Bugula Apsteini

''Bugula'' is a genus of common colonial arborescent bryozoa, often mistaken for seaweed. It commonly grows upright in bushy colonies of up to 15 cm in height.Bock, P. (2015). Bugula Oken, 1815. In: Bock, P.; Gordon, D. (2015) World List of Bryozoa. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=110839 on 2015-09-02

Distribution

The native distribution of ''Bugula neritina'' is presumed to be tropical and subtropical waters; however, it has become widespread globally due to attachment to the hulls of vessels. It is considered an invasive species in some countries.

''Bugula neritina''

''Bugula neritina'' attracted interest as a source of cytotoxic chemicals, bryostatins, under clinical investigation as anti-cancer agents. It was first collected and provided to JL Hartwell's anticancer drug discovery group at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) by Jack Rudloe. In 2001 pharmaceutical company GPC Biotech licensed Bryostatin 1 from Arizona State University for commercial development as a treatment for cancer. GPC Biotech canceled development in 2003, saying that Bryostatin 1 showed little effectiveness and some toxic side-effects. More recent work shows it has positive effects on cognition in sufferers of Alzheimers with few side effects.Nelsen et al., J
Bryostatin Effects on Cognitive Function and PKCɛ in Alzheimer's Disease Phase IIa and Expanded Access Trials
J Alzheimers Dis. 2017; 58(2): 521–535. Accessed Dec 27, 2017

Other uses

Dried ''Bugula'' are commonly used as decorations:

"Air fern", the so-called everlasting plant that supposedly absorbs from air all the moisture it needs to live, is commonly dried colonies of the bryozoan ''Bugula'' that have been artificially coloured.

However, ''Sertularia argentea'' are also sold as " air ferns."
Picton, B.E. & Morrow, C.C. (2016)
''Sertularia argentea'' Linnaeus, 1758.
n/nowiki> Encyclopedia of Marine Life of Britain and Ireland. Accessed on 2020-01-11.

Species

* ''Bugula alba'' Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012
* '' Bugula apsteini'' Hasenbank, 1932
* '' Bugula aspinosa'' Liu, 1984
* '' Bugula biota'' Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012
* '' Bugula capensis'' Waters, 1887
* '' Bugula ceylonensis'' Winston & Woollacott, 2008
* '' Bugula crosslandi'' Hastings, 1939
* '' Bugula decipiens'' Hayward, 1981
* '' Bugula expansa'' Hastings, 1939
* '' Bugula fastigiata'' Kluge, 1929
* ''Bugula gautieri'' Ryland, 1962
* '' Bugula gnoma'' Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012
* '' Bugula hessei'' Hasenbank, 1932
* '' Bugula hummelincki'' Fransen, 1986
* '' Bugula ingens'' Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012
* '' Bugula intermedia'' Liu, 1984
* '' Bugula longissima'' Busk, 1884
* '' Bugula lophodendron'' Ortmann, 1890
* '' Bugula migottoi'' Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012
* '' Bugula miniatella'' Winston & Woollacott, 2008
* '' Bugula minima'' Waters, 1909
* '' Bugula neritina'' (Linnaeus, 1758)
* ''Bugula neritinoides'' Hastings, 1939
* ''Bugula orientalis'' Liu, 1984
* ''Bugula paternostrae'' Winston & Woollacott, 2008
* '' Bugula philippsae'' Harmer, 1926
* ''Bugula prismatica'' (Gray, 1843)
* '' Bugula protensa'' Hayward, 1981
* ''Bugula providensis'' Winston & Woollacott, 2008
* '' Bugula robusta'' MacGillivray, 1869
* '' Bugula robustoides'' Winston & Woollacott, 2008
* '' Bugula rochae'' Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012
* ''Bugula scaphoides'' Kirkpatrick, 1890
* ''Bugula scaphula'' Tilbrook, Hayward & Gordon, 2001
* ''Bugula simpliciformis'' Osburn, 1932
* '' Bugula solorensis'' Winston & Woollacott, 2008
* ''Bugula subglobosa'' Harmer, 1926
* '' Bugula tschukotkensis'' Kluge, 1952
* '' Bugula umbelliformis'' Yanagi & Okada, 1918
* '' Bugula vectifera'' Harmer, 1926

