In
energy statistics, marine bunkers and aviation bunkers as defined by the
International Energy Agency
The International Energy Agency (IEA) is a Paris-based autonomous intergovernmental organisation, established in 1974, that provides policy recommendations, analysis and data on the entire global energy sector, with a recent focus on curbing carb ...
are the energy consumption of ships and aircraft.
Marine and aviation bunkers are reported separately from international bunkers, which represent consumption of ships and aircraft on international routes.
International bunkers are subtracted from the energy supplies of a country to calculate its domestic consumption. It is as if international aviation and international shipping did not belong to any country. They are managed by the
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and the
International Maritime Organization
The International Maritime Organization (IMO, French: ''Organisation maritime internationale'') is a specialised agency of the United Nations responsible for regulating shipping. The IMO was established following agreement at a UN conference ...
(IMO).
Critics
The
European Federation for Transport and Environment
The European Federation for Transport and Environment, commonly referred to as Transport & Environment (T&E), is a European umbrella for non-governmental organisations working in the field of transport and the environment, promoting sustainable ...
has only limited confidence in ICAO and IMO's ability to reduce air and sea emissions due to international bunkers and thus to comply with the
Paris Climate Agreement.
A few figures
International marine bunkers amount to 2,466 TWh/a whereas international aviation bunkers amount to 2,163 TWh/a.
Final consumption
website iea.org The reference year is 2016. Let us notice that 1 Mtoe/a=11.63 TWh/a
References
See also
* Bunkering
Energy in transport
{{energy-stub