Buffalo Hump (
Comanche
The Comanche or Nʉmʉnʉʉ ( com, Nʉmʉnʉʉ, "the people") are a Native American tribe from the Southern Plains of the present-day United States. Comanche people today belong to the federally recognized Comanche Nation, headquartered in La ...
''Potsʉnakwahipʉ'' "Buffalo Bull's Back") (born c. 1800 — died post 1861 / ante 1867) was a War Chief of the Penateka band of the
Comanche
The Comanche or Nʉmʉnʉʉ ( com, Nʉmʉnʉʉ, "the people") are a Native American tribe from the Southern Plains of the present-day United States. Comanche people today belong to the federally recognized Comanche Nation, headquartered in La ...
Indians. He came to prominence after the
Council House Fight
The Council House Fight, often referred to as the Council House Massacre, was a fight between soldiers and officials of the Republic of Texas and a delegation of Comanche chiefs during a peace conference in San Antonio on March 19, 1840. The mee ...
when he led the Comanches on the
Great Raid of 1840
The Great Raid of 1840 was the largest raid ever mounted by Native Americans on white cities in what is now the United States.''The Comanche Barrier to South Plains Settlement: A Century and a Half of Savage Resistance to the Advancing White Fr ...
.
Early life
Little is known of Buffalo Hump's early life: education in his youth and training as a warrior, together with his cousin
Yellow Wolf (Isaviah, spelled also Sa-viah and sometimes misspelled as Sabaheit, alias Small Wolf), went on under their uncle
Mukwooru's ("Spirit Talker") influence and their ''
cursus honorum
The ''cursus honorum'' (; , or more colloquially 'ladder of offices') was the sequential order of public offices held by aspiring politicians in the Roman Republic and the early Roman Empire. It was designed for men of senatorial rank. The '' ...
'' (''i.e.,'' rising through the ranks) was in its full development during the Mexican domination of Texas. Their more northern kinsmen
Yamparika,
Kotsoteka
The Comanche or Nʉmʉnʉʉ ( com, Nʉmʉnʉʉ, "the people") are a Native American tribe from the Southern Plains of the present-day United States. Comanche people today belong to the federally recognized Comanche Nation, headquartered in Law ...
,
Nokoni
The Comanche or Nʉmʉnʉʉ ( com, Nʉmʉnʉʉ, "the people") are a Native Americans in the United States, Native American tribe (Native American), tribe from the Great Plains, Southern Plains of the present-day United States. Comanche people t ...
and
Kwahadi warriors, under such leaders as
Ten Bears
Ten Bears ( Comanche ''Pawʉʉrasʉmʉnurʉ''Anglicized as Parua-wasamen and Parry-wah-say-mer in treaties and older documents.) (ca. 1790-November 23, 1872) was the principal chief of the Yamparika or "Root Eater" division of the Comanche from ...
, Tawaquenah (“Big Eagle” or “Sun Eagle”), Wulea-boo (“Shaved Head”), Huupi-pahati (“Tall Tree”),
Iron Jacket
Iron Jacket (Puhihwitsikwasʉ) (born c. late 1780s or early 1790sdied 1858) was a Native American War Chief and Chief of the Comanche Indians. Fehrenbach, T.R. ''"Comanches, The Destruction of a People''
Iron Jacket was a Comanche chieftain and ...
, and their allies the Kiowas, were accustomed to fighting in the Arkansas River country against their
Cheyenne
The Cheyenne ( ) are an Indigenous people of the Great Plains. Their Cheyenne language belongs to the Algonquian language family. Today, the Cheyenne people are split into two federally recognized nations: the Southern Cheyenne, who are enroll ...
, and
Arapaho
The Arapaho (; french: Arapahos, ) are a Native American people historically living on the plains of Colorado and Wyoming. They were close allies of the Cheyenne tribe and loosely aligned with the Lakota and Dakota.
By the 1850s, Arapaho ba ...
foes, just as the Penatekas did also fight other northern tribes.
