![Lotus within beads and reels motif Stupa No2 Sanchi](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Lotus_within_beads_and_reels_motif_Stupa_No2_Sanchi.jpg)
Buddhist
Buddhism ( , ), also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya (), is an Indian religion or philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha. It originated in northern India as a -movement in the 5th century BCE, and ...
symbolism is the use of
symbols
A symbol is a mark, sign, or word that indicates, signifies, or is understood as representing an idea, object, or relationship. Symbols allow people to go beyond what is known or seen by creating linkages between otherwise very different conc ...
(
Sanskrit
Sanskrit (; attributively , ; nominally , , ) is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages. It arose in South Asia after its predecessor languages had diffused there from the northwest in the late ...
: ''pratīka'') to represent certain aspects of the
Buddha
Siddhartha Gautama, most commonly referred to as the Buddha, was a śramaṇa, wandering ascetic and religious teacher who lived in South Asia during the 6th or 5th century BCE and founded Buddhism.
According to Buddhist tradition, he was ...
's
Dharma
Dharma (; sa, धर्म, dharma, ; pi, dhamma, italic=yes) is a key concept with multiple meanings in Indian religions, such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism and others. Although there is no direct single-word translation for '' ...
(teaching). Early Buddhist symbols which remain important today include the
Dharma wheel
The dharmachakra (Sanskrit: धर्मचक्र; Pali: ''dhammacakka'') or wheel of dharma is a widespread symbol used in Indian religions such as Hinduism, Jainism, and especially Buddhism.John C. Huntington, Dina Bangdel, ''The Circle o ...
, the
Indian lotus
''Nelumbo nucifera'', also known as sacred lotus, Laxmi lotus, Indian lotus, or simply lotus, is one of two extant species of aquatic plant in the family Nelumbonaceae. It is sometimes colloquially called a water lily, though this more often ref ...
, the
three jewels
In Buddhism, refuge or taking refuge refers to a religious practice, which often includes a prayer or recitation performed at the beginning of the day or of a practice session. Since the period of Early Buddhism until present time, all Theravada ...
and the
Bodhi tree.
[Coomaraswamy (1998), pp. 1–5.]
Buddhism symbolism is intended to represent the key values of the Buddhist faith. The popularity of certain symbols has grown and changed over time as a result of progression in the followers ideologies. Research has shown that the aesthetic perception of the Buddhist gesture symbol positively influenced perceived happiness and life satisfaction.
Anthropomorphic
Anthropomorphism is the attribution of human traits, emotions, or intentions to non-human entities. It is considered to be an innate tendency of human psychology.
Personification is the related attribution of human form and characteristics t ...
symbolism depicting the Buddha (as well as other figures) became very popular around the first century CE with the arts of
Mathura
Mathura () is a city and the administrative headquarters of Mathura district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is located approximately north of Agra, and south-east of Delhi; about from the town of Vrindavan, and from Govardhan. ...
and the
Greco-Buddhist art
The Greco-Buddhist art or Gandhara art of the north Indian subcontinent is the artistic manifestation of Greco-Buddhism, a cultural syncretism between Ancient Greek art and Buddhism. It had mainly evolved in the ancient region of Gandhara.
The s ...
of
Gandhara
Gandhāra is the name of an ancient region located in the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent, more precisely in present-day north-west Pakistan and parts of south-east Afghanistan. The region centered around the Peshawar Vall ...
. New symbols continued to develop into the medieval period, with
Vajrayana Buddhism
Vajrayāna ( sa, वज्रयान, "thunderbolt vehicle", "diamond vehicle", or "indestructible vehicle"), along with Mantrayāna, Guhyamantrayāna, Tantrayāna, Secret Mantra, Tantric Buddhism, and Esoteric Buddhism, are names referring t ...
adopting further symbols such as the stylized
double vajra. In the modern era, new symbols like the
Buddhist flag
The Buddhist flag is a flag designed in the late 19th century as a universal symbol of Buddhism. It is used by Buddhists throughout the world.
History
The flag was originally designed in 1885 by the Colombo Committee, in Colombo, Ceylon (''no ...
were also adopted.
Many symbols are depicted in early Buddhist art. Many of these are ancient, pre-Buddhist and pan-Indian symbols of auspiciousness (mangala). According to Karlsson, Buddhists adopted these signs because "they were meaningful, important and well-known to the majority of the people in India." They also may have had
apotropaic
Apotropaic magic (from Greek "to ward off") or protective magic is a type of magic intended to turn away harm or evil influences, as in deflecting misfortune or averting the evil eye. Apotropaic observances may also be practiced out of superst ...
uses, and thus they "must have been a way for Buddhists to protect themselves, but also a way of popularizing and strengthening the Buddhist movement."
At its founding in 1952, the
World Fellowship of Buddhists
The World Fellowship of Buddhists (WFB) is an international Buddhist organization. Initiated by Gunapala Piyasena Malalasekera, it was founded in 1950 in Colombo, Ceylon (present-day Sri Lanka), by representatives from 27 nations. Although Therav ...
adopted two symbols to represent Buddhism. These were a traditional eight-spoked
Dharma wheel
The dharmachakra (Sanskrit: धर्मचक्र; Pali: ''dhammacakka'') or wheel of dharma is a widespread symbol used in Indian religions such as Hinduism, Jainism, and especially Buddhism.John C. Huntington, Dina Bangdel, ''The Circle o ...
and the
five-colored flag.
Early Buddhist symbols
The earliest
Buddhist art
Buddhist art is visual art produced in the context of Buddhism. It includes depictions of Gautama Buddha and other Buddhas and bodhisattvas, notable Buddhist figures both historical and mythical, narrative scenes from their lives, mandalas, and ...
is from the
Mauryan era (322 BCE – 184 BCE), there is little archeological evidence for pre-Mauryan period symbolism. Early Buddhist art (circa 2nd century BCE to 2nd century CE) is commonly (but not exclusively)
aniconic
Aniconism is the absence of artistic representations (''icons'') of the natural and supernatural worlds, or it is the absence of representations of certain figures in religions. It is a feature of various cultures, particularly of cultures which a ...
(i.e. lacking an anthropomorphic image), and instead used various symbols to depict the Buddha. The best examples of this aniconic period symbolism can be found at sites like
Sanchi
Sanchi is a Buddhist complex, famous for its Great Stupa, on a hilltop at Sanchi Town in Raisen District of the States and territories of India, State of Madhya Pradesh, India. It is located, about 23 kilometres from Raisen, Raisen town, dist ...
,
Amaravati
Amaravati () is the capital of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is located on the banks of the river Krishna in Guntur district.
The Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi laid the foundation stone at a ceremonial event in Uddandar ...
,
Bharhut
Bharhut is a village located in the Satna district of Madhya Pradesh, central India. It is known for its famous relics from a Buddhist stupa. What makes Bharhut panels unique is that each panel is explicitly labelled in Brahmi characters mentioni ...
,
Bodhgaya
Bodh Gaya is a religious site and place of pilgrimage associated with the Mahabodhi Temple Complex in Gaya district in the Indian state of Bihar. It is famous as it is the place where Gautama Buddha is said to have attained Enlightenment ( pi, ...
and
Sarnath
Sarnath (Hindustani pronunciation: aːɾnaːtʰ also referred to as Sarangnath, Isipatana, Rishipattana, Migadaya, or Mrigadava) is a place located northeast of Varanasi, near the confluence of the Ganges and the Varuna rivers in Uttar Pr ...
.
[Karlsson (2000), p. 11.] According to Karlsson, three specific signs, the Bodhi tree, the Dharma wheel, and the stupa, occur frequently at all these major sites and thus "the earliest Buddhist cult practice focused on these three objects".
Among the earliest and most common Buddhist symbols found in these early Buddhist sites are the
stupa
A stupa ( sa, स्तूप, lit=heap, ) is a mound-like or hemispherical structure containing relics (such as ''śarīra'' – typically the remains of Buddhist monks or nuns) that is used as a place of meditation.
In Buddhism, circumamb ...
(and the relics therein), the
Dharma
Dharma (; sa, धर्म, dharma, ; pi, dhamma, italic=yes) is a key concept with multiple meanings in Indian religions, such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism and others. Although there is no direct single-word translation for '' ...
wheel, the
Bodhi Tree, the
triratna
The Triratna ( pi, or ; sa, or ) is a Buddhist symbol, thought to visually represent the Three Jewels of Buddhism (the Buddha, the Dhamma, the Sangha).
Symbol
The Triratna symbol is composed of:
* A lotus flower within a circle.
* A dia ...
(three jewels), the
vajra seat, the
lotus flower
''Nelumbo nucifera'', also known as sacred lotus, Laxmi lotus, Indian lotus, or simply lotus, is one of two extant species of aquatic plant in the family Nelumbonaceae. It is sometimes colloquially called a water lily, though this more often ref ...
, and the
Buddha footprint
Buddha's footprints ( sa, Buddhapada) are Buddhist icons shaped like an imprint of Gautama Buddha's foot or both feet. There are two forms: natural, as found in stone or rock, and those made artificially. Many of the "natural" ones are acknowled ...
.
[Chauley, G. C. (1998) pp. 1–16.] Several animals are also widely depicted, such as elephants, lions,
nāga
The Nagas (IAST: ''nāga''; Devanāgarī: नाग) are a divine, or semi-divine, race of half-human, half-serpent beings that reside in the netherworld (Patala), and can occasionally take human or part-human form, or are so depicted in art. ...
and deer.
Contemporary Buddhist art contains numerous symbols, including unique symbols not found in early Buddhism.