;Species brought into synonymy:
* ''Bugula angustiloba'' (Lamarck, 1816): synonym of ''Bugulina angustiloba'' (Lamarck, 1816)
* ''Bugula aperta'' (Hincks, 1886): synonym of '' Crisularia aperta'' (Hincks, 1886)
* ''Bugula aquilirostris'' Ryland, 1960: synonym of ''Bugulina aquilirostris'' (Ryland, 1960)
* ''Bugula avicularia'' (Linnaeus, 1758): synonym of ''Bugulina avicularia'' (Linnaeus, 1758)
* ''Bugula bengalensis'' Rao & Ganapati, 1974: synonym of '' Crisularia bengalensis'' (Rao & Ganapati, 1974)
* ''Bugula bicornis'' Busk, 1884: synonym of '' Camptoplites bicornis'' (Busk, 1884)
* ''Bugula borealis'' (Packard, 1863): synonym of ''Bugulina borealis'' (Packard, 1863)
* ''Bugula bowiei'' Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012: synonym of ''Crisularia bowiei'' (Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012)
* ''Bugula calathus'' Norman, 1868: synonym of ''Bugulina calathus'' (Norman, 1868)
* ''Bugula californica'' Robertson, 1905: synonym of ''Bugulina californica'' (Robertson, 1905)
* ''Bugula carvalhoi'' Marcus, 1949: synonym of ''Bugulina carvalhoi'' (Marcus, 1949)
* ''Bugula cucullata'' Busk, 1867: synonym of '' Crisularia cucullata'' (Busk, 1867)
* ''Bugula cucullifera'' Osburn, 1912: synonym of ''Crisularia cucullifera'' (Osburn, 1912)
* ''Bugula cuspidata'' Hastings, 1943: synonym of ''Crisularia cuspidata'' (Hastings, 1943)
* ''Bugula dentata'' (Lamouroux, 1816): synonym of '' Virididentula dentata'' (Lamouroux, 1816)
* ''Bugula dispar'' Harmer, 1926: synonym of ''Crisularia dispar'' (Harmer, 1926)
* ''Bugula ditrupae'' Busk, 1858: synonym of ''Bugulina ditrupae'' (Busk, 1858)
* ''Bugula eburnea'' Calvet, 1906: synonym of ''Bugulina eburnea'' (Calvet, 1906)
* ''Bugula elongata'' Nordgaard, 1906: synonym of '' Dendrobeania decorata'' (Verrill, 1879)
* ''Bugula flabellata'' (Thompson, in Gray, 1848): synonym of ''Bugulina flabellata'' (Thompson, in Gray, 1848)
* ''Bugula foliolata'' Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012: synonym of '' Bugulina foliolata'' (Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012)
* ''Bugula fulva'' Ryland, 1960: synonym of '' Bugulina fulva'' (Ryland, 1960)
* ''Bugula germanae'' (Calvet, 1902): synonym of ''Bugula serrata'' (Lamarck, 1816): synonym of '' Crisularia serrata'' (Lamarck, 1816)
* ''Bugula gracilis'' Busk, 1858: synonym of ''Crisularia gracilis (''Busk, 1858)
* ''Bugula grayi'' Maturo, 1966: synonym of ''Crisularia grayi'' (Maturo, 1966)
* ''Bugula guara'' Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012: synonym of ''Crisularia guara'' (Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012)
* ''Bugula harmsworthi'' Waters, 1900: synonym of '' Crisularia harmsworthi'' (Waters, 1900)
* ''Bugula hyadesi'' Jullien, 1888: synonym of '' Crisularia hyadesi'' (Jullien, 1888)
* ''Bugula japonica'': synonym of '' Dendrobeania japonica'' (Ortmann, 1890)
* ''Bugula johnstonae'' (Gray, 1843): synonym of '' Halophila johnstonae'' Gray, 1843