In 1829 Buffalo Hump and, presumably, Yellow Wolf led their warriors northward to recover a large herd of horses stolen by a Cheyenne party, and the young
Penateka
The Comanche or Nʉmʉnʉʉ ( com, Nʉmʉnʉʉ, "the people") are a Native American tribe from the Southern Plains of the present-day United States. Comanche people today belong to the federally recognized Comanche Nation, headquartered in La ...
braves proved themselves against these northern enemies. The Penateka party came on a Cheyenne village near the Bijou Creek, north of Bent's Corral (Huerfano River), and stormed the whole herd of horses, however another Cheyenne party of about 20 warriors, equipped with some rifles, led by the famous Cheyenne chief also called
Yellow Wolf stole back the animals; the Comanche party chased the fleeing enemies for a distance, but finally gave up to avoid an ambush. Still in 1829, Buffalo Hump and Yellow Wolf (Cheyenne) led also a big raid against the Mexican settlements in the Guadalupe Valley, achieving a fame as raiders among the Mexican people, but causing the failure of Mukwooru and Incoroy in their negotiations to reach an agreement with Mexican authorities. In 1835 Buffalo Hump and Yellow Wolf led 300 Comanche warriors in an attack against Parral, in the
Sierra Madre Occidental
The Sierra Madre Occidental is a major mountain range system of the North American Cordillera, that runs northwest–southeast through northwestern and western Mexico, and along the Gulf of California. The Sierra Madre is part of the American ...
(
Chihuahua).
In 1838 Buffalo Hump, now an important war chief, placed Yellow Wolf in charge of the Penateka warriors and went with
Amorous Man and
Old Owl
Old Owl ( Comanche, ''Mupitsukupʉ'') (c. late 1780s – 1849) was a Native American Civil Chief of the Penateka band of the Comanche Indians.
Early life
Nothing is known of his youth or early years. Older than the two war chiefs, Old Owl was ...
, to Houston, where they met President Sam Houston and signed a treaty with him. In December 1838,
Mirabeau Lamar
Mirabeau Buonaparte Lamar (August 16, 1798 – December 25, 1859) was an attorney born in Georgia,
who became a Texas politician, poet, diplomat, and soldier. He was a leading Texas political figure during the Texas Republic era. He was elec ...
, a partisan of the clash with the Indians and of their expulsion from
Texas
Texas (, ; Spanish language, Spanish: ''Texas'', ''Tejas'') is a state in the South Central United States, South Central region of the United States. At 268,596 square miles (695,662 km2), and with more than 29.1 million residents in 2 ...
, succeeded Houston, after which the peace agreement failed and fighting restarted. Buffalo Hump, already made famous by the Council House fight of 1840, became a historically important figure when, flanked by Isaviah and Sanna Anna, he led a group of Comanches, mostly his own Penateka Comanche division plus allies from various other
Comanche
The Comanche or Nʉmʉnʉʉ ( com, Nʉmʉnʉʉ, "the people") are a Native American tribe from the Southern Plains of the present-day United States. Comanche people today belong to the federally recognized Comanche Nation, headquartered in La ...
bands, in the Great Raid of 1840. Their goal was to get revenge on the Texans who had killed thirty members of a delegation of Comanche Chiefs when they had been under a flag of truce for negotiations.
The Council House Fight
The Comanches who came to the Council House at
San Antonio
("Cradle of Freedom")
, image_map =
, mapsize = 220px
, map_caption = Interactive map of San Antonio
, subdivision_type = Country
, subdivision_name = United States
, subdivision_type1= U.S. state, State
, subdivision_name1 = Texas
, s ...
in the
Republic of Texas in March 1840, under Lamar’s Presidency, had the intention to negotiate a peace treaty. They sent a delegation of 65 people, with a dozen chiefs of several bands and several women too, led by Mukwooru and Kwihnai (Eagle), under a white flag of truce as they understood ambassadors should do. The Texans had expected the Comanches to bring several white captives as part of the agreement. At the meeting the chiefs explained they had brought in all of the captives their bands had: one, a girl sixteen years old (the young Mathilda Lockhart). The Texans did not understand the chiefs had no power over the other bands to force them to comply with the demands, and then pulled out guns and explained the Indians they were now their prisoners until the rest of the captives were returned. Threatened, the Comanches, who had come without bows, lances or guns, fought back with their knives. The Texans had concealed heavily armed soldiers just outside the Council House and at the onset of the fighting the windows and doors were opened and the soldiers outside shot into the room at the Comanche ambassadors and their people. Thirty-five 35 Comanches (among them all the chiefs, three women and two children) were slain, 29 were captured, and seven Texans were killed. Mukwooru’s widow was sent back to her people to warn them that unless all the white prisoners kept by the Comanches were relinquished, the Comanche prisoners at San Antonio would be killed. This massacre resulted in lasting bitterness among the Comanche people.