Gallery
File:Worship of Chakra - Sandstone - ca 2nd Century BCE - Sunga Period - Bharhut - ACCN 305 - Indian Museum - Kolkata 2016-03-06 1563.JPG, A Dharmachakra being revered
File:Bharhut pinnacles.jpg, Pinnacles from Bharhut depicting Dharmawheels and Lotus roundels
File:Sculptures at Sanchi Stupa Cultus of the Chakra, or Wheel of the Law.jpg, Illustrations from Sanchi, depicting a dharma chakra, devotees, and deer
File:Sanchi Stupa 2 elephants and Dharmachakra.jpg, Dharmachakra, and elephants
File:Adoration of the pillar of Ashoka Sanchi Stupa 3 South Gateway Right pillar top panel.jpg, A depiction of a Dharma wheel held up by lions, one of the pillars of Ashoka
The pillars of Ashoka are a series of monolithic columns dispersed throughout the Indian subcontinent, erected or at least inscribed with edicts by the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka during his reign from c. 268 to 232 BCE. Ashoka used the expressi ...
File:'Nimbus Fragment with Celestials and Bodhi Tree', Norton Simon Museum.JPG, Bodhi tree showing distinctive heart-shaped leaves and devas
File:Bharhut Pasenadi Pillar, Outer Face Diamond Throne.jpg, Relief of the Diamond Throne (Vajrasana Vajrasana (Sanskrit for "diamond seat" or "diamond throne") may refer to:
* The Vajrasana, Bodh Gaya, India where Gautama Buddha achieved enlightenment
* Vajrasana (yoga)
Vajrasana (), Thunderbolt Pose, or Diamond Pose, is a kneeling asana in ...
) with two triratnas
File:Footprints of the Buddha (2nd century, Yale University Art Gallery).jpg, Buddhapada decorated with lotus roundels, Triratna's and swastikas, 2nd century, Gandhara
Gandhāra is the name of an ancient region located in the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent, more precisely in present-day north-west Pakistan and parts of south-east Afghanistan. The region centered around the Peshawar Vall ...
File:Footprints of Buddha - Page 310 - History of India Vol 1 (1906).jpg, Buddhapada with other symbols
File:North Gateway - Rear Side - Stupa 1 - Sanchi Hill 2013-02-21 4480-4481.JPG, Carved decorations on the doorway of Sanchi stupa, note the dharma chakra, various animals, and Triratna (with srivasta in the center).
File:MaraAssault.jpg, Empty throne and bodhi tree
File:Bodhi tree temple depicted in Sanchi Stupa 1 Southern gateway.jpg, Bodhi tree with garlands, an umbrella, and Triratna's
File:Amaravati Stupa relief at Museum.jpg, Amaravati Stupa
The Amarāvati ''Stupa'', is a ruined Buddhist ''stūpa'' at the village of Amaravathi, Palnadu district, Andhra Pradesh, India, probably built in phases between the third century BCE and about 250 CE. It was enlarged and new sculptures replac ...
relief with numerous early Buddhist symbols and lions
File:Buddha-Footprint.jpeg, Buddha footprint
Buddha's footprints ( sa, Buddhapada) are Buddhist icons shaped like an imprint of Gautama Buddha's foot or both feet. There are two forms: natural, as found in stone or rock, and those made artificially. Many of the "natural" ones are acknowled ...
. First century, Gandhara
Gandhāra is the name of an ancient region located in the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent, more precisely in present-day north-west Pakistan and parts of south-east Afghanistan. The region centered around the Peshawar Vall ...
, with depictions of the triratna
The Triratna ( pi, or ; sa, or ) is a Buddhist symbol, thought to visually represent the Three Jewels of Buddhism (the Buddha, the Dhamma, the Sangha).
Symbol
The Triratna symbol is composed of:
* A lotus flower within a circle.
* A dia ...
and the Dharmachakra
The dharmachakra (Sanskrit: धर्मचक्र; Pali: ''dhammacakka'') or wheel of dharma is a widespread symbol used in Indian religions such as Hinduism, Jainism, and especially Buddhism.John C. Huntington, Dina Bangdel, ''The Circle o ...
.
File:Buddha's first sermon at Sarnath. Gandhara.Met.jpg, The Buddha turning the dharma wheel at deer park
File:KITLV 88034 - Unknown - Relief of Chanda and Kanthaka in British India - 1897.tif, The Buddha's horse, Kanthaka, and an attendant with a chakra (royal umbrella)
File:Dream of Maya at Bharhut.jpg, Depiction of the dream of Maya (Buddha's mother), in which the Buddha enters her side as a white elephant, from Bharhut
File:Pillar with Naga Muchalinda over the throne of the Buddha. Pauni (Bhandara District). Railing pillar from Jagannath Tekri. 2nd-1st century BCE.jpg, A Pillar depicting an empty throne, the Naga king Mucalinda and the Bodhi tree
File:023 Naga Coils (33593376982).jpg, A Naga at Sanchi
File:A celestial of beginning showing the bowl of Lord Buddha.jpg, A depiction of devas holding up the begging bowl of Buddha.
Southeast Asian Buddhist symbols
Theravada
''Theravāda'' () ( si, ථේරවාදය, my, ထေရဝါဒ, th, เถรวาท, km, ថេរវាទ, lo, ເຖຣະວາດ, pi, , ) is the most commonly accepted name of Buddhism's oldest existing school. The school' ...
Buddhist art is strongly influenced by the Indian Buddhist art styles like the Amaravati and Gupta styles. Thus,
Theravada
''Theravāda'' () ( si, ථේරවාදය, my, ထေရဝါဒ, th, เถรวาท, km, ថេរវាទ, lo, ເຖຣະວາດ, pi, , ) is the most commonly accepted name of Buddhism's oldest existing school. The school' ...
Buddhism retained most of the classic Indian Buddhist symbols such as the Dharma wheel, though in many cases, these symbols became more elaborately decorated with gold, jewels and other designs.
Different artistic styles also developed throughout the Theravada world as well as unique ways of depicting the Buddha (such as the Thai style and the Khmer style) containing their own ways of using Buddhist symbols.
Gallery
File:002 Dhammacakka, Dwaravati (35252600135).jpg, Dhamma wheel from Dvaravati
The Dvaravati ( th, ทวารวดี ; ) was an ancient Mon kingdom from the 7th century to the 11th century that was located in the region now known as central Thailand. It was described by the Chinese pilgrim in the middle of the 7th ce ...
File:003 Dhammacakka, Dwaravati (35252598815).jpg, Dhamma wheel and deer from Dvaravati
File:Khao Khlang Nai-004.jpg, Dhamma wheel, Dvaravati period, Khao Klang Nai, Si Thep Historical Park, Thailand
File:003 Dhammacakka Wheel (9140985559).jpg, A Thai Dhamma wheel at Wat Phothivihan, Tumpat, Kelantan
File:022 Dhammacakka Wheel (9140289205).jpg, Dhamma wheel at Wat Maisuwankiri, Tumpat, Malaysia
File:017 Dhammacakka Wheel (9142188936).jpg, Dhamma wheel at
File:Mold Bai Sema.jpg, A mold and a Bai Sema stone (monastery boundary stone)
File:113 Yakkha upholding the Dhammacakka (9206899756).jpg, Seal of the Chainat province
Chai Nat ( th, ชัยนาท, ) is one of the central provinces (''changwat'') of Thailand. Neighbouring provinces are (from north clockwise) Nakhon Sawan, Sing Buri, Suphan Buri, and Uthai Thani. The town of Chai Nat is 188 km north ...
.
File:011 Dhammacakka on Main Gable (9204016689).jpg, Dhammacakka on Main Gable, Wat Phra Putthabat Tak Pha, Lamphun
File:Buddhism dham jak.png, A Thai style Dhamma wheel
File:Buddha footprint.jpg, Buddha footprint
Buddha's footprints ( sa, Buddhapada) are Buddhist icons shaped like an imprint of Gautama Buddha's foot or both feet. There are two forms: natural, as found in stone or rock, and those made artificially. Many of the "natural" ones are acknowled ...
outside the Silver temple in Chiang Mai
Chiang Mai (, from th, เชียงใหม่ , nod, , เจียงใหม่ ), sometimes written as Chiengmai or Chiangmai, is the largest city in northern Thailand, the capital of Chiang Mai province and the second largest city in ...
.
File:020 Buddha Left Footprint (9205053809).jpg, Buddha Left Footprint, Wat Phra That Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai
File:The Buddha's Footprint.jpg, Buddhapada
Buddha's footprints ( sa, Buddhapada) are Buddhist icons shaped like an imprint of Gautama Buddha's foot or both feet. There are two forms: natural, as found in stone or rock, and those made artificially. Many of the "natural" ones are acknowled ...
, Teak wood decorated with mother of pearl and glass. Lanna art, late 15th - early 16th centuries. Wat Phra Singh Woramahaviharn.
File:Burmese-Pali Manuscript. Wellcome L0026480.jpg, Burmese Pali manuscript depicting a hamsa
The ''hamsa'' ( ar, خمسة, khamsa) is a palm-shaped amulet popular throughout North Africa and in the Middle East and commonly used in jewellery and wall hangings.Bernasek et al., 2008p. 12Sonbol, 2005pp. 355–359 Depicting the open right h ...
bird.
File:Burmese-Pali Manuscript. Wellcome L0026519.jpg, Lion in a Burmese Pali Manuscript
File:Garudakaryatid98.jpg, Garuda and Nagas, Wat Phra Kaeo
Wat Phra Kaew ( th, วัดพระแก้ว, , ), commonly known in English as the Temple of the Emerald Buddha and officially as Wat Phra Si Rattana Satsadaram, is regarded as the most sacred Wat, Buddhist temple in Thailand. The compl ...
, Bangkok, Thailand.
East Asian Buddhist symbols
East Asian Buddhism
East Asian Buddhism or East Asian Mahayana is a collective term for the schools of Mahāyāna Buddhism that developed across East Asia which follow the Chinese Buddhist canon. These include the various forms of Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Vi ...
adopted many of the classic Buddhist symbolism outlined above. During the
Tang dynasty
The Tang dynasty (, ; zh, t= ), or Tang Empire, was an Dynasties in Chinese history, imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 618 to 907 AD, with an Zhou dynasty (690–705), interregnum between 690 and 705. It was preceded by the Sui dyn ...
