, created in June 1916, had successfully advocated for improvements to the Bush Terminal area, such as infrastructure improvements and quality of life cleanup. Other amenities provided at Bush Terminal included social clubs, schools, and community centers.
History
Concept and beginnings
Industry City was originally known as Bush Terminal, which was named after Irving T. Bush. His family name came from Jan Bosch, who was born in the
Netherlands
)
, anthem = ( en, "William of Nassau")
, image_map =
, map_caption =
, subdivision_type = Sovereign state
, subdivision_name = Kingdom of the Netherlands
, established_title = Before independence
, established_date = Spanish Netherl ...
and immigrated to
New Amsterdam
New Amsterdam ( nl, Nieuw Amsterdam, or ) was a 17th-century Dutch settlement established at the southern tip of Manhattan Island that served as the seat of the colonial government in New Netherland. The initial trading ''factory'' gave rise ...
(now New York) in 1662;
it is unrelated to the
Bush political family. Bush Terminal was unique from other rail-marine terminals in New York due to its distance from Manhattan, the magnitude of its warehousing and manufacturing operations, and its fully integrated nature. Wholesalers in Manhattan faced expensive time, transportation, and labor costs when importing and then re-sending goods. In 1895, Irving T. Bush—working under his family's company, the Bush Company—organized six warehouses and one pier on the waterfront of South Brooklyn as a freight-handling terminal.
There had only been one warehouse on the Bush Terminal site in 1890.
Before that, the land contained an oil refinery belonging to the Bush & Denslow company of
Rufus T. Bush
Rufus Ter Bush (February 22, 1840 – September 15, 1890) was an American businessman, industrialist, and yachtsman. His notable testimony against Standard Oil's monopolistic practices through railroad rebates left a lasting impression, while th ...
, Irving T. Bush's father.
Standard Oil
Standard Oil Company, Inc., was an American oil production, transportation, refining, and marketing company that operated from 1870 to 1911. At its height, Standard Oil was the largest petroleum company in the world, and its success made its co-f ...
bought this refinery in the 1880s and dismantled it, but after Rufus T. Bush's death in 1890, Irving T. Bush later bought the land back using his father's inheritance.
[Copley, F. B. (Oct. 1913). "Interesting People: Irving T. Bush." ''The American Magazine'', 76 (4), p. 57-59] In 1891, the Bush Company completed a one-story office building at the intersection of First Avenue and 42nd Street. Irving Bush built six warehouses on the site between 1895 and 1897, but soon observed their inefficiency: "The ships were on one shore, the railroads on another, and the factories were scattered about the city on any old street without any relation to either kind of transportation. I thought: 'Why not bring them to one place, and tie the ship, the railroad, the warehouse, and the factory together with ties of railroad tracks?
The terminal in its early days was derided as "Bush's Folly".
Railroad officials would not ship directly to Brooklyn unless the customers first had orders of freight, as it required the extra cost of loading freight cars on
car float
A railroad car float or rail barge is a specialised form of lighter with railway tracks mounted on its deck used to move rolling stock across water obstacles, or to locations they could not otherwise go. An unpowered barge, it is towed by a tugb ...
s for the trip across New York Harbor to the
ferry slip
A ferry slip is a specialized docking facility that receives a ferryboat or train ferry. A similar structure called a barge slip receives a barge or car float that is used to carry wheeled vehicles across a body of water.
Often a ferry intend ...
s at the terminal.
Railroad officials also feared that the harbor might freeze during the winter, making a car float unsustainable.
Irving T. Bush resorted to sending an agent to
Michigan
Michigan () is a state in the Great Lakes region of the upper Midwestern United States. With a population of nearly 10.12 million and an area of nearly , Michigan is the 10th-largest state by population, the 11th-largest by area, and the ...
with instructions to buy 100 carloads of hay, then to attempt to have the hay sent in its original railcar to Bush's terminal in Brooklyn. Railroad companies in the eastern U.S. declined their western agents' request to send the hay until the
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad was the first common carrier railroad and the oldest railroad in the United States, with its first section opening in 1830. Merchants from Baltimore, which had benefited to some extent from the construction of ...
agreed to accept the offer and negotiate directly with the new terminal, after which other railways followed.
[
] To demonstrate that ocean vessels could dock at the piers, Irving T. Bush leased ships and entered the banana business, and in doing so, made a profit. Likewise, to induce businesses to store goods at his terminal's
warehouse
A warehouse is a building for storing goods. Warehouses are used by manufacturers, importers, exporters, wholesalers, transport businesses, customs, etc. They are usually large plain buildings in industrial parks on the outskirts of cities ...
s, he warehoused coffee and cotton himself.
Once Bush Terminal succeeded and expanded, sources credited Bush's "keen foresight" for undertaking such a "
quixotic
Quixotic may refer to:
* Quixotism, deriving from the novel ''Don Quixote''
* ''Quixotic'' (album), an album by Martina Topley-Bird
* Quix*o*tic Quix*o*tic was a rock band active from 1997 to 2002 in the area of Washington, D.C., United States. T ...
" business venture.
Expansion
1900s and 1910s
The Bush Company purchased an additional plot of land from the Hunt family in 1901, spanning between 41st and 50th Streets. At the time, the company already operated properties at the western ends of 41st and 42nd Streets, facing the waterfront. The Bush Company terminal business became the Bush Terminal Company in 1902 when Irving T. Bush bought the land from the Standard Oil Co.
The same year, the Bush Terminal Company started grading land on the former Hunt estate. It was ultimately planning to construct 18 factory loft buildings and 73 warehouses, as well as seven piers.
The first pier opened in May 1903.
Significant progress had been made by 1905: five of the piers were complete, and the Bush Terminal Company owned ten of the twelve blocks of waterfront between 39th and 51st Streets, as well as the plot bounded by Second Avenue, Third Avenue, 37th Street, and 28th Street.
A sixth pier was completed within two years.
By this time, the shipping industry in Manhattan was becoming congested.
By early 1909, three of the factory structures had been completed, and a fourth was under construction. Each building was six stories tall, measured , and had of floor area. The complex was convenient enough for industries that the first two buildings had been fully rented before they had even been completed. The Bush Terminal Company also arranged to lease a tenement structure at Third Avenue and 29th Street to house workers employed at Bush Terminal. It was expected that by the time fifteen to twenty of the factories were completed, Bush Terminal would employ 10,000 to 15,000 workers. Plans for a fifth and sixth factory building were announced in mid-1909, with the same dimensions as the existing factory structures. Early tenants included those in the printing and paper industries, and many of these tenants would remain through the 1950s.