[ ]Texas State Historical Association
The Texas State Historical Association (TSHA) is a non-profit educational organization, dedicated to documenting the history of Texas. It was founded in Austin, Texas, on March 2, 1897. , TSHA moved their offices from Austin to the University of ...
Isimanica led a party 300 warriors strong to the outskirts of San Antonio, challenging the Texas militia barracked in San Josè Mission, to come out and fight, but the Texans didn’t accept his challenge. After this, Piava, a minor chief, brought to San Antonio three white prisoners, but probably the Comanches killed the other captives.
Pahayuca and Mupitsukupʉ became the Penateka principal chiefs, and Buffalo Hump became the principal war chief, with Yellow Wolf and Santa Anna as his lieutenants and partners.
The Great Raid of 1840
Buffalo Hump was determined to do more than merely complain about what the Comanches viewed as a bitter betrayal; in the summer he called a council, spreading word to the other bands of Comanches that he, Yellow Wolf and Santa Anna were going for a great raid against the white settlements in Texas as a revenge; in the meanwhile, Buffalo Hump, Yellow Wolf, Santa Anna and Isimanica, with 400 warriors, were raiding the settlements between Bastrop and San Antonio, exhausting the Rangers and Militia’s detachments. When they were ready, in late July 1840, Buffalo Hump, along with Yellow Wolf, Santa Anna and likely Isimanica, led the Penateka warriors in the Great Raid, and old Mupitsukupʉ too joined the biggest war party. According to the Comanche tradition, all the principal Comanche chiefs took part in the Great Raid: if so, also
Ten Bears
Ten Bears ( Comanche ''Pawʉʉrasʉmʉnurʉ''Anglicized as Parua-wasamen and Parry-wah-say-mer in treaties and older documents.) (ca. 1790-November 23, 1872) was the principal chief of the Yamparika or "Root Eater" division of the Comanche from ...
, Tawaquenah (“Big Eagle” or “Sun Eagle”), Wulea-boo (“Shaved Head”), Huupi-pahati (“Tall Tree”),
Iron Jacket
Iron Jacket (Puhihwitsikwasʉ) (born c. late 1780s or early 1790sdied 1858) was a Native American War Chief and Chief of the Comanche Indians. Fehrenbach, T.R. ''"Comanches, The Destruction of a People''
Iron Jacket was a Comanche chieftain and ...
, and possibly their allies the Kiowa, like Dohasan and Satank, could have had a role. On this raid the Comanches went all the way from the plains of west Texas to the cities of
Victoria
Victoria most commonly refers to:
* Victoria (Australia), a state of the Commonwealth of Australia
* Victoria, British Columbia, provincial capital of British Columbia, Canada
* Victoria (mythology), Roman goddess of Victory
* Victoria, Seychelle ...
and
Linnville on the Texas coast. Linnville was the second largest port in Texas at that time. In what may have been the largest organized raid by the Comanches to that point, they raided, burned, and plundered these towns.
The Comanches killed a large number of slaves and captured more than 1,500 horses.
The Battle of Plum Creek
On the way back from the sea, the Comanches easily defeated three different Militia detachments under John Tomlinson, Adam Zumvalt and Ben McCulloch (all together, 125 men) near the Garcitas Creek; then, they overwhelmed another Militia company (90 men) led by Lafayette Ward, James Bird and Matthew Caldwell along the trail to the San Marcos River; finally, they were attacked by Texas Rangers (all the companies of central and western Texas, under
Jack Hays
Christopher John Hays (12 December 1918 – 23 February 1983) was an English association footballer
A football player or footballer is a sportsperson who plays one of the different types of football. The main types of football are assoc ...
and
Ben McCulloch
Brigadier-General Benjamin McCulloch (November 11, 1811 – March 7, 1862) was a soldier in the Texas Revolution, a Texas Ranger, a major-general in the Texas militia and thereafter a major in the United States Army (United States Volunteers) d ...