(618–907 CE) Buddhist symbolism became widespread, and symbols like the swastika and the Dharma wheel (Chinese: 法輪; pinyin: ''fălún'', "wheel of life") became well known in China. There were also more elaborate symbols, like Buddhist
mandalas
A mandala ( sa, मण्डल, maṇḍala, circle, ) is a geometric configuration of symbols. In various spiritual traditions, mandalas may be employed for focusing attention of practitioners and adepts, as a spiritual guidance tool, for e ...
and complex images of Buddhas and bodhisattva figures.
There are also some symbols that are generally unique to East Asian Buddhism, including the purple robe(which indicated a particularly eminent monastic), the
''ruyi'' scepter, the "
wooden fish
A wooden fish, also known as a Chinese temple block, wooden bell, or ''muyu'', is a type of woodblock that originated from East Asia that is used by monks and lay people in the Mahayana tradition of Buddhism. They are used by Buddhist ceremonie ...
", the ring staff (''
khakkhara
A khakkhara ( sa, khakkhara; ; , sometimes referred to in English as a pewter staff, is a staff topped with metal rings traditionally carried by Buddhist monks, particularly in East Asian Buddhism.
Originally used as a noisemaker to announce a m ...
''), The
Eighteen Arhats
The Eighteen Arhats (or Luohan) () are depicted in Chinese Buddhism as the original followers of Gautama Buddha (''arhat'') who have followed the Noble Eightfold Path and attained the four stages of enlightenment. They have reached the state of N ...
(or Luohan) (
Chinese
Chinese can refer to:
* Something related to China
* Chinese people, people of Chinese nationality, citizenship, and/or ethnicity
**''Zhonghua minzu'', the supra-ethnic concept of the Chinese nation
** List of ethnic groups in China, people of ...
: 十八羅漢)the "ever burning lamp" (''changmingdeng'') and various kinds of Buddhist
amulet
An amulet, also known as a good luck charm or phylactery, is an object believed to confer protection upon its possessor. The word "amulet" comes from the Latin word amuletum, which Pliny's ''Natural History'' describes as "an object that protects ...
s or charms, such as Japanese
omamori
are Japanese amulets commonly sold at Shinto shrines and Buddhist temples, dedicated to particular Shinto as well as Buddhist figures, and are said to provide various forms of luck and protection.
Origin and usage
The word means 'protect ...
and
ofuda
In Shinto and Buddhism in Japan, an is a talisman made out of various materials such as paper, wood, cloth or metal. are commonly found in both Shinto shrines and Buddhist temples and are considered to be imbued with the power of the deities ...
, and Chinese fu (符) or
fulu
(), is a term for Taoist incantations and magic symbols, written or painted as talisman or () by Taoist practitioners.
These practitioners are also called () or the sect, an informal group made up of priests from different schools of Tao ...
.
Chinese Buddhism also adopted traditional pre-Buddhist Chinese symbols and deities, including
money trees,
Chinese dragons
The Chinese dragon, also known as ''loong'', ''long'' or ''lung'', is a legendary creature in Chinese mythology, Chinese folklore, and Chinese culture at large. Chinese dragons have many animal-like forms such as turtles and fish, but are mos ...
, and
Chinese gods
Chinese traditional religion is polytheistic; many deities are worshipped in a pantheistic view where divinity is inherent in the world. The gods are energies or principles revealing, imitating and propagating the way of Heaven (''Tian'' ), whic ...
like the
Jade emperor
The Jade Emperor or Yudi ( or , ') in Chinese culture, traditional religions and myth is one of the representations of the first god ( '). In Daoist theology he is the assistant of Yuanshi Tianzun, who is one of the Three Pure Ones, the three ...
and various generals like
Guan Yu
Guan Yu (; ), courtesy name Yunchang, was a Chinese military general serving under the warlord Liu Bei during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. Along with Zhang Fei, he shared a brotherly relationship with Liu Bei and accompanied him on ...
.
Japanese Buddhism also developed some unique symbols of its own. For example, in
Japanese Zen
:''See also Zen for an overview of Zen, Chan Buddhism for the Chinese origins, and Sōtō, Rinzai school, Rinzai and Ōbaku for the three main schools of Zen in Japan''
Japanese Zen refers to the Japanese forms of Zen, Zen Buddhism, an orig ...
, a widely used symbol is the
ensō
In Zen, an is a circle that is hand-drawn in one or two uninhibited brushstrokes to express a moment when the mind is free to let the body create.
Description
The symbolizes absolute enlightenment, strength, elegance, the universe, and (th ...
, a hand-drawn black circle.
Gallery
File:MET_DP241379.jpg, Chinese Buddhist priest's silk robe with various Buddhist symbols
File:Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva Wood Statue.jpeg, A statue of bodhisattva Kṣitigarbha holding a cintamani stone and a ring staff
File:Manjushri_Moek_vanTao.gif, The Flaming Sword of Wisdom
File:Thrikheb.jpg, Bhutanese throne cover with a gankyil
The Gankyil (, Lhasa ) or "wheel of joy" ( sa, ānanda-cakra) is a symbol and ritual tool used in Tibetan and East Asian Buddhism. It is composed of three (sometimes two or four) swirling and interconnected blades. The traditional spinning direc ...
File:Flag_of_Sikkim_(1967-1975).svg, Old flag of Sikkim
Sikkim (; ) is a state in Northeastern India. It borders the Tibet Autonomous Region of China in the north and northeast, Bhutan in the east, Province No. 1 of Nepal in the west and West Bengal in the south. Sikkim is also close to the Siligur ...
with Dharma wheel and gankyil
File:Manjusri riding a lion - Fo Guang Shan Montréal - Montréal - QC - CA.jpg, Chinese depiction of Manjushri, riding a lion and holding a ruyi scepter
File:Gokei_Monju_Bosatsu_(Kongochoji).jpg, A japanese painting of Manjushri (''monju'') holding a sword and a lotus topped with a sutra, Kamakura period
File:Red lacquerware dish, Ming Dynasty.jpg, Ming dynasty
The Ming dynasty (), officially the Great Ming, was an Dynasties in Chinese history, imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol Empire, Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty was the last ort ...
red lacquerware
Lacquerware are objects decoratively covered with lacquer. Lacquerware includes small or large containers, tableware, a variety of small objects carried by people, and larger objects such as furniture and even coffins painted with lacquer. Befor ...
dish with Chinese dragons and an endless knot
File:Cinatamani Lokesvara with a kaprabrikshya (wish-fulfilling tree), view 1, Nepal, 19th century, gilt bronze, semiprecious stones - Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive - DSC04009.JPG, Cinatamani Lokesvara with a kalpavriksha
Kalpavriksha () is a wish-fulfilling divine tree in Indian religions, like Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism, and Sikhism. Its earliest descriptions are mentioned in Sanskrit literature. It is also a popular theme in Jain cosmology and Buddhism. ...
File:BodhidharmaYoshitoshi1887.jpg, Bodhidharma
Bodhidharma was a semi-legendary Buddhist monk who lived during the 5th or 6th century CE. He is traditionally credited as the transmitter of Chan Buddhism to China, and regarded as its first Chinese patriarch. According to a 17th century apo ...
is widely depicted in Zen
Zen ( zh, t=禪, p=Chán; ja, text= 禅, translit=zen; ko, text=선, translit=Seon; vi, text=Thiền) is a school of Mahayana Buddhism that originated in China during the Tang dynasty, known as the Chan School (''Chánzong'' 禪宗), and ...
, the moon symbolizes enlightenment
File:東嶺圓慈手書無.jpg, Calligraphy of the kanji
are the logographic Chinese characters taken from the Chinese family of scripts, Chinese script and used in the writing of Japanese language, Japanese. They were made a major part of the Japanese writing system during the time of Old Japanese ...
for Mu (無, "no", "not") widely used in Zen calligraphy
File:錫杖-Finial of a Buddhist Monk’s Staff (Shakujō) MET 867.jpg, Bronze finial
A finial (from '' la, finis'', end) or hip-knob is an element marking the top or end of some object, often formed to be a decorative feature.
In architecture, it is a small decorative device, employed to emphasize the Apex (geometry), apex of a d ...
of a monk's ring staff (''shakujō''), Japan
File:Portrait of Ingen Ryūki by Kita Genki.jpg, A portrait of Zen monk Ingen
Ingen Ryūki () (December 7, 1592 – May 19, 1673) was a Chinese poet, calligrapher, and monk of Linji Chan Buddhism from China.Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Ingen" in ; n.b., Louis-Frédéric is pseudonym of Louis-Frédéric Nussbaum, ' ...
holding a wooden staff and a fly-whisk
Vajrayana Buddhist symbols
![Emblem of Bhutan](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Emblem_of_Bhutan.svg)
Mantric Buddhism (''Guhyamantra'', "Secret Mantra") or
Vajrayana
Vajrayāna ( sa, वज्रयान, "thunderbolt vehicle", "diamond vehicle", or "indestructible vehicle"), along with Mantrayāna, Guhyamantrayāna, Tantrayāna, Secret Mantra, Tantric Buddhism, and Esoteric Buddhism, are names referring t ...
has numerous esoteric symbols which are not common in other forms of Buddhism.
The
vajra
The Vajra () is a legendary and ritual weapon, symbolising the properties of a diamond (indestructibility) and a thunderbolt (irresistible force).