In 1912, Irving Bush proposed that the city buy the Bush Terminal Company's piers, since the city had desired to purchase the company's waterfront land. Later that year, the
New York City Board of Estimate
The New York City Board of Estimate was a governmental body in New York City responsible for numerous areas of municipal policy and decisions, including the city budget, land-use, contracts, franchises, and water rates. Under the amendments effec ...
received a proposal for the city to establish a freight terminal on the Brooklyn waterfront between 36th and 43rd Streets, and purchase that stretch of land from the Bush Terminal Company, as well as the Bush Terminal railroad and the entirety of Bush Terminal at the time. Under the plan, the existing Bush Terminal, the railroad, and the new city-owned terminal would continue to be operated by the Bush Terminal Company. That September, a special committee for the Board of Estimate approved the plan. However, the New York Merchants Association opposed the city's proposal to purchase Bush Terminal, because the Bush Terminal Company would then have a
monopoly
A monopoly (from Greek language, Greek el, μόνος, mónos, single, alone, label=none and el, πωλεῖν, pōleîn, to sell, label=none), as described by Irving Fisher, is a market with the "absence of competition", creating a situati ...
on the railroads along the Brooklyn waterfront. The city's
commissioner of docks,
Calvin Tomkins
Calvin Tomkins (born 17 December 1925) is an author and art critic for ''The New Yorker'' magazine.
Life and career
Tomkins was born in Orange, New Jersey. After graduating from Berkshire School, he attended Princeton University and received an un ...
, also opposed the proposal because of concerns over a private monopoly, and because the Board of Estimate's special committee had ignored his original proposals.
By 1917, Bush Terminal had of storage spread across 102 warehouses. The Bush Terminal Company had built 16 factory loft buildings with a combined floor area of .
Use by Navy during World War I
![Port of Embarkation Hoboken (1917-1918)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Port_of_Embarkation_Hoboken_%281917-1918%29.png)
On December 31, 1917, the
United States Navy
The United States Navy (USN) is the maritime service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States. It is the largest and most powerful navy in the world, with the estimated tonnage ...
announced that it would take over the piers and warehouses of the Bush Terminal Company. Major General
George Goethals
George Washington Goethals ( June 29, 1858 – January 21, 1928) was a United States Army General and civil engineer, best known for his administration and supervision of the construction and the opening of the Panama Canal. He was the State E ...
, acting
Quartermaster General of the U.S. Army, praised Bush Terminal as being among the best shipping facilities in the United States.
The Navy proposed to build of storage space and four piers adjoining Bush Terminal. The
United States Army
The United States Army (USA) is the land service branch of the United States Armed Forces. It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services, and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution.Article II, section 2, cla ...
also occupied warehouses within part of Bush Terminal, but it proposed to vacate that space so the Navy could use it.
The U.S. Navy wanted to outright purchase Bush Terminal, and it was soon in negotiations with the Bush Terminal Company over the terminal's valuation.
In June 1918, Assistant Secretary of the Navy, and eventual President of the United States,
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Franklin Delano Roosevelt (; ; January 30, 1882April 12, 1945), often referred to by his initials FDR, was an American politician and attorney who served as the 32nd president of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945. As the ...
wrote to Irving Bush to tell him that the navy would also be commandeering four of Bush Terminal's twelve manufacturing buildings. As a result, 64 manufacturers employing 4,500 people were ordered to vacate their spaces by the end of 1918.
The eviction notice covered 276 total tenants in buildings 3, 4, 5, and 6. Although Bush reluctantly complied with the takeover,
the Merchants' Association protested because the takeover would eliminate the jobs of a large workforce. Many companies at Bush Terminal also pushed back against the eviction order, citing the amenities at the terminal. The Bush Terminal Company recorded material losses the next year.
The U.S. Navy tied its rail lines into those of the Bush Terminal. Irving Bush helped to design Bush Terminal's southern neighbor, the Brooklyn Army Terminal, which was completed in 1919.
Because of the railroad connection between Bush Terminal and the Brooklyn Army Terminal, and then to the mainland U.S. via the New York Connecting Railroad, the U.S. Navy wanted to operate the Bush Terminal for the duration of the war, paying a fee for the takeover. The piers of the terminal became part of the United States Army's
New York Port of Embarkation
The New York Port of Embarkation (NYPOE) was a United States Army command responsible for the movement of troops and supplies from the United States to overseas commands. The command had facilities in New York and New Jersey, roughly covering the ...
.
At the war's end the New York Port of Embarkation included eight piers in Brooklyn, including six Bush Terminal piers and two Army Supply Base piers; 120 Bush Terminal warehouses; twelve piers and seven warehouses in
Hoboken, New Jersey
Hoboken ( ; Unami: ') is a city in Hudson County in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 U.S. census, the city's population was 60,417. The Census Bureau's Population Estimates Program calculated that the city's population was 58,690 i ...
; and three piers in the
North River, Manhattan. A 1929 article in the ''Brooklyn Daily Eagle'' mentioned that during World War I, Bush Terminal handled about 70% of the ammunition, clothing, and food that went to American soldiers abroad.
The federal government quietly returned Bush Terminal to private ownership after the war. It paid out claims to the Bush Terminal Company for the use of the terminal space, though the last of the funds was not allocated until 1943, twenty-five years after takeover. In October 1919, the Bush Terminal Company announced the creation of a department for sporting-goods manufacturers at Bush Terminal. The company was designated with selling off excess cloth from the Army and Navy, which were considered war surplus.
Zenith
1920s
The twelve factory loft buildings that had been built by 1918 housed about 300 companies.
By the end of World War I, Bush Terminal was an integral part of the economy of what is now
Sunset Park.
The terminal's fortunes rose with those of the borough of Brooklyn, which had over 2.5 million residents by 1930.
Bush Terminal employed thousands directly and many thousands more worked for firms within Bush Terminal.
By 1928, Bush Terminal had 35,000 workers, and it was so large that the terminal employed its own court system,
as well as a police force and fire department.
World War I had halted expansion projects at Bush Terminal, and construction on these projects did not resume until 1926. In March 1927, the Bush Terminal Company completed of new industrial space at Bush Terminal, bringing the amount of factory loft space to . By that time, the company was constructing two additional loft buildings, which would increase the factory loft space by 10%, as well as power plant at Bush Terminal. A branch of National City Bank (now
Citibank
Citibank, N. A. (N. A. stands for " National Association") is the primary U.S. banking subsidiary of financial services multinational Citigroup. Citibank was founded in 1812 as the City Bank of New York, and later became First National City ...
) inside the terminal was opened the same year, as did a playground near the terminal.
