The South American common toad (''Rhinella margaritifera''; also mitred toad, in Spanish sapo crestado) is a species complex of

toad Toad is a common name for certain frogs, especially of the family Bufonidae, that are characterized by dry, leathery skin, short legs, and large bumps covering the parotoid glands. A distinction between frogs and toads is not made in scientif ...

s in the family Bufonidae. They are found throughout the Amazonian South America (

Bolivia , image_flag = Bandera de Bolivia (Estado).svg , flag_alt = Horizontal tricolor (red, yellow, and green from top to bottom) with the coat of arms of Bolivia in the center , flag_alt2 = 7 × 7 square p ...

Brazil Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area ...

, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela) and eastern Panama. It was originally believed to be a single species, but is now known to represent a complex of more than one. Its natural habitats are primary and secondary lowland, premontane and montane tropical moist forests (including terra firme and seasonally flooded forests). It is a generalist species that can also be found in disturbed areas.

Member species

As of 2013, there were 16 formally species description, described species within this species complex, complex, as well as an unknown number that are yet to be recognized. *''Rhinella acutirostris'' *''Rhinella alata'' *''Rhinella castaneotica'' *''Rhinella dapsilis'' *''Rhinella hoogmoedi'' *''Rhinella lescurei'' *''Rhinella magnussoni'' *''Rhinella margaritifera'' *''Rhinella paraguayensis'' *''Rhinella martyi'' *''Rhinella ocellata'' *''Rhinella proboscidea'' *''Rhinella roqueana'' *''Rhinella scitula'' *''Rhinella sclerocephala'' *''Rhinella stanlaii''

References

Rhinella, margaritifera Amphibians of Bolivia Amphibians of Brazil Amphibians of Colombia Amphibians of Ecuador Amphibians of French Guiana Amphibians of Guyana Amphibians of Panama Amphibians of Peru Amphibians of Suriname Amphibians of Venezuela Taxonomy articles created by Polbot Amphibians described in 1768 Animal species groups Taxa named by Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti {{Bufonidae-stub