The vajra is a type of club with a ribbed spherical head. The ribs may meet in a ball-shape ...
is a key symbol in Vajrayana Buddhism. It represents indestructibility (like a diamond),
emptiness
Emptiness as a human condition is a sense of generalized boredom, social alienation and apathy. Feelings of emptiness often accompany dysthymia, depression (mood), depression, loneliness, anhedonia,
wiktionary:despair, despair, or other mental/em ...
as well as power (like a thunder bolt, which was the weapon of the Vedic god
Indra
Indra (; Sanskrit: इन्द्र) is the king of the devas (god-like deities) and Svarga (heaven) in Hindu mythology. He is associated with the sky, lightning, weather, thunder, storms, rains, river flows, and war. volumes/ref> I ...
). According to Beer, it represents "the impenetrable, imperishable, immovable, immutable, indivisible, and indestructible state of absolute reality, which is the enlightenment of Buddhahood." The vajra is often paired with a bell (''vajra-
ghanta
Ghanta (Sanskrit: घण्टा, IAST: ghaṇṭā; Tibetan: drilbu) is the Sanskrit term for a ritual bell used in Hinduistic religious practices. The ringing of the bell produces what is regarded as an auspicious sound. Hindu temples genera ...
''), which represents the feminine principle of wisdom. When paired together, they represent the perfect union of wisdom or emptiness (bell) and method or skilful means (''vajra''). There is also what is called the "crossed vajra" (''vishva-vajra''), which has four vajra heads emanating from a central hub.
Other tantric ritual symbols include the ritual knife (''
kila''), tantric staff (
''khatvanga''), the skull cup (''
kapala
A kapala (Sanskrit for "skull") is a skull cup used as a ritual implement (bowl) in both Hindu Tantra and Buddhist Tantra (Vajrayana). Especially in Tibet, they are often carved or elaborately mounted with precious metals and jewels.
Etymo ...
''), the flaying knife (''
kartika''), hand drum (''
damaru
A damaru ( sa, डमरु, ; Tibetan ཌ་མ་རུ་ or རྔ་ཆུང) is a small two-headed drum, used in Hinduism and Tibetan Buddhism. In Hinduism, the damaru is known as the instrument of the deity Shiva, associated with Tant ...
'') and the thigh bone trumpet (''
kangling
''Kangling'' (), literally translated as "leg" (''kang'') "flute" (''ling''), is the Tibetan name for a trumpet or horn made out of a human tibia or femur, used in Tibetan Buddhism for various chöd rituals as well as funerals performed by a ch ...
'').
Other Vajrayana symbols popular in
Tibetan Buddhism
Tibetan Buddhism (also referred to as Indo-Tibetan Buddhism, Lamaism, Lamaistic Buddhism, Himalayan Buddhism, and Northern Buddhism) is the form of Buddhism practiced in Tibet and Bhutan, where it is the dominant religion. It is also in majo ...
include the
bhavacakra
The bhavacakra (Sanskrit: भवचक्र; Pāli: ''bhavacakka''; Tibetan: སྲིད་པའི་འཁོར་ལོ, Wylie: ''srid pa'i 'khor lo'') is a symbolic representation of saṃsāra (or cyclic existence). It is found on the ...
(wheel of life),
mandala
A mandala ( sa, मण्डल, maṇḍala, circle, ) is a geometric configuration of symbols. In various spiritual traditions, mandalas may be employed for focusing attention of practitioners and adepts, as a spiritual guidance tool, for e ...
s, the number 108 and the Buddha eyes (or wisdom eyes) commonly seen on Nepalese stupas such as at
Boudhanath
Bouddha ( ne, बौद्धनाथ; ; , ), also known as Boudhanath, Khasti Chaitya and Khāsa Chaitya is a stupa in Kathmandu, Nepal.Snellgrove, David. ''Indo-Tibetan Buddhism: Indian Buddhists and Their Tibetan Successors'', 2 vols., p. 36 ...
.
There are various mythical creatures used in
Vajrayana
Vajrayāna ( sa, वज्रयान, "thunderbolt vehicle", "diamond vehicle", or "indestructible vehicle"), along with Mantrayāna, Guhyamantrayāna, Tantrayāna, Secret Mantra, Tantric Buddhism, and Esoteric Buddhism, are names referring t ...
art as well:
Snow Lion,
Wind Horse
The wind horse is a symbol of the human soul in the shamanistic tradition of East Asia and Central Asia. In Tibetan Buddhism, it was included as the pivotal element in the center of the four animals symbolizing the cardinal directions and a symbo ...
,
dragon
A dragon is a reptilian legendary creature that appears in the folklore of many cultures worldwide. Beliefs about dragons vary considerably through regions, but dragons in western cultures since the High Middle Ages have often been depicted as ...
,
garuda
Garuda (Sanskrit: ; Pāli: ; Vedic Sanskrit: गरुळ Garuḷa) is a Hindu demigod and divine creature mentioned in the Hindu, Buddhist and Jain faiths. He is primarily depicted as the mount (''vahana'') of the Hindu god Vishnu. Garuda is a ...
and tiger. The popular
mantra
A mantra (Pali: ''manta'') or mantram (मन्त्रम्) is a sacred utterance, a numinous sound, a syllable, word or phonemes, or group of words in Sanskrit, Pali and other languages believed by practitioners to have religious, ma ...
"
om mani padme hum
' ( sa, ॐ मणि पद्मे हूँ, ) is the six-syllabled Sanskrit mantra particularly associated with the four-armed Shadakshari form of Avalokiteshvara, the bodhisattva of compassion. It first appeared in the Mahayana ''Kāraṇ ...
" is widely used to symbolize compassion and is commonly seen inscribed on rocks, prayer wheels, stupas and art. In
Dzogchen
Dzogchen (, "Great Perfection" or "Great Completion"), also known as ''atiyoga'' ( utmost yoga), is a tradition of teachings in Indo-Tibetan Buddhism and Yungdrung Bon aimed at discovering and continuing in the ultimate ground of existence. ...
, the mirror is one important symbol of
rigpa
In Dzogchen, ''rigpa'' (; Skt. vidyā; "knowledge") is knowledge of the ground. The opposite of ''rigpa'' is ''ma rigpa'' ('' avidyā'', ignorance). A practitioner who has attained the state of ''rigpa'' and is able to rest there continuously ...
.
Tibetan Buddhist architecture
![Eight great stupas](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Eight_great_stupas.svg)
Tibetan Buddhist architecture is centered on the
stupa
A stupa ( sa, स्तूप, lit=heap, ) is a mound-like or hemispherical structure containing relics (such as ''śarīra'' – typically the remains of Buddhist monks or nuns) that is used as a place of meditation.
In Buddhism, circumamb ...
, called in Tibetan . The chörten consists of five parts that represent the
mahābhūta
''Mahābhūta'' is Sanskrit and Pāli for "great element". However, very few scholars define the four mahābhūtas in a broader sense as the four fundamental aspects of physical reality.
Hinduism
In Hinduism's sacred literature, the "great" ...
(five elements). The base is square which represents the earth element, above that sits a dome representing water, on that is a cone representing fire, on the tip of the cone is a crescent representing air, inside the crescent is a flame representing ether. The tapering of the flame to a point can also be said to represent consciousness as a sixth element. The chörten presents these elements of the body in the order of the process of dissolution at death.
Tibetan temples are often three-storied. The three can represent many aspects such as the
Trikaya
The Trikāya doctrine ( sa, त्रिकाय, lit. "three bodies"; , ) is a Mahayana Buddhist teaching on both the nature of reality and the nature of Buddhahood. The doctrine says that Buddha has three ''kāyas'' or ''bodies'', the ''Dharma ...
(three aspects) of a Buddha. The ground story may have a statue of the historical Buddha Gautama and depictions of Earth and so represent the nirmāṇakāya. The first story may have Buddha and elaborate ornamentation representing rising above the human condition and the sambhogakāya. The second story may have a primordial
Adi-Buddha
In Vajrayana Buddhism, the Ādi-Buddha () is the "First Buddha" or the "Primordial Buddha". Another common term for this figure is Dharmakāya Buddha.
The term emerges in tantric Buddhist literature, most prominently in the Kalachakra.Buswell, ...
in
Yab-Yum (sexual union with his female counterpart) and be otherwise unadorned representing a return to the absolute reality and the
dharmakāya
The ''dharmakāya'' ( sa, धर्म काय, "truth body" or "reality body", zh, t=法身, p=fǎshēn, ) is one of the three bodies (''trikāya'') of a buddha in Mahāyāna Buddhism. The ''dharmakāya'' constitutes the unmanifested, "inconc ...
"truth body".
![Mune wall col](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Mune_wall_col.jpg)
Colour in Tibetan Buddhism
In Tibetan Buddhist art, various colors and elements are associated with the
five Buddha families and other aspects and symbols:
The five colors (Sanskrit ''pañcavarṇa'' – white, green, yellow, blue, red) are supplemented by several other colors including black and orange and gold (which is commonly associated with yellow). They are commonly used for
prayer flag
A Tibetan prayer flag is a colorful rectangular cloth, often found strung along trails and peaks high in the Himalayas. They are used to bless the surrounding countryside and for other purposes. Prayer flags are believed to have originated withi ...
s as well as for visualizing deities and spiritual energy, construction of mandalas and the painting of religions icons.
Indo-Tibetan visual art
Indo-Tibetan Buddhism visual art contains numerous esoteric figures and symbols. There are different types of visual art in Indo-Tibetan Vajrayana.
Mandala
A mandala ( sa, मण्डल, maṇḍala, circle, ) is a geometric configuration of symbols. In various spiritual traditions, mandalas may be employed for focusing attention of practitioners and adepts, as a spiritual guidance tool, for e ...
s are genre of Buddhist art that contains numerous symbols and images in a circle and are an important element of tantric ritual. Thangkas are cloth paintings which are commonly used throughout the Indo-Tibetan Buddhist world.