Other Bush Terminal Company buildings
Early in the 20th century, the Bush Terminal Company commissioned architects
Kirby, Petit & Green to design its headquarters building in Manhattan's
Financial District
A financial district is usually a central area in a city where financial services firms such as banks, insurance companies and other related finance corporations have their head offices. In major cities, financial districts are often home to s ...
at 100
Broad Street, near the intersection with Pearl and Bridge Streets. The relatively small yet notable five-story office building was located on the site of Manhattan's first church, built in 1633,
and one book described the structure as having a "Gothic design with a strong flavor of Dutch."
The company also funded construction of
Bush Tower
The Bush Tower (also the Bush Terminal Building, the Bush Terminal International Exhibit Building and formerly the Bush Terminal Sales Building) is a skyscraper in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City, just east of Times Square. ...
, a 30-story skyscraper near
Times Square
Times Square is a major commercial intersection, tourist destination, entertainment hub, and neighborhood in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. It is formed by the junction of Broadway, Seventh Avenue, and 42nd Street. Together with adjacent ...
in
Manhattan
Manhattan (), known regionally as the City, is the most densely populated and geographically smallest of the five boroughs of New York City. The borough is also coextensive with New York County, one of the original counties of the U.S. state ...
, where tenants of Bush Terminal were offered display space to showcase their goods, above a club for buyers visiting New York.
The Bush Terminal Company attempted a similar melding of commercial displays and social space at
Bush House
Bush House is a Grade II listed building at the southern end of Kingsway between Aldwych and the Strand in London. It was conceived as a major new trade centre by American industrialist Irving T. Bush, and commissioned, designed, funded, a ...
in
London
London is the capital and largest city of England and the United Kingdom, with a population of just under 9 million. It stands on the River Thames in south-east England at the head of a estuary down to the North Sea, and has been a majo ...
, built in three phases during the 1920s, but the concept was not fully carried through at that project.
Great Depression and World War II
Despite the onset of the
Great Depression
The Great Depression (19291939) was an economic shock that impacted most countries across the world. It was a period of economic depression that became evident after a major fall in stock prices in the United States. The economic contagio ...
in 1929, the Bush Terminal Company was initially unaffected. In early 1930, Irving Bush created a new subsidiary, the Bush Services Corporation, which would allow small manufacturers in Bush Terminal to sell directly to manufacturers, thus eliminating the need for
wholesalers
Wholesaling or distributing is the sale of goods or merchandise to retailers; to industrial, commercial, institutional or other professional business users; or to other wholesalers (wholesale businesses) and related subordinated services. In ...
as middlemen. Later that year, a direct seaplane route was established between Bush Terminal and
Philadelphia
Philadelphia, often called Philly, is the largest city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, the sixth-largest city in the U.S., the second-largest city in both the Northeast megalopolis and Mid-Atlantic regions after New York City. Sinc ...
. In 1931, in advance of a projected increase in business, the Bush Terminal Company planned to purchase $500,000 million worth of equipment, including eight electric train locomotives. To help potential tenants and customers find Bush Terminal more easily, wayfinding signs for the terminal were installed in the
36th Street subway station. A park at the site of an abandoned dumping ground was announced in 1934, and the Bush Terminal Company bought a fleet of new trucks for Bush Terminal the same year.
In mid-March 1933, seven members of the Bush Terminal Company's board suddenly quit, citing past mismanagement. The Bush Terminal Company went into
receivership
In law, receivership is a situation in which an institution or enterprise is held by a receiver—a person "placed in the custodial responsibility for the property of others, including tangible and intangible assets and rights"—especially in ca ...
two weeks afterward, on April 1, 1933, due to an inability to repay its outstanding
bonds. A new 11-person board of directors was appointed for the duration of receivership. The receivers started cutting costs, and by May, had eliminated $100,000 in expenses. In May 1935, the receivers removed Bush as the president of the Bush Terminal Company and subsidiaries. Shortly afterward, Bush unsuccessfully sued in Brooklyn federal court to have the receivers removed based on an accusation of incompetence. That November, stockholders filed a petition in Brooklyn federal court to reorganize the Bush Terminal Company, since the company was bankrupt. The reorganization was granted by Brooklyn federal judge
Robert Alexander Inch. The company exited receivership on May 1, 1936. However,
equity
Equity may refer to:
Finance, accounting and ownership
* Equity (finance), ownership of assets that have liabilities attached to them
** Stock, equity based on original contributions of cash or other value to a business
** Home equity, the dif ...
proceedings against the Bush Terminal Company were still pending, and in April 1937, the Bush Terminal Buildings Company filed for reorganization under a court order from Inch. Legal disputes between Bush and the trustees continued, including a libel suit filed by the trustees against Bush that later had to be re-litigated.
![Bush Terminal Company 1920](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Bush_Terminal_Company_1920.jpg)
Operations at the terminal itself continued relatively unaltered through the 1930s.
However, vacancy rates reached as high as 35% during the Depression.
The
United States Postal Service
The United States Postal Service (USPS), also known as the Post Office, U.S. Mail, or Postal Service, is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for providing postal service in the U ...
decided to relocate the area's post office out of Bush Terminal in 1934 because the rent was too high. At some point, the
Drug Enforcement Administration
The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA; ) is a Federal law enforcement in the United States, United States federal law enforcement agency under the U.S. Department of Justice tasked with combating drug trafficking and distribution within th ...
; the
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives
The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (BATFE), commonly referred to as the ATF, is a domestic law enforcement agency within the United States Department of Justice. Its responsibilities include the investigation and prevent ...
; the
Internal Revenue Service
The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) is the revenue service for the United States federal government, which is responsible for collecting U.S. federal taxes and administering the Internal Revenue Code, the main body of the federal statutory ta ...
, and the
United States Coast Guard
The United States Coast Guard (USCG) is the maritime security, search and rescue, and law enforcement service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the country's eight uniformed services. The service is a maritime, military, mult ...
also occupied space in Bush Terminal.
In 1938, after lithographers signed leases for nine buildings in Bush Terminal, the Bush Terminal Company announced that the leased buildings would receive extensive renovations. The federal government, whose
Works Progress Administration
The Works Progress Administration (WPA; renamed in 1939 as the Work Projects Administration) was an American New Deal agency that employed millions of jobseekers (mostly men who were not formally educated) to carry out public works projects, i ...
stored supplies such as clothing in warehouses at Bush Terminal, was another large tenant. Other large tenants included the Monarch Wine Company, which leased three buildings at Bush Terminal in 1939, and spice companies such as the
Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company (now A&P), whose Bush Terminal tea-packing plant was once the world's largest. By 1941, ninety percent of the rentable space at Bush Terminal had been leased, and 69 of 70 one-story buildings had been rented.