), and militia (units from Bastrop and Gonzales, respectively under
Ed Burleson and
Mathew Caldwell
Matthew Caldwell, (March 8, 1798 – December 28, 1842), also spelled Mathew Caldwell was a 19th-century Texas settler, military figure, Captain of the Gonzales – Seguin Rangers and a signer of the Texas Declaration of Independence. Because of ...
), rallied under gen.
Felix Huston
Felix Huston (1800–1857) was a lawyer, soldier, military opportunist and the first commanding general of the Army of the Republic of Texas under the Constitution of 1836.
Early life and career
Huston was born in Kentucky. He was a slave trade ...
, at the
Battle of Plum Creek
The Battle of Plum Creek was a clash between allied Tonkawa, militia, and Rangers of the Republic of Texas and a huge Comanche war party under Chief Buffalo Hump, which took place near Lockhart, Texas, on August 12, 1840, following the Great ...
near
Lockhart Lockhart may refer to:
*Lockhart (surname)
Places
Australia
*Lockhart, New South Wales
*Lockhart River, Queensland
*Lockhart River, Western Australia
United States
*Lockhart, Alabama
*Lockhart, Florida
*Lockhart, Minnesota
*Lockhart, Sout ...
. This was later portrayed as a great Texan victory, but that is highly questionable: volunteers from Gonzales and from Bastrop had gathered to attempt to stop the war party and all the Ranger companies of east and central Texas, equipped with the new
Colt Paterson
The Colt Paterson revolver was the first commercial repeating firearm employing a revolving cylinder with multiple chambers aligned with a single, stationary barrel. Its design was patented by Samuel Colt on February 25, 1836, in the Unit ...
revolvers, moved to intercept the Indians. They met at Plum Creek, near the town of Lockhart, on August 12, 1840; 80 Comanches were reported killed in the ensuing gun battle - unusually heavy casualties for the Comanches and their allies - but they got away with the bulk of their plunder and stolen horses,.
The “defeated” Comanches (of whom only 12 bodies were recovered) seem to have viewed this fight as a great victory which did much to enhance the various chiefs’ prestige; if so it is unlikely that they suffered high casualties. The fact that the raiding party managed to escape with the majority of the stolen horses and most of their plunder casts doubt upon the Texans' version of events.
Texas and the Penateka Comanche treaty negotiations
Despite the Council House massacre and the subsequent
Great Raid of 1840
The Great Raid of 1840 was the largest raid ever mounted by Native Americans on white cities in what is now the United States.''The Comanche Barrier to South Plains Settlement: A Century and a Half of Savage Resistance to the Advancing White Fr ...
, Sam Houston, once again the President of the Texas Republic following the Lamar Presidency, and Buffalo Hump with other chiefs succeeded, in August 1843, in agreeing to a temporary treaty accord and a ceasefire between the Comanches, their allies, and the Texans. In October, the Comanches, hopeful of permanently establishing official Comancheria borders, agreed to meet with Houston and try to negotiate a treaty similar to the
one just concluded at Fort Bird: the peace chiefs Pahayuca and Mupitsukupʉ, and others (the inclusion of Buffalo Hump, after the events at the Council House, showed the extraordinary Comanche belief in Houston),
representing, for the first time, every major division of the Comanche in Texas (Penateka, but also Nokoni, Kotsoteka and Kwahadi) and their Kiowa and Kataka (“Kiowa Apaches”) allies were asked to free their white prisoners.
[Fehrenbach, Theodore R. ''Comanches, The Destruction of a People'', Knopf, New York, 1974] In early 1844, Buffalo Hump and other Comanche leaders (Pahayuca, Mupitsukupʉ, and others, but not Yellow Wolf or
Santa Anna Santa Anna may refer to:
* Santa Anna, Texas, a town in Coleman County in Central Texas, United States
* Santa Anna, Starr County, Texas
* Santa Anna Township, DeWitt County, Illinois, one of townships in DeWitt County, Illinois, United States. ...
) signed the treaty at Tehuacana Creek in which they agreed to return white captives ''in toto'', and to cease raiding Texan settlements.