![Senge-dongma; Lion faced Dakini](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Senge-dongma%3B_Lion_faced_Dakini.jpg)
Tibetan Buddhist deities may often assume different roles and are thus drawn, sculpted and visualized differently according to these roles. For example, Tara (Buddhism), Green Tara and Tara (Buddhism), White Tara which are different aspects of Tara (Buddhism), Tara that have different meanings. Green Tara is associated with protecting people from fear while the White Tara is associated with longevity. Gautama Buddha, Shakyamuni Buddha may be seen in (pale) yellow or orange skin and Amitābha, Amitabha Buddha is typically red. These deities may also hold various attributes and implements in their hands, like flowers, jewels, bowls and sutras. Depictions of "Fierce deities, wrathful deities" are often very fearsome, with monstrous visages, wearing skulls or bodily parts. They also may carry all sorts of weapons or fierce tools, like tridents, flaying knives and skull cups. The fierceness of these deities symbolizes the fierce energy needed to overcome ignorance.
Vajrayana Buddhism often specifies the number of feet of a Buddha or bodhisattva. While two is common there may also be ten, sixteen, or twenty-four feet. The position of the feet/legs may also have a specific meaning such as in Green Tara who is typically depicted as seated partly cross-legged but with one leg down symbolising "immersion within in the absolute, in meditation" and readiness to step forth and help sentient beings by "engagement without in the world through compassion".
Gallery
File:The wheel, the deer.jpg, Tibetan style Dharma wheel with two deer
File:Three Jewels symbol colour.svg, Tibetan style Triratna, three jewels
File:OM MANI PADME HUM.svg, Om mani padme hum in Tibetan script
File:Kalachakra Mandala Samye Ling.jpg, Symbol of Kalachakra
File:Tibetan - Ritual Dagger - Walters 52311 (2).jpg, Kīla (Buddhism), Kila dagger
File:Flag of Tibet.svg, The Flag of Tibet, in use between 1912 and 1950, with two snow lions and the three jewels.
File:Dzogchen A.png, In Tibetan Dzogchen
Dzogchen (, "Great Perfection" or "Great Completion"), also known as ''atiyoga'' ( utmost yoga), is a tradition of teachings in Indo-Tibetan Buddhism and Yungdrung Bon aimed at discovering and continuing in the ultimate ground of existence. ...
thought, rigpa
In Dzogchen, ''rigpa'' (; Skt. vidyā; "knowledge") is knowledge of the ground. The opposite of ''rigpa'' is ''ma rigpa'' ('' avidyā'', ignorance). A practitioner who has attained the state of ''rigpa'' and is able to rest there continuously ...
is symbolized by the white A inside of a circular rainbow.
File:Tibetan Dharmacakra.png, Gankyil, wheel of joy
File:State emblem of Mongolia.svg, State emblem of Mongolia with windhorse, three jewels and dharma wheel
File:Detalhe (3340063068).jpg, White elephant with mani (jewels)
File:Manjusri Painted.jpg, Manjushri with the flaming sword symbolizing Prajñā (Buddhism), prajna (wisdom).
File:Drigug (vajra Kartri) symbol.svg, Kartika (knife), Kartika, a ritual implement associated with dakinis
File:Container for Buddhist Relics in Shape of Flaming Sacred Jewel.JPG, Container for Buddhist Relics in Shape of Flaming Sacred Jewel
Symbolic physical attributes
![Tibetan Buddhists](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Tibetan_Buddhists.jpg)
Buddhist material and visual culture as well as ritual tools (such as robes and bells) have often developed various symbolic meanings which are commonly shared by Buddhist sects around the world.
Robes and baldness
The style and design of the robes of a monastic often indicate the sect of Buddhism, tradition or country, they belong to. In most Buddhist cultures, the Buddhist monastic robe represents a renunciant monastic. Different traditions, sects of Buddhism (and different countries) will have robes of different colors as well as different styles or ways on how they wear it. Once Buddhism spread throughout China back in sixth century BCE, it was seen wrong to show that much skin, and that's when robes to cover both arms with long sleeves came in to play. In Tibet, it have changed over time and they show both their shoulders as well as having a two piece attire rather than one. Shortly thereafter, Japan integrated a bib along with their long sleeve robe called a ''koromo''. This was a clothing piece made specifically for their school of Zen which they practice in Takuhatsu, ''Takahatsu'' that involves the monks of Japan wearing a straw hat.
Shaving ones head is another ritual and symbolic act most Buddhist monastics complete before entering a monastic order. To shave ones head merely signifies ones readiness to enter into the monastic path and abandon the worldly life.
Tools
Buddhist monks traditionally carry a begging bowl, and this is another common symbol of Buddhist monastics around the world (even though not all modern Buddhist traditions make use of the traditional practice of begging for one's food).
In all sects of Buddhism, bells are often used to signify the start of rituals or to mark time. They use the bell to detain away the bad spirits and have the Buddha protect them at the time of their ritual. Some sects call this a part of the "Mystic Law" which is the beginning of a Buddhist ritual. Other ritual tools include drums, wooden fish, trumpets, the keisaku, and the tantric the vajra and bell.
Physical gestures
Another form of symbolism of the Buddhist is the joining of your hands together at prayer or at the time of the ritual (''Añjali Mudrā, añjali mudrā''). Buddhist compare their fingers with the petals of the lotus flower. Bowing down is another form of symbolic position in the act of the ritual, when Buddhist bow in front of the Buddha or to another person they aren't bowing at the physical (the human or the statue) but they are bowing at the Buddha inside of them (the human) or it (the statue).
Mudras are another form of physical hand expression in the Buddhist faith, used to evoke a particular state of mind in buddhist practice.
The most recognized mundras are seen in artistic depictions of the Buddha.
Every mundra has a symbolic function and an inner symbolic function, for communication to the practitioner as well as those who perceive it.
In Buddhist ceremonies, a mundra acts as a form of visual "seal," affirming a faithful vow such as warding off evil spirits.
They often accompany mantras when used in practice.
Notable symbols
Buddhist flag
The
five-colored flag was designed in Sri Lanka in the 1880s with the assistance of Henry Steel Olcott. The six vertical bands of the flag represent the six colors of the Aura (paranormal), aura which Buddhists believe emanated from the body of the
Buddha
Siddhartha Gautama, most commonly referred to as the Buddha, was a śramaṇa, wandering ascetic and religious teacher who lived in South Asia during the 6th or 5th century BCE and founded Buddhism.
According to Buddhist tradition, he was ...
when he attained Bodhi, Enlightenment.
Dharma wheel
![Chakra at AP State Museum, Amaravathi](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Chakra_at_AP_State_Museum%2C_Amaravathi.jpg)
The
Dharma wheel
The dharmachakra (Sanskrit: धर्मचक्र; Pali: ''dhammacakka'') or wheel of dharma is a widespread symbol used in Indian religions such as Hinduism, Jainism, and especially Buddhism.John C. Huntington, Dina Bangdel, ''The Circle o ...
(''dharmachakra, dharma-chakra'') is one of the earliest Buddhist symbols. It is an ancient Indian symbol of sovereignty and auspiciousness (as well as the sun god Surya) which pre-dates Buddhism and was adopted by early Buddhists.
[Karlsson (2000), pp. 160, 164.] It appears in early Buddhist sites such as
Sanchi
Sanchi is a Buddhist complex, famous for its Great Stupa, on a hilltop at Sanchi Town in Raisen District of the States and territories of India, State of Madhya Pradesh, India. It is located, about 23 kilometres from Raisen, Raisen town, dist ...
and
Bharhut
Bharhut is a village located in the Satna district of Madhya Pradesh, central India. It is known for its famous relics from a Buddhist stupa. What makes Bharhut panels unique is that each panel is explicitly labelled in Brahmi characters mentioni ...
, where it is a symbol of the Buddha himself. The Dharma wheel also represents the
Dharma
Dharma (; sa, धर्म, dharma, ; pi, dhamma, italic=yes) is a key concept with multiple meanings in Indian religions, such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism and others. Although there is no direct single-word translation for '' ...
(Buddha's teaching, the ultimate truth). The main idea of this symbol is that the Buddha was seen as a person who "turned the wheel", which signifies a great and revolutionary moment in history (i.e. the Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta, teaching of the Buddha's Dharma at Varanasi). While the Buddha ''could'' have become a great king, he instead chose to become a great sage.
Illustrations from early Buddhist sites as well as Buddhist texts like the Mahāvaṃsa, ''Mahavamsa'', indicate that the worship of Dharma wheels on pillars ("wheel pillars", ''cakrastambha'') was a common practice in early Buddhism.
![Pipal tree temple of Bodh Gaya depicted in Sanchi Stupa 1 Eastern Gateway](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Pipal_tree_temple_of_Bodh_Gaya_depicted_in_Sanchi_Stupa_1_Eastern_Gateway.jpg)
The Dharma wheel is thus also a royal symbol, indicating a king who is a chakravartin ("Turner of the Wheel").
In the Buddhist scriptures, it is described as a royal treasure of great, world class kings, a perfect wheel with a thousand spokes. Because of this, it was thus also used by the Mauryans, especially Ashoka (in the Pillars of Ashoka). According to Karlsson "the association between the numbers of the spokes and a special Buddhist doctrine is a later interpretation and not present in early Buddhist art." Early Buddhist depictions contain wheels with various number of spokes (8, 16, 20, 25 and 32).
Bodhi tree
The
Bodhi Tree (Pali: ''bodhirukka'') was a ficus (''ficus religiosa'') which stood is on the spot where the Buddha reached Enlightenment in Buddhism, awakening ("bodhi"), called the Bodhimaṇḍa, bodhimanda (place of awakening). This tree has been venerated since early Buddhist times and a shrine was built for it. Offerings to the Buddha were offered to the tree.
[G.P. Malalasekera (2003) ''Dictionary of Pali Proper Names, Volume 1'', pp. 319–321. Asian Educational Services.] The Bodhi tree (often paired with an empty seat or āsana) thus represents the Buddha himself, as well as liberation and Nirvana (Buddhism), nirvana. Branches and saplings from the Bodhi tree were sent to other regions as well. It is said that when the Buddha was born, the Bodhi tree sprung up on the bodhimanda at the same time.