During
World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...
, some buildings in Bush Terminal were again used by the federal government, which used of storage space at the terminal.
In mid-1941, the U.S. Army moved some civilian workers into more than at Bush Terminal, spread across three buildings along First Avenue, because there was no more space at Brooklyn Army Terminal. Franklin D. Roosevelt's
1944 presidential campaign tour around New York City, which occurred in October 1944, started at the Brooklyn Army Terminal and Bush Terminal.
After World War II
Sunset Park began to suffer economic decline during the Great Depression, which worsened with the demolition of the
Fifth Avenue Elevated
The Fifth Avenue Line, also called the Fifth Avenue Elevated or Fifth Avenue–Bay Ridge Line, was an elevated rail line in Brooklyn, New York City, United States. It ran above Hudson Avenue, Flatbush Avenue, Fifth Avenue, 38th Street, and Th ...
. Bush Terminal and the Sunset Park waterfront were disconnected from the rest of the neighborhood by the 1941 construction and subsequent widening of the
Gowanus Expressway
Interstate 278 (I-278) is an auxiliary Interstate Highway in New Jersey and New York in the United States. The road runs from US Route 1/9 (US 1/9) in Linden, New Jersey, northeast to the Bruckner Interchange in the New Yor ...
(
Interstate 278
Interstate 278 (I-278) is an auxiliary Interstate Highway in New Jersey and New York in the United States. The road runs from US Route 1/9 (US 1/9) in Linden, New Jersey, northeast to the Bruckner Interchange in the New Yor ...
) above Third Avenue. After the war, "
white flight
White flight or white exodus is the sudden or gradual large-scale migration of white people from areas becoming more racially or ethnoculturally diverse. Starting in the 1950s and 1960s, the terms became popular in the United States. They refer ...
", the maritime industry's move to New Jersey, and the 1966 deactivation of the Brooklyn Army Terminal also hurt the neighborhood until it was reopened as an industrial park in the 1980s.
However, Bush Terminal still remained active around this time, although it was smaller compared to before World War II.
The opening of the
Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel
The Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel, officially the Hugh L. Carey Tunnel and commonly referred to as the Battery Tunnel or Battery Park Tunnel, is a tolled tunnel in New York City that connects Red Hook in Brooklyn with the Battery in Manhattan ...
in 1950 gave Bush Terminal and the surrounding area a direct link to Manhattan, which was seen as a benefit to the area's economy.
Late 1940s and early 1950s
In 1946, the administration of Mayor
William O'Dwyer
William O'Dwyer (July 11, 1890November 24, 1964) was an Irish-American politician and diplomat who served as the 100th Mayor of New York City, holding that office from 1946 to 1950.
Life and career
O'Dwyer was born in Bohola, County Mayo, Ire ...
proposed building a food-produce market at Bush Terminal. The existing Brooklyn Terminal Market in
Canarsie, Brooklyn
Canarsie ( ) is a mostly residential neighborhood in the southeastern portion of Brooklyn, New York City. Canarsie is bordered on the east by Fresh Creek Basin and East 108th Street; on the north by Linden Boulevard; on the west by Ralph Aven ...
, was too far away from convenient railroad connections, and the Bush Terminal market would compete with the
Bronx Terminal Market in
the Bronx
The Bronx () is a borough of New York City, coextensive with Bronx County, in the state of New York. It is south of Westchester County; north and east of the New York City borough of Manhattan, across the Harlem River; and north of the New Y ...
, which was close to rail connections. However, the proposal to build a market at Bush Terminal was controversial among merchants because it would take profits away from the Brooklyn Terminal and Bronx Terminal Markets, as well as from the Washington Terminal Market in Manhattan, and it was ultimately not built.
Irving T. Bush died in 1948.
In his will, he stipulated that all Bush Terminal profits that went to him would go to a
trust fund
A trust is a legal relationship in which the holder of a right gives it to another person or entity who must keep and use it solely for another's benefit. In the Anglo-American common law, the party who entrusts the right is known as the "settl ...
for one of his nieces.
Bush was succeeded by A.P. Timmerman as chairman of Bush Terminal Company, and by J.L. Hanigan as president of the company. A statue to him was dedicated in 1950 at Bush Terminal's administration building.
By that year, the Bush Terminal Company only employed about 700 people, though about 40,000 people either were directly supported by jobs at Bush Terminal or lived nearby. The company had 300 manufacturing tenants spread across 120 buildings.
In 1951, the Bush Terminal Company's real-estate, shipping, and industrial divisions were merged with the real-estate company
Webb and Knapp
Webb and Knapp was a real estate development firm.
The company is most famous for developing the Roosevelt Airfield, which was the launching site of the transatlantic flights of Charles Lindbergh and Amelia Earhart. It was also the firm at which ...
, though the Bush Terminal Buildings Company remained separate. As part of the merger, $5 million in improvements was proposed for Bush Terminal, and the management of the Bush Terminal Company was allowed to continue operating as normal. It was around this time that the president of the Bush Terminal Buildings Company, R.A.P. Walker, started advertising the terminal's buildings in newspapers as "Industry City".
The Industry City name was a reference to Bush Terminal becoming one of the first
industrial park
An industrial park (also known as industrial estate, trading estate) is an area zoned and planned for the purpose of industrial development. An industrial park can be thought of as a more "heavyweight" version of a business park or office park, ...
s in the United States following World War II.
After the Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel opened, the area around Industry City became so congested with traffic that, in 1953, the vice president of the Bush Terminal Merchants' and Manufacturers' Association proposed traffic improvements in the area. By Industry City's 50th anniversary in 1955, it employed 25,000 workers working for over 100 companies, and 25 tenants occupied 41% of the 6 million square feet at the complex.
More than three-quarters of the tenants, 78%, had been at Bush Terminal for more than ten years, and 10% had occupied space there for more than 40 years. Major tenants included A&P, which roasted much of its coffee at industry City;
Beech-Nut
Beech-Nut Nutrition Corporation is a baby food company owned by the Swiss branded consumer-goods firm Hero Group.
History
Beech-Nut's roots go back to 1891, to the Mohawk Valley town of Canajoharie, New York. Raymond P. Lipe, along with his ...
, which made candy and chewing gum; Virginia Dare, which made wine and flavoring extract; and two of the largest olive-oil producers in the U.S., according to ''The New York Times''.