In exchange for this, the Texans would cease military action against the Comanches, establish more trading posts, and recognize the boundary between Texas and Comancherí
Comanche allies, including the
Waco Indians, Wacos,
Taweashes,
Tawakoni
The Tawakoni (also Tahuacano and Tehuacana) are a Southern Plains Native American tribe, closely related to the Wichitas. They historically spoke a Wichita language of the Caddoan language family. Currently, they are enrolled in the Wichita a ...
s,
Kanoatinos,
Keechis, belonging to the
Wichita confederation, the
Kiowa
Kiowa () people are a Native American tribe and an indigenous people of the Great Plains of the United States. They migrated southward from western Montana into the Rocky Mountains in Colorado in the 17th and 18th centuries,Pritzker 326 and eve ...
and
Kiowa Apache
The Plains Apache are a small Southern Athabaskan group who live on the Southern Plains of North America, in close association with the linguistically unrelated Kiowa Tribe. Today, they are centered in Southwestern Oklahoma and Northern Texas a ...
, also agreed to join in the treaty. Unfortunately, the boundary provision was deleted by the
Texas Senate
The Texas Senate ( es, Senado de Texas) is the upper house of the Texas State Legislature. There are 31 members of the Senate, representing single-member districts across the U.S. state of Texas, with populations of approximately 806,000 per co ...
in ratifying the final version. This caused Buffalo Hump to agree with Yellow Wolf (who had proved himself to have a more realistic view than Buffalo Hump in evaluating the settlers' concern for a fair and lasting peace) and Santa Anna’s suspicions of the Texans motives, changing his stance to align himself with his cousin and the third war chief, and repudiate the treaty, and hostilities soon resumed.
[Dickson Schilz Jodye Lynn, Schilz Thomas F., ''Buffalo Hump and the Penateka Comanches'', Texas Western Press, University of Texas, El Paso, 1989]
In May 1846, following the annexation of Texas to the United States, Buffalo Hump led the Comanche delegation to treaty talks at Council Springs and signed a peace treaty with the United States,
. Yellow Wolf and Santa Anna, aware they were no longer strong enough to oppose the U.S.A., or stop the ceaseless and massive flow of the immigrants, were with him.
[Dickson Schilz Jodye Lynn, ''Buffalo Hump from the Handbook of Texas Online'', Texas State Historical Association, retrieved, 2010] Buffalo Hump, nevertheless, declined an invitation to go to Washington and meet President James Polk, instead joining Isaviah in a great raiding party going to Mexico. In early 1847 some Penateka chiefs (Mupitsukupʉ, Buffalo Hump, Santa Anna, but, apparently, not Yellow Wolf) met the Indian agent
Robert S. Neighbors
Robert Simpson Neighbors (November 3, 1815 – September 14, 1859) was an Indian agent and Texas state legislator. Known as a fair and determined protector of Indian interests as guaranteed by treaty, he was murdered for his beliefs by a Texan w ...
, Johann O. von Meusebach and the German immigrants united in the “Adelsverein” in the
San Saba River
The San Saba River is a river in the U.S. state of Texas. It is an undeveloped and scenic waterway located on the northern boundary of the Edwards Plateau.
Course
The river begins in two primary branches. The North Valley Prong runs east throu ...
council, and authorized them to settle Fredicksburg, in the grant the Germans had bought between the
Llano and the
Guadalupe rivers.
In May 1847 Pahayuca, Mupitsukupʉ, Buffalo Hump and Santa Anna again met Neighbors and learned that that the U.S. Senate had suppressed the article of Council Springs treaty which forbade settlers from encroaching into the Comancheria. Santa Anna claimed the right to raid into Mexico and as the United States was then at war with Mexico, Neighbors didn’t raise any objections, so that summer Buffalo Hump, Yellow Wolf, and Santa Anna led some hundreds warriors into Coahuila and Chihuahua, burning villages, stealing horses and kidnapping women and children all the way to San Francisco del Oro. On the way back the Comanches were engaged by U.S. dragoons near Parras, losing part of their booty. In August Yellow Wolf, Buffalo Hump, and Santa Anna were in Mexico once again, leading 800 warriors.
As war chief of the Penateka Comanche, Buffalo Hump, and Yellow Wolf too, dealt peacefully with American officials throughout the late 1840s and 1850s.
[ Texas State Historical Association]
In 1849, Buffalo Hump escorted Robert S. Neighbors and John S. “Rip” Ford’s expedition along the first part of the trail from San Antonio to El Paso, as far as the Nokoni villages,
[Ford John.S., ''Rip Ford's Texas'' University of Texas Press, Austin, 1963, ] Yellow Wolf and Shanaco (son of a chief killed in the Council House of San Antonio) joining him; at the Nokoni villages Buffalo Hump and Yellow Wolf entrusted their proteges to their old friend Huupi-pahati, the Nokoni chief, who brought the whites to their destination.