The Trees in mythology, worship of trees is an ancient Indian custom which can be found as far back as in the Indus Valley civilisation, Indus Valley Civilization.
Stupa
Stupa, Stūpas (literally "heap") are Dome, domed structures which may derive from ancient Indian Tumulus, funerary mounds. The earliest Buddhist stupas are from about the 3rd century BCE. In the early Buddhist texts, the Buddha's bodily relics (''śarīra,'' the bones leftover from cremation) were said to have been placed in various stūpas and therefore, Buddhist stūpas are generally symbolic of the Buddha himself, particularly his passing away (final nirvana).
[Encyclopædia Britannica (2008), ''Pagoda''.][Buddhist Architecture, Lee Huu Phuoc, Grafikol 2009, p.140-174] It may even have been a belief of some early Buddhists that the presence of the Buddha or the Buddha's power could be found in a stūpa.
Other relics belonging to the Buddha's disciples were also enclosed in caskets and placed in stupas. Caskets with relics of Śāriputra, Sariputta and Maudgalyayana, Moggallana were found in Sanchi stupa number 3, while stupa number 2 contains a casket with relics from 10 monks (according to inscriptions). Stūpa were venerated by Buddhists, with offerings of flowers and the like.
Initially, Buddhist stūpas were simple domes which developed more elaborate and complex forms in later periods. Over time, the style and design of the stūpa evolved into unique and distinct regional styles (such as Asian Pagoda, pagodas and Tibetan ''chortens'').
Animals
Lion
![Snow Lion, right detail, Buddha Shakyamuni as Lord of the Munis (cropped)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Snow_Lion%2C_right_detail%2C_Buddha_Shakyamuni_as_Lord_of_the_Munis_%28cropped%29.jpg)
Early Buddhist art contains various animals. These include lions, Nāga, nāgas, horses, elephants, and deer. Most of these are often symbolic of the Buddha himself (and some are epithets of the Buddha), though they may also be depicted as merely decorative illustrations depending on context. According to Jampa Choskyi, while the animals are considered to be symbols for the Buddha, lions are the symbols of the bodhisattvas or also known as the sons of the Buddha.
Though the lion, is a symbol of royalty, sovereignty, and protection, is used as a symbol for the Buddha, who is also known as the "lion of the Shakya, Shakyas". Buddha's teachings are referred to as the "Lion's Roar" (sihanada) in the Sutra, sutras, which symbolizes the supremacy of the Buddha's teaching over all other spiritual teachings. When looking at the shrines on the iconography, the lions symbolize another role, which they are considered the bodhisattvas who can be seen as the sons of the Buddha.
Elephant
![Elephant from 14th-century Tibetan Thangka](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Elephant_from_14th-century_Tibetan_Thangka.jpg)
The Buddha was also symbolized by a white elephant, another Indian symbol of royal power. This symbol appears in the myth of Maya (mother of the Buddha), Queen Maya when the Buddha takes the form of a white elephant to enter his mother's womb. Though the characteristics that are emphasized are the animal's strength and steadfastness, these are the ones that become the symbol for the individual's mental and physical strength. The other way that the elephant is also a symbol of responsibility and earthiness.
When looking at the myth in India about elephants, the way that the myth goes is that the Airavata and the flying elephants would be used as a vehicle for transportation. The elephant was said to be seen seemingly emerging from the white ocean, these animals were seen as having special powers with one being the ability to produce rain.
Not only, were they considered to have the power to produce rain, in Indian society, but they were also are a symbol of good luck and prosperity, and since they were Kings would own them and even used them in wars.
The white elephant can also be seen as a symbol of mental strength, the elephant would start as a gray elephant that is rampant when the mind is uncontrollable. As the individual continues to practice dharma and can tame their mind, the gray elephant now becomes a white one, which is a symbol for strong and powerful, who only destroys in the directions that are willed by the individual. The tusks are also seen as an emblem of the Seven Royal Emblems. However, Gangpati or Ganesha, Ganesh is known to be an elephant-faced deity which is a form of the bodhisattva of Avalokiteśvara, Avalokitesvara. While, the elephant is seen as a deity when in the form of Avalokitesvara, the animal has used transportation for Tathagata Aksobhya and the deity Balabhadra, Balabadra. Like the lion, the elephant is seen as a guardian of temples and the Buddha.
Horse
![2007 0806collectionBertsch0012](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/2007_0806collectionBertsch0012.JPG)
Some of the characteristics that are emphasized about the horse are their loyalty, industriousness. and swiftness.
These characteristics can be seen in the riderless horse (representing the Buddha's royal horse, Kanthaka) symbolizes the Buddha's renunciation, and can be seen in some depictions of the "Great Renunciation" scene (along with Chandaka, the Buddha's attendant holding up a royal umbrella). Meanwhile, deer represent Buddhist disciples, as the Buddha gave his first sermon at the deer park of Varanasi. In terms of Buddhism, the horse is a symbol of energy and effort when practicing dharma, along with the air or Prana that will run through the channels of the body. The "
Wind Horse
The wind horse is a symbol of the human soul in the shamanistic tradition of East Asia and Central Asia. In Tibetan Buddhism, it was included as the pivotal element in the center of the four animals symbolizing the cardinal directions and a symbo ...
" is the transportation of the mind and can be ridden on. The deity that is associated with the horse is Lokesvara also known as Avalokitesvara, who also takes the form of a horse. When looking at Buddhist iconography, the horse is seen supporting the throne of Tathagatha Ratnasambhava. While they are used for support for Tathagatha Ratnasambhava, the animal is used as transportation for deities and dharma protectors, known as Mahali and the horse-faced deities, an example of this is Hayagriva.
Naga
The Buddha is also often called a "great
nāga
The Nagas (IAST: ''nāga''; Devanāgarī: नाग) are a divine, or semi-divine, race of half-human, half-serpent beings that reside in the netherworld (Patala), and can occasionally take human or part-human form, or are so depicted in art. ...
" in the sutras, which is a mythical serpent-like being with magical powers. However, this term is also generally indicative of the greatness and magical power of the Buddha, whose psychic power (Ṛddhi, siddhi) is greater than that of all gods (devas), nature spirits (Yaksha, yakkha), or nāgas. Another important nāga is Mucalinda, king of the nāgas, who is known for having protected the Buddha from storms.
Peacock
![007 Peacock Gable (9207890294)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/007_Peacock_Gable_%289207890294%29.jpg)
The peacock has multiple distinctly different symbols for which it is considered in different parts of the world and religions; however, in Buddhism, the peacock is a symbol of wisdom. The way they are connected to the bodhisattvas is by the peacock's ability to eat a poisonous plant without getting affected by the plant, which correlates with the bodhisattva's path toward enlightenment. The bodhisattva's path begins with delusions, ignorance, desire, lastly hatred, which all can be translated into moha, raga, dvesa. The opening of the colorful tail of the peacock can be compared to the enlightenment of the bodhisattva. The tradition that comes with the symbol of the peacock is when the bodhisattva becomes enlightened. The bodhisattva's body is adorned with five brightly colored feathers (red, blue, green, and others) that can be seen on the body. During the ceremony, the bodhisattva eats the same poisonous plants as the peacock, as it happens, the feathers slowly change colors since, like the peacock, these individuals are not worried about the harm that may come to them. Essentially the peacock is a symbol of the change from the path of desire to the path of liberation. The deities that are associated with the peacock is Amitābha, Amitabha, who happens to represent desire and attachment into changes into liberation.
Along with the peacock being a symbol in Buddhism, birds as a whole can be seen to be a part of the mantra said during "Dharmachakra, Wheel of Law", which has “Aum or Om Mani Padme Hung or hum rhi” as the individual symbols. When said together, the translation of the mantra is "Adoration to the jewel in the Lotus Amen". According to Tseten Namgyal. states that the symbols represented as "Om corresponding angels, Mani representing demons, Padme as men, hum as quadrupeds srhi as birds and reptiles".
Garuda
![Garuda vanquishing the Naga clan](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Garuda_vanquishing_the_Naga_clan._Gandhara._Met.jpg)
Garuda is also known as the king of the birds. When looking at the origins of the name it comes from Gri meaning to swallow since he devours snakes. The way he is represented in iconographies, he can either be seen with the upper body of a human, that has big eyes, a beak, short blue horns, yellow hair standing on the end, a bird's claws and wings. In Hinduism, he can be represented as a human with wings. However, when looking at the symbolism of Garuda, it represents the space element and the power of the sun. Though when looking at the representation from a spiritual view, Garuda represents the spiritual energy that will devour the delusions from jealousy and hatred (represented by snakes). Since he represents the space element, this includes the openness that can be seen when he stretches his wings. Though, when looking at Buddhism specifically, he can represent the Dāna, dana paramita, when the sun's rays give life to the earth. The deity that Garuda is associated with is Amoghasiddhi, which is the vehicle of the deity. Through this, he is also the vehicle form of Lokishvara Hariharihar vahana. However, he is a deity of his own, who is said to be able to cure the bites of snakes, epilepsy, and diseases caused by nagas. Garuda can be found in toranas which are the semicircular tympanum that stands above the temple doors. Along with an emerald that happens to be named Garuda stone which is said to be protection against poison. Images of the deity are on jewelry as protection against the bites of snakes.
Prevention of killing animals in Japan
During the early days in Japan, some places in the country would there were some places in the country that would allow the killing of animals in the region. However, Buddhism was transmitted to the country by China via the Korean peninsula. One of the teachings that resonated with the Japanese people was the basic laws of Buddhist ethics that had a part of the laws included the commandment to not kill which was similar to the principle of benevolence or jin, 仁. So from the 7th century onwards, the rulers would prohibit the killing of animals since the animals would be a symbol of benevolent rule for these rulers. What this meant for the animals that were kept by imperial officials included dogs, falcons, and cormorants to name a few who were used for hunting purposes were to be set free. Their offices once used for hunting were abolished later on and the personnel who worked there would be transferred. Though the longevity of these decrees did not last long, the decrees had a long-lasting effect on the norms, values, and behavior of at least the upper class of Japanese society for the next several hundred years.