On December 3, 1956, Industry City was the site of what might have been the largest explosion in New York City history. Dockworkers were using an oxyacetylene torch to perform routine maintenance work when, at about 3:15 p.m. that day, sparks ignited of ground foam rubber scrap. Employees abandoned initial efforts to control the blaze;
twenty-six minutes later, the fire reached of
Cordeau Detonant Fuse, setting off an explosion. Earlier in the day, the burlap bags holding an additional of rubber scrap had broken, and investigators believed that pieces of the highly inflammable scrap had been strewn across the dock.
The blast resulted in 10 deaths, including that of a man standing away; 274 injuries; and "major destruction" in a radius, including broken windows in buildings up to away. People reported hearing the explosion as far as away.
However, none of the firefighters on land or water were injured because the shrapnel went over their heads.
The follow-up report suggested several changes in policy to prevent similar future accidents, such as fire-risk training for all dock workers, and special markings for explosives.
Damage from the explosion is still apparent at Industry City; iron on the fire escapes is mangled, and several windows contain embedded shrapnel.
![Industry City mural](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Industry_City_mural.jpg)
From the early 1950s through the 1960s, the
Topps
The Topps Company, Inc. is an American company that manufactures chewing gum, candy, and collectibles. Formerly based in New York City, Topps is best known as a leading producer of American Football Card, American football, Baseball card, baseb ...
company, which primarily made chewing gum and
baseball card
A baseball card is a type of trading card relating to baseball, usually printed on cardboard, silk, or plastic. In the 1950s they came with a stick of gum and a limited number of cards. These cards feature one or more baseball players, teams, sta ...
s, manufactured baseball cards at Industry City. Topps moved production to Pennsylvania in 1965,
though its offices remained in Bush Terminal until 1994, when it moved to Manhattan.
A major tenant—the
Norton Lilly & Company
Norton Lilly International, was founded as Norton Lilly & Company in 1841 in New York City by John Norton Jr., In 1834, John Norton, Jr. moved to New York in 1834, he was born in Eastport, Maine in 1816. John Norton, Jr. John Norton, Jr. shipping ...
, among the city's largest shipping companies—moved out of the terminal in 1957, having occupied Bush Terminal since 1902.
Late 1950s renovations and 1960s
In 1957, the city announced that a marine terminal for the
Mitsui Steamship Company would be built near Industry City between 36th and 39th Streets. In conjunction with the construction of the Mitsui terminal, the pier at 35th Street, which had been wrecked in the Bush Terminal explosion the previous year, was rebuilt. The Mitsui terminal opened in 1960. As part of the modernization of Bush Terminal/Industry City, the Bush Terminal Company also renovated two railroad car float bridges in 1960 and 1963. The construction of a containership pier between 19th and 36th Streets, along the northern section of Industry City, was approved in 1967. This later became the
South Brooklyn Marine Terminal
The South Brooklyn Marine Terminal (SBMT) is an intermodal shipping, warehousing, and manufacturing complex in the Port of New York and New Jersey. It is located along the Upper New York Bay, between 29th and 39th Streets in the Sunset Park and ...
.
Since its early years, the Bush Terminal Company had funded its Bush Terminal operations with investments in various companies. After Irving Bush's death, the company began buying larger interests in various companies.
In 1961, the Bush Terminal Company had sold its 37% stake in the
General Cigar Company
General Cigar Company is the largest manufacturer of premium cigars in the world. It is a subsidiary of Scandinavian Tobacco Group with North American headquarters located in Richmond, Virginia.
Company history
In 1961 General Cigar, which was ...
, in which it had held stock for seven years, and used these funds to purchase stock in the
Hamilton Watch Company
The Hamilton Watch Company is a Swiss manufacturer of wristwatches based in Bienne, Switzerland. Founded in 1892 as an American firm, the Hamilton Watch Company ended American manufacture in 1969. Through a series of mergers and acquisitions, t ...
and the
New Jersey Zinc Company
New is an adjective referring to something recently made, discovered, or created.
New or NEW may refer to:
Music
* New, singer of K-pop group The Boyz
Albums and EPs
* ''New'' (album), by Paul McCartney, 2013
* ''New'' (EP), by Regurgitator, ...
.
The same year, the Bush Terminal Company sold its lower Manhattan headquarters building, which was soon demolished, and consolidated its offices at Industry City.
A real estate group led by billionaire real estate figure
Harry Helmsley
Harry Brakmann Helmsley (March 4, 1909 – January 4, 1997) was an American real estate billionaire whose company, Helmsley-Spear, became one of the country's biggest property holders, owning the Empire State Building and many of New York's most ...
bought Industry City in 1963.
In turn, the Bush Terminal Company was acquired by Universal Consolidated Industries in 1968, and the combined company became the Bush Universal Corporation.
Decline of port
Shipping activity at Bush Terminal had gradually declined after World War II due to the introduction of
containerized shipping and the construction of the
Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal
A port is a maritime facility comprising one or more wharves or loading areas, where ships load and discharge cargo and passengers. Although usually situated on a sea coast or estuary, ports can also be found far inland, such as Ham ...
in New Jersey.
In February 1969, the Bush Universal Corporation announced that pier operations between 39th and 52nd Streets would cease by the end of the year. That October, the company also applied to the
Interstate Commerce Commission
The Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) was a regulatory agency in the United States created by the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887. The agency's original purpose was to regulate railroads (and later trucking) to ensure fair rates, to eliminat ...
to discontinue the Bush Terminal Railroad due to a continuing decline in profits.
In June 1970, the city government bought of land in Bush Terminal, between 39th and 50th Streets for $8.5 million,
and leased the land to private companies. The city planned to make a containership facility at Bush Terminal, and so it was expected that this would create 500 to 1,000 jobs for longshoremen.
![SunsetParkView](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/SunsetParkView.JPG)
The Bush Terminal Railroad was officially abandoned in December 1971, despite protests from railroad workers. The last remaining tugboat in the car-float operation, the ''Irving T. Bush'', was also retired at the same time.
Car float and cargo transloading activities moved to the nearby
65th Street Yard
The 65th Street Yard, also Bay Ridge Rail Yard, is a rail yard on the Upper New York Bay in Sunset Park and Bay Ridge, Brooklyn. Equipped with two transfer bridges which allow rail cars to be loaded and unloaded onto car floats, the last of ...
and, along with the Bush Terminal Rail Yard, were taken over by
New York New Jersey Rail, LLC
New York New Jersey Rail, LLC is a switching and terminal railroad that operates the only car float operation across Upper New York Bay between Jersey City, New Jersey and Brooklyn, New York. Since mid-November 2008, it has been owned by t ...
, now owned by the
Port Authority of New York and New Jersey
The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, PANYNJ; stylized, in logo since 2020, as Port Authority NY NJ, is a joint venture between the U.S. states of New York and New Jersey, established in 1921 through an interstate compact authorized ...