[ In 1851 Yellow Wolf and Buffalo Hump once again led their warriors in a great raid into Mexico, raiding the states of Chihuahua and Durango.
]
End of the Penateka freedom
In the summer of 1854 Neighbors and Captain Randolph B. Marcy
Randolph Barnes Marcy (April 9, 1812 – November 22, 1887) was an officer in the United States Army, chiefly noted for his frontier guidebook, the ''Prairie Traveler'' (1859), based on his own extensive experience of pioneering in the west. This p ...
carried out a reconnaissance in search of a potential reserve for the Comanche and selected two areas, allocating to the Penatekas 18.576 acres on the Clear Fork of the Brazos, approximately five miles from Camp Cooper. In November Neighbors went to the Penateka winter camp and persuaded Buffalo Hump and the far more malleable Shanaco, Ketumse and Asa-havey to go and settle in the reserve, but Yellow Wolf, who was still pressing for the recognition of a border between Texas and Comancheria, left the council, flatly refusing to go. One week later Yellow Wolf was killed by a party of Lipan hunters, after which Buffalo Hump temporized almost two years more.[Buffalo Hump, a Comanche Diplomat: ]West Texas Historical Association
The West Texas Historical Association is an organization of both academics and laypersons dedicated to the preservation and dissemination of the total history of West Texas, loosely defined geographically as all Texas counties and portions of coun ...
Yearbook 35 (1959) However, in 1856, he led his people to the newly-established reservation. Continuous raids on this by horse thieves and squatters, coupled with his band's unhappiness over their lack of freedom and the poor food provided on the reservation, persuaded Potsʉnakwahipʉ to move his band off the reservation in 1858. While camped in the Wichita Mountains the Penateka Band under Buffalo Hump were attacked by United States troops under the command of Major Earl Van Dorn
Earl Van Dorn (September 17, 1820May 7, 1863) started his military career as a United States Army officer but joined Confederate forces in 1861 after the Civil War broke out. He was a major general when he was killed in a private conflict.
A g ...
. Allegedly not aware that Buffalo Hump's band had recently signed a formal peace treaty with the United States at Fort Arbuckle, Van Dorn and his men killed 80 of the Comanches.
Nonetheless, an aged and weary Buffalo Hump led and settled his remaining followers on the Kiowa-Comanche reservation near Fort Cobb in Indian Territory in Oklahoma. There, in spite of his enormous sadness at the end of the Comanches' traditional way of life, he asked for a house and farmland so that he could set an example for his people. Attempting to live out his life as a rancher and farmer, he died probably before 1867.
Portrayals
Buffalo Hump was played by Eric Schweig
Eric Schweig (born Ray Dean Thrasher; 19 June 1967) is an Indigenous Canadian actor best known for his role as Chingachgook's son Uncas in ''The Last of the Mohicans'' (1992).
Early life
Schweig was born in Inuvik, Northwest Territories. He is ...
in the 1996 TV miniseries ''Dead Man's Walk
''Dead Man's Walk'' is a 1995 novel by American writer Larry McMurtry. It is the third book published in the ''Lonesome Dove'' series but the first installment in terms of chronology. McMurtry wrote a fourth segment to the ''Lonesome Dove'' chr ...
'', and by Wes Studi
Wesley Studi ( chr, ᏪᏌ ᏍᏚᏗ; born December 17, 1947) is a Native American ( Cherokee Nation) actor and film producer. He has garnered critical acclaim and awards throughout his career, particularly for his portrayal of Native American ...
in the 2008 TV miniseries ''Comanche Moon
''Comanche Moon'' (1997) is a western novel by American writer Larry McMurtry. It is the fourth and final book he published in the ''Lonesome Dove'' series. In terms of chronology, it is the second installment of the narrative. A Comanche Moon ...
'' (both part of the Lonesome Dove series
The ''Lonesome Dove'' series is a series of four western fiction novels written by Larry McMurtry and the five television miniseries and television series based upon them.
Overview
The novels and miniseries follow the exploits of several member ...
). Buffalo Hump has also been portrayed by Horacio García Rojas in the History Channel series Texas Rising and by Wesley French in the German-language film In einem wilden Land (Striving for Freedom).