Lotus
![062 Upper Architrave from the Back (33082950484)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/062_Upper_Architrave_from_the_Back_%2833082950484%29.jpg)
The
Indian lotus
''Nelumbo nucifera'', also known as sacred lotus, Laxmi lotus, Indian lotus, or simply lotus, is one of two extant species of aquatic plant in the family Nelumbonaceae. It is sometimes colloquially called a water lily, though this more often ref ...
(''Nelumbo nucifera'', Sanskrit: ''padma'') is an ancient symbol of purity, detachment and fertility, and it is used in various Indian religions.
[Karlsson (2000), pp. 165–166.] In Buddhism, the lotus is also another symbol for the Buddha and his awakening. In the Buddhist scriptures, the Buddha compares himself to a lotus (in Pali, ''paduma''). Just like the lotus flower comes up from the muddy water unstained, the Buddha is said to transcend the world without stains.
[AN 10.81, '"Bāhuna suttaṃ".][AN 4.36, "Doṇa suttaṃ".] The Indian lotus also appears in early Buddhist sites like Sanchi and Bharhut. It is also the specific symbol of Amitābha, Amitabha, the Buddha of the Lotus family, as well as Avalokiteśvara, Avalokiteshvara (i.e. Padmapani, the "lotus holder"). In Tantric Buddhism, it is also symbolic for the vagina as well as for Chakra, chakras (often visualized as lotuses).
Triratna
Another early symbol is the
triratna
The Triratna ( pi, or ; sa, or ) is a Buddhist symbol, thought to visually represent the Three Jewels of Buddhism (the Buddha, the Dhamma, the Sangha).
Symbol
The Triratna symbol is composed of:
* A lotus flower within a circle.
* A dia ...
("three jewels"), also called a trident (''trishula'') in non-Buddhist contexts. According to Karlsson, the ancient pre-Buddhist symbol was initially seen as a "weapon against enemies or Evil."
[Karlsson (2000), p. 168.] In Buddhism, this symbol later came to represent the
Buddha
Siddhartha Gautama, most commonly referred to as the Buddha, was a śramaṇa, wandering ascetic and religious teacher who lived in South Asia during the 6th or 5th century BCE and founded Buddhism.
According to Buddhist tradition, he was ...
,
Dharma
Dharma (; sa, धर्म, dharma, ; pi, dhamma, italic=yes) is a key concept with multiple meanings in Indian religions, such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism and others. Although there is no direct single-word translation for '' ...
(teaching, eternal law), and sangha (Buddhist monastic community).
Vajrasana
The Buddha throne, or empty seat/platform (''āsana'', later associated with the "vajra seat", ''Vajrasana, Bodh Gaya, vajrāsana'') is a symbol of the Buddha. The vajra seat or awakening seat represents the place where he sat down (in Bodh Gaya) to meditate and attained awakening. It thus also represents the place of awakening (Bodhimaṇḍa, ''bodhimanda'') and is thus similar to the Bodhi tree in this regard. In early Buddhist art, the vajra seat may also be depicted as an Hetoimasia, empty seat (often under a tree) or a platform. However, these seats or platforms may not specifically symbolize the "vajra seat" itself and may just be an altar or a symbol of the Buddha. A vajra seat or empty seat may also be decorated with lotuses or be depicted as a giant lotus (in this case, it can be referred to as a "lotus throne").
Footprints
![Seema Malaka - Buddha footprint](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Seema_Malaka_-_Buddha_footprint.jpg)
The
Buddha footprint
Buddha's footprints ( sa, Buddhapada) are Buddhist icons shaped like an imprint of Gautama Buddha's foot or both feet. There are two forms: natural, as found in stone or rock, and those made artificially. Many of the "natural" ones are acknowled ...
(''buddhapāda'') represents the Buddha. These footprints were often placed on stone slabs, and are usually decorated with some other Buddhist symbol, such as a Dharma wheel, swastika, or triratna, indicating Buddhist identity. According to Karlsson, "in the 3rd century AD as many as twelve signs can be seen on slabs from Nagarjunakonda. At that time we can found such signs as fishes, stupas, pillars, flowers, urns of plenty (''purnaghata'') and mollusc shells engraved on the buddhapada slab".
Chhatra
In some early reliefs, the Buddha is represented by a royal umbrella (''Chatra (umbrella), chatra''). Sometimes the chatra is depicted over an empty seat or a horse, and it is sometimes held by an attendant figure like Chandaka. In other depictions, the chatra is shown over an illustration of the Buddha himself. It also represents royalty and protection, as well as honor and respect.
Indrakhila
The ''Indrakhila'' ("Indras post") which appears in early Buddhist sites has sometimes been interpreted as a symbol for the Buddha (but it could just be a symbol of auspiciousness). This is usually "a series of formalized lotus plants one above the other, with artificial brackets in the borders from which hang jewelled garlands and necklaces of lucky talismans betokening both worldly and spiritual riches. At the top there is a trident and at the bottom a pair of footprints".
Flaming pillar
Another symbol which may indicate the Buddha is a "flaming pillar". This may be a reference to the The Twin Miracle, Twin Miracle at Savatthi and the Buddha's magical abilities.
Swastika
![Endless knot detail, from- Burmese-Pali Manuscript](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Endless_knot_detail%2C_from-_Burmese-Pali_Manuscript._Wellcome_L0026495_%28cropped%29.jpg)
The Swastika, svastika was traditionally used in India to represent good fortune. This symbol was adopted to symbolize the auspiciousness of the Buddha.
[Swastika: SYMBOL](_blank)
Encyclopædia Britannica (2017) The left-facing svastika is often imprinted on the chest, feet or palms of Buddha images. The swastika was also a symbol of protection from evil. The ancient swastika (which are also Chinese characters, mainly 卍 and 卐) is common in Buddhist art. It is widely used in East Asia to represent Buddhism, and Buddhist temples. Buddhist symbols like the swastika have also been used as a family emblem (Mon (emblem), ''mon'') by Japanese clans.
Endless knot
The endless knot is a symbol of good luck. It may also represent Pratītyasamutpāda, dependent origination.
It also symbolizes the "endless wisdom and compassion for the Buddha," among other interpretations. The symbols are used in a variety of ways, such as greeting cards, ceremonial scarves, and in jewelry.
Pair of fishes
A pair of fishes (Sanskrit: ''matsyayugma'') represent happiness and spontaneity as well as fertility and abundance. In Tantric Buddhism, it represents the left and right subtle body channels (nadis). In China, it often represents fidelity and conjugal unity.
Dhvaja
![Lhasa 1996 221](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Lhasa_1996_221.jpg)
The victory banner was a military symbol of victory, and symbolizes the Buddha's victory over Mara and the defilements (an epithet for the Buddha is the "conqueror"; in Sanskrit, Jina).
Vase
A treasure vase, which represents inexhaustible treasure and wealth, is also an attribute of wealth deities like Jambhala, Vaiśravaṇa, Vaishravana and Vasudhara.
Conch shell
A conch shell represents victory, the spreading the teachings of the Buddha far and wide, and the aspect of speech. It is blown on auspicious events to announce (and also invite) the deities or other living beings of the happening of the auspicious event, such as marriages (in Sri Lanka).
Ever-burning lamp
The "ever-burning lamp" (''changmingdeng'') is "an oil lamp kept in the monastery that in theory was never allowed to burn out". This was used as a symbol for the Buddhist teachings and for the "mind of correct enlightenment" (''zhengjuexin'').
Ruyi
Ruyi may have been used as a baton held by a speaker in a conversation (a talking stick), and later became imbued with different Buddhist meanings. The scepters exact usage is unknown, however, is depicted in ancient Chinese artwork commonly as being held by scholars. The artistic style mirrors Buddhist appreciation of natural forms. Ruyi scepters were often given as gifts.
Wooden fish
![Largest Mokugyo](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Largest_Mokugyo.jpg)
Wooden fish symbolized vigilance. In practice is a percussion instrument, known most commonly to the Western World as a Chinese temple block.
It is symbolic of wakeful attention, as the eyes of a fish never close.
The sound from the drum is believed to call the attention of divinity, and can also be associated with prayers for rain, the act of reincarnation, and wealth.
In Buddhist services, the drum is struck persistently whilst the name of Buddha is chanted.
Ring staff
The ring staff is traditionally said to be useful in alerting nearby animals as well as alerting Buddhist donors of the monk's presence (and thus is a symbol of the Buddhist monk).
Number 108
The number 108 is very sacred in Buddhism. It represents 108 kleshas of humankind to overcome in order to achieve enlightenment. In Japan, at the end of the year, a Bonshō, bell is chimed 108 times in Buddhist temples to finish the old year and welcome the new one. Each ring represents one of 108 earthly temptations (Kleshas (Buddhism), Bonnō) a person must overcome to achieve nirvana.
Vajra
![Ghanta et Vajra (British Museum) (8697431158)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Ghanta_et_Vajra_%28British_Museum%29_%288697431158%29.jpg)
A vajra is a ritual weapon symbolizing the properties of a diamond (indestructibility) and a thunderbolt (irresistible force). The vajra is a male polysemic symbol that represents many things for the tantrika. The vajra is representative of upaya (skilful means) whereas its companion tool, the bell which is a female symbol, denotes Wisdom in Buddhism, prajna (wisdom). Some deities are shown holding each the vajra and bell in separate hands, symbolizing the union of the forces of compassion and wisdom, respectively.
In the Tantra, tantric traditions of Buddhism, the vajra is a symbol for the nature of reality, or sunyata, indicating endless creativity, potency, and skillful activity.