(PANYNJ).
The New York Dock Railroad was given a temporary permit to operate on the former Bush Terminal tracks until the city took title to the railroad in August 1973. New York Dock subsequently started leasing the tracks,
and a direct track connection through the Brooklyn Army Terminal to the Bay Ridge Branch was established.
Improvements to the tracks at and leading to Bush Terminal were announced in 1977, by which time the tracks had deteriorated.
The tracks were later extended to the
South Brooklyn Marine Terminal
The South Brooklyn Marine Terminal (SBMT) is an intermodal shipping, warehousing, and manufacturing complex in the Port of New York and New Jersey. It is located along the Upper New York Bay, between 29th and 39th Streets in the Sunset Park and ...
, adjacent to Industry City. They are now used occasionally to transport
New York City Subway rolling stock
The New York City Subway is a large rapid transit system and has a large fleet of rolling stock. , the New York City Subway has cars on the roster.
The system maintains two separate fleets of passenger cars: one for the A Division (number ...
via the
South Brooklyn Railway
The South Brooklyn Railway is a railroad in the New York City borough of Brooklyn. It is owned by the City of New York and operated by the New York City Transit Authority. Its original main line ran parallel to 38th Street from the Upper New Yo ...
. By 2016, the PANYNJ intended to reopen the adjacent 51st Street Yard.
In 1974, the City of New York Department of Ports and Terminals hired a private company to fill the spaces between Piers 1 through 4 to make space for parking shipping containers.
Filling continued through the
1975 New York City fiscal crisis, and builders paid the city for the right to infill the piers. However, the filling operations were halted in 1978 after reports of environmental violations. New York City officials later learned that toxic wastes including oils, oil sludge, and waste water had been dumped at the site, making the four piers a polluted
brownfield
In urban planning, brownfield land is any previously developed land that is not currently in use. It may be potentially contaminated, but this is not required for the area to be considered brownfield. The term is also used to describe land prev ...
. In 2006, Mayor
Michael Bloomberg
Michael Rubens Bloomberg (born February 14, 1942) is an American businessman, politician, philanthropist, and author. He is the majority owner, co-founder and CEO of Bloomberg L.P. He was Mayor of New York City from 2002 to 2013, and was a ca ...
and Governor
George Pataki
George Elmer Pataki (; born June 24, 1945) is an American lawyer and politician who served as the 53rd governor of New York from 1995 to 2006. An attorney by profession, Pataki was elected mayor of his hometown of Peekskill, New York, and went on ...
announced a $36 million plan to clean up and redevelop the Bush Terminal piers. The plan included a $17.8 million grant from the state of New York, the largest single grant the state had ever awarded to clean up a brownfield site.
As part of a reduction in military operations, in 1976 the federal government proposed moving its Navy resale systems office from Bush Terminal to Illinois. The office ultimately stayed at Bush Terminal after the rent was lowered.
Redevelopment
1980s and 1990s
The privately operated portion of Industry City maintained 95 percent occupancy through the mid-1970s and was 98 percent occupied by 1980.
By 1976, its tenants included 125 companies that employed 20,000 people,
growing to 135 companies by 1980.
However, there were also fewer tenants than in its peak years between World Wars I and II, partially because much of the space was being used for storage.
These companies took up 89 percent of the 6 million square feet of factory loft space by 1985.
The city-operated section of Bush Terminal employed 7,000 people by 1977, and the improvements to the tracks were slated to add 3,000 more jobs.
During the 1980s, Industry City housed the highest concentration of garment manufacturers in New York City outside of Manhattan.
By 1985, thirty percent of the factory loft space at Industry City () was rented by garment manufacturers, mainly because of high rents in Manhattan's
Garment District as rents per square foot at Industry City were about half those in the Garment District.
A new structure, the first to be built in the complex in several decades, was also under construction at Industry City, replacing another structure destroyed by fire.
Industry City Associates bought the complex from Helmsley's syndicate in March 1986.
Shortly afterward, Industry City Associates filed plans to convert of space in Industry City into industrial
condominium
A condominium (or condo for short) is an ownership structure whereby a building is divided into several units that are each separately owned, surrounded by common areas that are jointly owned. The term can be applied to the building or complex ...
s for small and medium-sized tenants. However, this conversion was never carried out.
![Fed29jail5bbtjeh](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Fed29jail5bbtjeh.JPG)
The
Federal Bureau of Prisons
The Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) is a United States federal law enforcement agency under the Department of Justice that is responsible for the care, custody, and control of incarcerated individuals who have committed federal crimes; that i ...
proposed converting two buildings at Industry City into a federal jail in 1988, due to overcrowding at the
Manhattan Detention Complex. There was large opposition from members of the local community, who feared that traffic congestion in the area would rise. The prison, now
Metropolitan Detention Center, Brooklyn
The Metropolitan Detention Center, Brooklyn (MDC Brooklyn) is a United States federal administrative detention facility in the Sunset Park neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York City. It holds male and female prisoners of all security levels. It ...
, was approved in 1993 in spite of the community's objections.
To make room for MDC Brooklyn, Federal Building No. 1 was destroyed in a
controlled explosion
A controlled explosion is a method for detonating or disabling a suspected explosive device.
Methods which are used to set off a controlled explosion include clearing the area and using a bomb disposal robot to attach a shaped charge to the susp ...
in August 1993.
In 1991, the New York City government proposed placing a
sludge
Sludge is a semi-solid slurry that can be produced from a range of industrial processes, from water treatment, wastewater treatment or on-site sanitation systems. For example, it can be produced as a settled suspension obtained from conventiona ...
disposal plant at Bush Terminal. The $225 million plant would have been located on the west side of First Avenue between 47th and 51st Streets. It would have been one of five total sludge plants placed in each of the city's boroughs. The plan was withdrawn in 1993 due to large opposition from the surrounding community, which brought up issues about the pollution and loss of jobs that would be caused by the sludge plant.
NYCEDC's Bush Terminal redevelopment
By the 1980s, the section of Bush Terminal between 41st and 50th Streets was derelict with large populations of squatters and prostitutes, and it was a popular place for dumping dead bodies. The city allowed the Southwest Brooklyn Industrial Development Corporation (SBIDC) to develop of space, spread across eleven warehouses, in this part of Bush Terminal in 1989.
The
New York City Economic Development Corporation
New York City Economic Development Corporation (NYCEDC) is a nonprofit corporation whose stated mission is to "leverage the city’s assets to create beneficial jobs that drive growth. This ensures equitable and sustainable development across al ...