See also
* Texas–Indian wars
*John Coffee Hays
John Coffee "Jack" Hays (January 28, 1817 – April 21, 1883) was an American military officer. A captain in the Texas Rangers and a military officer of the Republic of Texas, Hays served in several armed conflicts from 1836 to 1848, including a ...
, admired by Chief Potsʉnakwahipʉ "Buffalo Hump"
References
Bibliography
* Bial, Raymond. ''Lifeways: The Comanche''. New York: Benchmark Books, 2000.
* Brice, Donaly E. ''The Great Comanche Raid: Boldest Indian Attack on the Texas Republic'' McGowan Book Co. 1987
* "Comanche
Skyhawks Native American Dedication
(August 15, 2005)
* Brown, Dee. ''Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee: An Indian History of the American West'', Holt, Rinehart & Winston, New York, 1970
* Chalafant, William J. ''Without Quarter: the Wichita Expedition and the fight on Crooked Creek'', University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1991
* Dunnegan, Ted
(August 19, 2005)
* Fehrenbach, Theodore Reed ''The Comanches: The Destruction of a People''. New York: Knopf, 1974, . Later (2003) republished under the title ''The Comanches: The History of a People''
* Foster, Morris. ''Being Comanche''.
* Fowler, Arlen L. ''The Black Infantry in the West, 1869-1891'', University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1996
* Frazier, Ian. ''Great Plains''. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1989.
* Hagan, William T. ''Quanah Parker, Comanche Chief'', University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1976
* Haley, James L. ''The Buffalo War: the History of the Red River Indians Uprising of 1874'', University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1976
* John, Elizabeth and Storms, A.H. ''Brewed in Other Men's Worlds: The Confrontation of the Indian, Spanish, and French in the Southwest'', 1540-1795. College Station, TX: Texas A&M Press, 1975.
* Jones, David E. Sanapia: ''Comanche Medicine Woman''. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1974.
* Leckie, William H. ''The Buffalo Soldiers: A Narrative of the Negro Cavalry in the West'', University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1967
* Lodge, Sally.'' Native American People: The Comanche''. Vero Beach, Florida 32964: Rourke Publications, Inc., 1992.
* Lund, Bill. ''Native Peoples: The Comanche Indians''. Mankato, Minnesota: Bridgestone Books, 1997.
* Mooney, Martin. ''The Junior Library of American Indians: The Comanche Indians''. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1993.
* Newcomb, William W. Jr. ''The Indians of Texas: from Prehistorics to Modern Times'', University of Texas Press, Austin, 1972
* Nye, Wilbur Sturtevant. ''Carbine and Lance: The Story of Old Fort Sill'', University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1983
Native Americans: Comanche
(August 13, 2005).
* Richardson, Rupert N. ''The Comanche Barrier to South Plains Settlement: A Century and a Half of Savage Resistance to the Advancing White Frontier''. Glendale, CA: Arthur H. Clark Company, 1933.
* Rollings, Willard. ''Indians of North America: The Comanche''. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1989.
* Secoy, Frank. ''Changing Military Patterns on the Great Plains''. Monograph of the American Ethnological Society, No. 21. Locust Valley, NY: J. J. Augustin, 1953.
* Schilz, Jodye Lynn Dickson and Schilz, Thomas F. ''Buffalo Hump and the Penateka Comanches'', Texas Western Press, El Paso, 1989
* Streissguth, Thomas. ''Indigenous Peoples of North America: The Comanche''. San Diego: Lucent Books Incorporation, 2000.
"The Texas Comanches" on Texas Indians
(August 14, 2005).
* Wallace, Ernest, and Hoebel, E. Adamson ''The Comanche: Lords of the Southern Plains'', University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1952.
* Webb, Walter Prescott ''The Texas Rangers: a Century of Frontier Defense'', University of Texas Press, Austin, 1983
"Comanche" on the History Channel
(August 26, 2005)
External links
Buffalo Hump
in the '' Handbook of Texas Online''
Map of Comancheria
{{DEFAULTSORT:Buffalo Hump
Native American leaders
Native American people of the Indian Wars
1840 in the United States
Battles involving the Comanche
Comanche people
Texas–Indian Wars
Native American history of Texas
Year of birth uncertain
nl:Bisonnek