* ''Bugula leontodon'' Busk, 1884: synonym of '' Himantozoum leontodon'' (Busk, 1884)
* ''Bugula longicauda'' Harmer, 1926: synonym of '' Halophila longicauda'' (Busk, 1884)
* ''Bugula longirostrata'' Robertson, 1905: synonym of ''Bugulina longirostrata'' (Robertson, 1905)
* ''Bugula marcusi'' Maturo, 1966: synonym of Crisularia marcusi (Maturo, 1966)
* ''Bugula margaritifera'' Busk, 1884: synonym of ''Himantozoum margaritifera'' (Busk, 1884): synonym of '' Himantozoum margaritiferum'' (Busk, 1884)
* ''Bugula microoecia'' Osburn, 1914: synonym of '' Crisularia microoecia'' (Osburn, 1914)
* ''Bugula mirabilis'' Busk, 1884: synonym of '' Himantozoum mirabilis'' (Busk, 1884)
* ''Bugula mollis'' Harmer, 1926: synonym of '' Crisularia mollis'' (Harmer, 1926)
* ''Bugula multiserialis'' (d'Orbigny, 1841): synonym of ''Bugulina multiserialis'' (d'Orbigny, 1841)
* ''Bugula nana'' Androsova, 1977: synonym of '' Crisularia nana'' (Androsova, 1977)
* ''Bugula pacifica'' Robertson, 1905: synonym of '' Crisularia pacifica'' (Robertson, 1905)
* ''Bugula pedata'' Harmer, 1926: synonym of ''Bugulina pedata'' (Harmer, 1926)
* ''Bugula plumosa'' (Pallas, 1766): synonym of '' Crisularia plumosa'' (Pallas, 1766)
* ''Bugula prenanti'' Castric-Fey, 1971: synonym of '' Crisularia prenanti'' (Castric-Fey, 1971)
* ''Bugula pugeti'' Robertson, 1905: synonym of ''Bugulina pugeti'' (Robertson, 1905)
* ''Bugula purpurotincta'' Norman, 1868: synonym of '' Crisularia purpurotincta'' (Norman, 1868)
* ''Bugula reticulata'' Busk, 1884: synonym of '' Camptoplites reticulatus'' (Busk, 1884)
* ''Bugula rylandi'' Maturo, 1966: synonym of '' Crisularia rylandi'' (Maturo, 1966)
* ''Bugula serrata'' (Lamarck, 1816): synonym of '' Crisularia serrata'' (Lamarck, 1816)
* ''Bugula simplex'' Hincks, 1886: synonym of ''Bugulina simplex'' (Hincks, 1886)
* ''Bugula sinuosa'' Busk, 1884: synonym of '' Himantozoum sinuosum'' (Busk, 1884)
* ''Bugula spicata'' (Hincks, 1886): synonym of '' Bugulina spicata'' (Hincks, 1886)
* ''Bugula stolonifera'' Ryland, 1960: synonym of ''Bugulina stolonifera'' (Ryland, 1960)
* ''Bugula tricuspis'' Kluge, 1955: synonym of ''Bugulina tricuspis'' (Kluge, 1955)
* ''Bugula turbinata'' Alder, 1857: synonym of '' Bugulina turbinata'' (Alder, 1857)
* ''Bugula turrita'' (Desor, 1848): synonym of ''Crisularia turrita'' (Desor, 1848)
* ''Bugula versicolor'' Busk, 1884: synonym of '' Semidendrobeania versicolor'' (Busk, 1884)

References

* Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). ''European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification.'' Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 325–333

Fehlauer-Ale, Karin H., Winston, Judith E., Tilbrook, Kevin J., Nascimento, Karine B. & Vieira, Leandro M. (2015). ''Identifying monophyletic groups within Bugula sensu lato (Bryozoa, Buguloidea).'' Zoologica Scripta

External links

Exotics Guide - Bugula neritina

{{Taxonbar, from=Q2943909

Bryozoan genera
Cheilostomatida