(NYCEDC) started leasing three of the city-owned buildings at Bush Terminal in the 1990s.
The SBIDC, in conjunction with the NYCEDC, cleaned up and renovated the Bush Terminal structures. By 1998, the eleven warehouses were at 100% occupancy and they collectively housed 150 tenants.
In 1997, the city also provided some funding to repurpose parts of one building in Bush Terminal as a
business incubator
Business incubator is an organization that helps startup companies and individual entrepreneurs to develop their businesses by providing a fullscale range of services starting with management training and office space and ending with venture ca ...
for the garment industry.
In 2006, the NYCEDC proposed the sale, to developers, of the three warehouse buildings that it leased.
Following the 2009 rezoning of Sunset Park, the NYCEDC started soliciting requests for proposals to redevelop the three buildings with a collective area of . The requests for proposals were re-issued in 2011 to allow for a longer lease.
In 2017, the architecture firm WXY announced a $136 million renovation of the Bush Terminal plot between 41st and 51st Streets. WXY's master plan for the site, which would be renamed the "Made in NY" campus, would be carried out in conjunction with other firms. The Made in NY campus would include a studio complex for film and TV, as well as a area within two existing buildings, which would be refurbished into a hub for fashion manufacturing. The renovations would include a public plaza outdoors, as well as an entrance to the nearby Bush Terminal Piers Park, and would be completed by 2020.
The proposed Made in NY campus was controversial, since it would displace existing small garment manufacturers.
The NYCEDC started soliciting proposals for tenants at the Made in NY campus in August 2018. In 2020, Steiner Studios signed a deal to build a new studio at the city-owned portion of Bush Terminal, where it would erect a studio of .
Industry City redevelopment
![Bush_Terminal_Industry_City_Fiber_Construction_2016](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Bush_Terminal_Industry_City_Fiber_Construction_2016.jpg)
In 2000, during the
dot-com boom
The dot-com bubble (dot-com boom, tech bubble, or the Internet bubble) was a stock market bubble in the late 1990s, a period of massive growth in the use and adoption of the Internet.
Between 1995 and its peak in March 2000, the Nasdaq Compos ...
, the New York City government planned to turn part of Industry City into a technology campus as part of its
Digital NYC
Digital usually refers to something using discrete digits, often binary digits.
Technology and computing Hardware
*Digital electronics, electronic circuits which operate using digital signals
**Digital camera, which captures and stores digital i ...
program, in conjunction with SBIDC and Industry City Associates.
The project called for installing high-speed
optical fiber
An optical fiber, or optical fibre in Commonwealth English, is a flexible, transparent fiber made by drawing glass (silica) or plastic to a diameter slightly thicker than that of a human hair. Optical fibers are used most often as a means to ...
cables at Industry City, which would be funded by a $250,000 grant to SBIDC. Upon the completion of the project, Industry City would be integrated into the then-new Sunset Park Technology District.
As part of the project, two buildings at Industry City would be dedicated specifically to housing electronic machinery, and backup generators would be installed in the spaces between buildings. A third building, the Brooklyn Information Technology Center (BITC), was opened for use by technology companies in September 2000.
Industry City began attracting artists in 2009 by building of artists' studios and conducting creative events such as film screenings and art installations, such as the Marion Spore project.
Industry City hosted Brooklyn's Fashion Weekend, a biannual exposition showcasing the work of local and international fashion designers, in 2013.
By 2012, Industry City was only 66% occupied and its tenants employed 2,500 workers. A consortium composed of Belvedere Capital Real Estate Partners,
Jamestown Properties, and Angelo, Gordon & Co. purchased Industry City in 2013.
The new owners intended to renovate the complex into a manufacturing and office hub. The Industry City ownership consortium also pushed to lease the vacant space at Industry City.
In 2014, the
NBA
The National Basketball Association (NBA) is a professional basketball league in North America. The league is composed of 30 teams (29 in the United States and 1 in Canada) and is one of the major professional sports leagues in the United St ...
's
Brooklyn Nets
The Brooklyn Nets are an American professional basketball team based in the New York City borough of Brooklyn. The Nets compete in the National Basketball Association (NBA) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference. The t ...
announced their intention to move their training center to Industry City. The new facility, the
Hospital for Special Surgery
Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) is a hospital in New York City that specializes in orthopedic surgery and the treatment of rheumatologic conditions.
Founded in 1863 by James Knight, HSS is the oldest orthopedic hospital in the United States ...
Training Center (HSS Center), was to be built on the roof of Building 19 of the complex, at the time an empty warehouse, occupying of space in total. The renovation project will cost roughly $50 million. The center opened in February 2016. A job training center for Sunset Park residents, called the Innovation Lab, opened at Industry City that April. By December 2016, the tenants at Industry City had a combined 6,000 employees.
![Sunset Park Brooklyn July 2022 028](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Sunset_Park_Brooklyn_July_2022_028.jpg)
Industry City's owners announced a $1 billion renovation plan in March 2015. The plan originally involved adding dormitories for college students, but the dormitories were canceled in 2016 after public opposition. A area in Building 19 was also to be renovated into a space for technology tenants.
As part of the renovation plans, the Industry City ownership consortium proposed an expansion plan in October 2017, which would rezone the campus and add of commercial space to Industry City.
Organizations such as UPROSE brought up concerns about the expansion because it might possibly accelerate the gentrification of Sunset Park.
In March 2019, Industry City postponed its rezoning application because politicians objected that the community had not been given sufficient time to provide input. The project was officially canceled in September 2020 because of opposition from city council member
Carlos Menchaca
Carlos Menchaca (born September 11, 1980) is an American politician who served as a member of the New York City Council for the 38th district. He is a Democrat. His district included the Brooklyn neighborhoods of Sunset Park, Red Hook, Green ...
and local community groups.
A Japanese-themed food court was announced for Industry City in October 2017. The food hall, called Japan Village, opened in November of the following year. In addition, the New York City government proposed adding a film studio in Industry City in August 2018.
Legacy
![Industry City Dec 4, 2018 07](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Industry_City_Dec_4%2C_2018_07.jpg)
Bush Terminal was not only one of the first and largest integrated cargo and manufacturing sites in the world, but also served as a model for other industrial parks and offered employment to tens of thousands of workers. Besides funding other important buildings such as the Bush Tower and Bush House, it served during both World Wars, influenced the design of the Brooklyn Army Terminal, and affected the growth of Brooklyn and New York City.
By the mid-2010s, Industry City had been inhabited by a diverse mix of businesses encompassing artisans, garment manufacturing, data centers, and warehousing.