An instrument symbolizing vajra is also extensively used in the rituals of the tantra. It consists of a spherical central section, with two symmetrical sets of five prongs, which arc out from Sacred lotus, lotus blooms on either side of the sphere and come to a point at two points equidistant from the centre, thus giving it the appearance of a "diamond sceptre", which is how the term is sometimes translated.
Various figures in Tantric iconography are represented holding or wielding the vajra.
The vajra is made up of several parts. In the center is a sphere which represents Sunyata, the primordial nature of the universe, the underlying unity of all things. Emerging from the sphere are two eight petaled lotus flowers. One represents the phenomenal world (or in Buddhist terms Samsara), the other represents the noumenal world (Nirvana). This is one of the fundamental dichotomies which are perceived by the unenlightened.
Arranged equally around the mouth of the lotus are two, four, or eight creatures which are called Makara (Hindu mythology), makara. These are mythological half-fish, half-crocodile creatures made up of two or more animals, often representing the union of opposites (or a harmonisation of qualities that transcend our usual experience). From the mouths of the makara come tongues which come together in a point.
The five-pronged vajra (with four makara, plus a central prong) is the most commonly seen vajra. There is an elaborate system of correspondences between the five elements of the noumenal side of the vajra, and the phenomenal side. One important correspondence is between the five "poisons" with the five wisdoms. The five poisons are the mental states that obscure the original purity of a being's mind, while the five wisdoms are the five most important aspects of the enlightened mind. Each of the five wisdoms is also associated with a Buddha figure (see also Five Wisdom Buddhas).
Bell
The vajra is almost always paired with a ritual bell. Tibetan term for a ritual Bell (instrument), bell used in Tibetan Buddhism, Buddhist religious practices is tribu. Priests and devotees ring bells during the rituals. Together these ritual implements represent the inseparability of wisdom and compassion in the enlightened mindstream. During meditation ringing the bell represents the sound of Buddha teaching the dharma and symbolizes the attainment of wisdom and the understanding of emptiness. During the chanting of the mantras the Bell and Vajra are used together in a variety of different ritualistic ways to represent the union of the male and female principles.
The hollow of the bell represents the void from which all phenomena arise, including the sound of the bell, and the clapper represents form. Together they symbolize wisdom (emptiness) and compassion (form or appearance). The sound, like all phenomena, arises, radiates forth and then dissolves back into emptiness.
Enso
![Enso](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Enso.jpg)
In
Zen
Zen ( zh, t=禪, p=Chán; ja, text= 禅, translit=zen; ko, text=선, translit=Seon; vi, text=Thiền) is a school of Mahayana Buddhism that originated in China during the Tang dynasty, known as the Chan School (''Chánzong'' 禪宗), and ...
, ensō (円相, "circular form") is a circle that is hand-drawn in one or two uninhibited brushstrokes to express a moment when the mind is free to let the body create.The ensō symbolizes absolute Enlightenment (spiritual), enlightenment, strength, elegance, the universe, and Mu (negative), mu (the void). It is characterised by a minimalism born of Japanese aesthetics.The circle may be open or closed. In the former case, the circle is incomplete, allowing for movement and development as well as the perfection of all things. Zen practitioners relate the idea to wabi-sabi, the beauty of imperfection. When the circle is closed, it represents perfection, akin to Plato's perfect Theory of forms, form, the reason why the circle was used for centuries in the construction of cosmological models Once the ensō is drawn, one does not change it. It evidences the character of its creator and the context of its creation in a brief, continuous period of time. Ensō exemplifies the various dimensions of the Japanese wabi-sabi perspective and aesthetic: fukinsei (asymmetry, irregularity), kanso (simplicity), koko (basic; weathered), shizen (without pretense; natural), yugen (subtly profound grace), datsuzoku (freedom), and seijaku (tranquility).
Mudras
Mudras are a series of symbolic hand gestures in
Buddhist art
Buddhist art is visual art produced in the context of Buddhism. It includes depictions of Gautama Buddha and other Buddhas and bodhisattvas, notable Buddhist figures both historical and mythical, narrative scenes from their lives, mandalas, and ...
. There are numerous mudras with different meanings. Mudras are used represent specific moments in the life of Gautama Buddha.
Other symbols
![Mandala of Vajradhatu](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Mandala_of_Vajradhatu.JPG)
* Some deities such as Prajnaparamita, Prajñaparamita and Manjushri are depicted as holding a flaming sword, symbolizing the power of wisdom (''Prajñā (Buddhism), prajña'').
* The
gankyil
The Gankyil (, Lhasa ) or "wheel of joy" ( sa, ānanda-cakra) is a symbol and ritual tool used in Tibetan and East Asian Buddhism. It is composed of three (sometimes two or four) swirling and interconnected blades. The traditional spinning direc ...
or "wheel of joy" symbol, which can symbolize different sets of three ideas.
* Various kinds of jewels (''Mani Jewel, mani, ratna''), such as the cintamani or "wish fulfilling jewel".
* Buddhist prayer beads (''mala''), which originated in India as a way to count prayers or mantras and commonly have 108 beads.
*The wish fulfilling tree (''
kalpavriksha
Kalpavriksha () is a wish-fulfilling divine tree in Indian religions, like Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism, and Sikhism. Its earliest descriptions are mentioned in Sanskrit literature. It is also a popular theme in Jain cosmology and Buddhism. ...
'')
*The fly-whisk, which is a tool to drive away insects and thus symbolizes non-harming (''ahimsa'').
*Mandala, Yantra.
Groups
The eight auspicious signs
Mahayana Buddhist art makes use of a common set of Indian "eight auspicious symbols" (
Sanskrit
Sanskrit (; attributively , ; nominally , , ) is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages. It arose in South Asia after its predecessor languages had diffused there from the northwest in the late ...
''ashtamangala, aṣṭamaṅgala'', , Tibetic languages, Tib. ''bkra-shis rtags-brgyad''). These symbols were pre-Buddhist Indian symbols which were associated with kingship and may originally have included other symbols, like the swastika, the
srivasta, a throne, a drum and a Fly-whisk, flywisk (this is still part of the Newar Buddhism, Newari Buddhist eight symbol list).
The most common set of "Eight Auspicious Symbols" (used in Tibetan Buddhism, Tibetan and
East Asian Buddhism
East Asian Buddhism or East Asian Mahayana is a collective term for the schools of Mahāyāna Buddhism that developed across East Asia which follow the Chinese Buddhist canon. These include the various forms of Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Vi ...
) are:
[Zhou Lili. "A Summary of Porcelains' Religious and Auspicious Designs." ''The Bulletin of the Shanghai Museum 7'' (1996), p.133]
![093 Buddhas Footprints, Myanmar (35187858895)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/093_Buddhas_Footprints%2C_Myanmar_%2835187858895%29.jpg)
# Padma (attribute), Lotus flower (Skt. padma; Pali. Paduma)
# Endless knot (srivasta, granthi) or "curl of happiness" (nandyavarta)
# Goldfish, Pair of golden fish (Skt. matsyayugma)
# Dhvaja, Victory banner (Skt. dhvaja; Pali. dhaja)
#
Dharma wheel
The dharmachakra (Sanskrit: धर्मचक्र; Pali: ''dhammacakka'') or wheel of dharma is a widespread symbol used in Indian religions such as Hinduism, Jainism, and especially Buddhism.John C. Huntington, Dina Bangdel, ''The Circle o ...
(Skt. Dharmacakra Pali. Dhammacakka)
# Bumpa, Treasure vase (kumbha)
# Chatra (umbrella), Jeweled Parasol (Skt. chatra; Pali. Chatta)
# Shankha, White Conch Shell (sankha)
Symbols on Feet of Buddha
Buddha footprints often bear distinguishing marks, such as a
Dharmachakra
The dharmachakra (Sanskrit: धर्मचक्र; Pali: ''dhammacakka'') or wheel of dharma is a widespread symbol used in Indian religions such as Hinduism, Jainism, and especially Buddhism.John C. Huntington, Dina Bangdel, ''The Circle o ...
at the centre of the sole, or the group of 32, 108 or 132 auspicious signs of the Buddha, engraved or painted on the sole.
See also
*
Buddhist art
Buddhist art is visual art produced in the context of Buddhism. It includes depictions of Gautama Buddha and other Buddhas and bodhisattvas, notable Buddhist figures both historical and mythical, narrative scenes from their lives, mandalas, and ...
* Chinese art
* Indian art
* Japanese art
* Korean art
* Religious symbolism
* Tibetan art
References
Bibliography
*
*
*Coomaraswamy, Ananda K. (1998). ''Elements of Buddhist Iconography.'' Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers.
*Chauley, G. C. (1998). ''Early Buddhist Art in India: 300 B.C. to 300 A.D.'' Sundeep Prakashan
*
*Karlsson, Klemens (2000). ''Face to Face With the Absent Buddha - The Formation of Buddhist Aniconic Art.'' Uppsala University.Lokesh, C., & International Academy of Indian Culture. (1999). ''Dictionary of Buddhist iconography''. New Delhi: International Academy of Indian Culture.
* Seckel, Dietrich; Leisinger, Andreas (2004). ''Before and beyond the Image: Aniconic Symbolism in Buddhist Art'', Artibus Asiae, Supplementum 45, 3–107
*
*Kieschnick, John (2020). ''The Impact of Buddhism on Chinese Material Culture.'' Princeton University Press.
External links
Sacred Visions: Early Paintings from Central Tibet an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Buddhist symbolism
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170101170409/http://www.kheper.net/topics/Buddhism/symbols.html the eight auspicious symbols of Buddhism — a study in spiritual evolution]
General Buddhist SymbolsBuddhist Symbols: the Eight Auspicious Signs
{{Buddhism topics
Buddhist symbols,
Religious symbols
Symbolism
Vajrayana
Tibetan Buddhist art and culture