Bush Terminal Piers Park
Bush Terminal Piers Park is a green space between 43rd and 50th Streets that contains a pedestrian and bike path as well as baseball and soccer fields, tidal ponds, a wooded area, and access to a pier. The planning and design process for the park, encompassing piers 1 through 5, began in 2001, and construction on the park began in 2012. Bush Terminal Piers Park opened in November 2014 with one entrance at 43rd Street. A second entrance to the park at 50th Street started construction in November 2016 and opened in July 2017.
![Bush Terminal Park (33476p)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Bush_Terminal_Park_%2833476p%29.jpg)
Bush Terminal Piers Park is part of the Brooklyn Waterfront Greenway, a
off-street path. The greenway is planned to connect neighborhoods along Brooklyn's waterfront, running through the Industry City complex to Owls Head Park in
Bay Ridge
Bay Ridge is a neighborhood in the southwest corner of the New York City borough of Brooklyn. It is bounded by Sunset Park to the north, Dyker Heights to the east, the Narrows and the Belt Parkway to the west, and Fort Hamilton Army Base and ...
, which is also served by the
Sunset Park Greenway
The Sunset Park Greenway (SPGW; also known as the Shore Parkway Greenway Connector) is a 4.41 mile (7.10 km)-long, signed cycle route traversing Sunset Park, Brooklyn with portions running through the adjacent neighborhoods of Bay Ridge, Bo ...
.
Transportation
MTA Regional Bus Operations
MTA Regional Bus Operations (RBO) is the surface transit division of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA). It was created in 2008 to consolidate all bus operations in New York City operated by the MTA. , MTA Regional Bus Operations ru ...
'
B35 and
B70 routes terminate near Industry City, while the
B37 route stops along
Third Avenue
Third Avenue is a north-south thoroughfare on the East Side of the New York City borough of Manhattan, as well as in the center portion of the Bronx. Its southern end is at Astor Place and St. Mark's Place. It transitions into Cooper Square ...
, close to the complex.
The closest
New York City Subway
The New York City Subway is a rapid transit system owned by the government of New York City and leased to the New York City Transit Authority, an affiliate agency of the state-run Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA). Opened on October 2 ...
station to Industry City is at
36th Street and Fourth Avenue, served by the . The
45th Street subway station, served by the , is closest to the NYCEDC section of Bush Terminal.
Formerly, a
Staten Island Ferry
The Staten Island Ferry is a passenger ferry route operated by the New York City Department of Transportation. The ferry's single route runs through New York Harbor between the New York City boroughs of Manhattan and Staten Island, with ferry ...
route ran from a ferry slip at 39th Street within Bush Terminal, now the site of the
South Brooklyn Marine Terminal
The South Brooklyn Marine Terminal (SBMT) is an intermodal shipping, warehousing, and manufacturing complex in the Port of New York and New Jersey. It is located along the Upper New York Bay, between 29th and 39th Streets in the Sunset Park and ...
, to the
St. George Terminal
St. George Terminal is a ferry, railway, bus, and park and ride transit center in the St. George neighborhood of Staten Island, New York City. It is located at the intersection of Richmond Terrace and Bay Street, near Staten Island Borough Ha ...
in
Staten Island
Staten Island ( ) is a borough of New York City, coextensive with Richmond County, in the U.S. state of New York. Located in the city's southwest portion, the borough is separated from New Jersey by the Arthur Kill and the Kill Van Kull an ...
. The ferry route was discontinued in 1946 after a fire at St. George Terminal. In January 2020, the
New York City Economic Development Corporation
New York City Economic Development Corporation (NYCEDC) is a nonprofit corporation whose stated mission is to "leverage the city’s assets to create beneficial jobs that drive growth. This ensures equitable and sustainable development across al ...
announced that
NYC Ferry
NYC Ferry is a public network of ferry routes in New York City operated by Hornblower Cruises. , there are six routes, as well as one seasonal route, connecting 25 ferry piers across all five boroughs. NYC Ferry has the largest passenger fleet ...
would construct a new stop at 42nd Street near Industry City/Bush Terminal, which would open in 2021. The South Brooklyn route, which at the time ran between
Pier 11/Wall Street
Pier 11/Wall Street is a pier providing slips to ferries and excursion boats on the East River in the Port of New York and New Jersey. It is located east of South Street and FDR Drive just south of Wall Street in Lower Manhattan, New York City ...
in Manhattan and
Bay Ridge
Bay Ridge is a neighborhood in the southwest corner of the New York City borough of Brooklyn. It is bounded by Sunset Park to the north, Dyker Heights to the east, the Narrows and the Belt Parkway to the west, and Fort Hamilton Army Base and ...
in Brooklyn, would have its Brooklyn terminus truncated to Industry City/Bush Terminal if that stop was added. More recent NYC Ferry expansion plans from 2022 do not mention a Bush Terminal ferry stop.
See also
*
Rail freight transportation in New York City and Long Island
From the start of railroading in America through the first half of the 20th century, New York City and Long Island were major areas for rail freight transportation. However, their relative isolation from the mainland United States has always pos ...
References
Informational notes
Citations
Further reading
*
Bush, Irving T. (1928). ''Working with the World.'' Garden City, New York,
Doubleday, Doran & Co.
New Bush Terminal Pier(''International Marine Engineering'', August 1914, pp. 330–332)
(December 9, 1929) ''
Time
Time is the continued sequence of existence and events that occurs in an apparently irreversible succession from the past, through the present, into the future. It is a component quantity of various measurements used to sequence events, to ...
''
*
External links
Industry City websiteNYCEDC websiteAerial view of Bush Terminal, Brooklyn, in 1920at the New York Public Library Digital Gallery
Photo of Bush Terminal Co. headquarters at 100 Broad St. in 1905 from ''Architecture'' magazine of the same year, at the New York Public Library Digital Gallery
* Bush Terminal Company (1917).
Bush Terminal International Exhibit Building & Buyers' Club'' New York, Redfield-Kendrick-Odell Co. (Full-text. Mostly about Bush Tower, but at the end, includes four pages of illustrations and descriptions of Bush Terminal's Brooklyn services and a photo of the company's Manhattan executive offices.)
{{coord, 40, 39, 21, N, 74, 00, 29, W, type:landmark_region:US-NY, display=title
1895 establishments in New York City
Industrial buildings completed in 1895
Food halls
Industrial buildings and structures in Brooklyn
Industrial parks in the United States
Port of New York and New Jersey
Ports and harbors of New York (state)
Railway freight terminals in the United States
Sunset Park, Brooklyn
Transportation buildings and structures in Brooklyn
Warehouse districts of the United States