Buddhadasa

Phra Dharmakosācārya (Nguam Indapañño) ( th, พระธรรมโกศาจารย์ (เงื่อม อินฺทปญฺโญ); ), also known as Buddhadāsa Bhikkhu ( th, พุทธทาสภิกขุ; , 27 May 1906 – 25 May 1993) was a famous and influential Thai ascetic-philosopher of the 20th century. Known as an innovative reinterpreter of Buddhist doctrine and Thai folk beliefs, Buddhadasa fostered a reformation in conventional religious perceptions in his home country, Thailand, as well as abroad. Buddhadasa developed a personal view that those who have penetrated the essential nature of religions consider "all religions to be inwardly the same", while those who have the highest understanding of ''dhamma'' feel "there is no religion".

Biography

Early years

He was born Nguam Phanit ( th, เงื่อม พานิช; ) in 1906 in Ban Phumriang, Chaiya District, southern Thailand. His father, Sieng Phānit, was a shopkeeper of second generation Thai Chinese (Hokkien) ancestry and his mother, Klaun, was Southern Thai.

Religious life

Buddhadasa renounced civilian life in 1926. Typical of young monks during the time, he traveled to the capital, Bangkok, for doctrinal training but found the wats there dirty, crowded, and, most troubling to him, the sangha corrupt, "preoccupied with prestige, position, and comfort with little interest in the highest ideals of Buddhism." As a result, he returned to his native rural district and occupied a forest tract near to his village, founding ''Suan Mokkh'' in 1932.

In later years, Buddhadasa's teachings attracted many international seekers to his hermitage. He held talks with leading scholars and clergy of various faiths. His aim in these discussions was to probe the similarities at the heart of each of the major world religions. Before his death in 1993, he established an International Dhamma Hermitage Center across the highway from his own retreat to aid in the teaching of Buddhism and other yogic practices to international students. The area of ''Suan Mokkh'' was expanded to
approximately 120 acres of forest.

However, Buddhadasa was skeptical of his fame; when reflecting on the busloads of visitors to Suan Mokkh he would say, "sometimes I think many of these people just stop here because they have to visit the bathroom."

Teachings and interpretations

Buddhadasa strove for a simple, pristine practice in attempt to emulate Gautama Buddha's core teaching, "Do good, avoid bad, and purify the mind." He therefore avoided the customary ritualism and internal politics that dominated Siamese clerical life. His ability to explain complex philosophical and religious ideas in his native Southern Thai attracted many people to his wooded retreat.

His primary teaching mainly focused on the quiet awareness of one's breathing pattern called anapanasati. However, his personal practice was very much grounded in advanced research and interpretation of early Pali texts on the one hand and on his radical private experimentation on the other.

Rejection of rebirth

Buddhadasa rejected the traditional rebirth and karma doctrine, since he thought it to be incompatible with '' sunyata'', and not conducive to the extinction of '' dukkha''.

Buddhadasa, states John Powers – a professor of Asian Studies and Buddhism, offered a "rationalist interpretation" and thought "the whole question of rebirth to be foolish". According to Buddhadasa, the Buddha taught 'no-self' ( pi, anattā, sa, anātman), which denies any substantial, ongoing entity or soul. Powers quotes Buddhadasa view as, "because there is no one born, there is no one who dies and is reborn". Therefore, states Buddhadasa, "the whole question of rebirth has nothing to do with Buddhism... in the sphere of the Buddhist teachings there is no question of rebirth or reincarnation". Its goal is ''nibbana'', which Buddhadasa describes as a state "beyond all suffering that also transcends ordinary conceptions of happiness."

Buddhadasa explains paticcasamupadda as the "birth" of "I" and mine through sense-contact with objects, and the resulting vedana ("feeling"), tanha ("thirst," craving) and upadana (clinging). It is by relinquishing the notion of "I" and "mine" that selfish clinging is abandoned, and Nirvana or true emptiness will be reached. This can be done by "not allow ngthe dependent arising to take place; to cut it off right at the moment of sense-contact."

Buddhadasa's views have been "strongly criticized" and rejected by many of his fellow Theravada Buddhist monks with a more orthodox view of the Buddhist Dhamma. For example, Bhikkhu Bodhi states that Buddhadasa's approach of jettisoning the rebirth doctrine "would virtually reduce the Dhamma to tatters... the conception of rebirth is an essential plank to its ethical theory, providing an incentive for avoiding all evil and doing good", summarizes Powers.

No religion

From the earliest period of his religious studies, Buddhadasa utilized a comparative approach and sought to be able to explain "Buddhist's teachings through other thought systems such as Taoism, Hinduism, Confucianism, Jainism and Natural Science." Through such a methodology he came to adopt a religious world-view wherein he stated, "those who have penetrated to the essential nature of religion will regard all religions as being the same. Although they may say there is Buddhism, Judaism, Taoism, Islam, or whatever, they will also say that all religions are inwardly the same."

In his ''No Religion'' (1993) Buddhadasa further famously remarked:

Influence

Buddhadasa's interpretations of the Buddhist tradition inspired such persons as the French-schooled Pridi Banomyong, leader of the Siamese revolution of 1932, and a group of Thai social activists and artists of the 20th century.

Religious scholar Donald K. Swearer has compared Buddhadasa to the early Indian philosopher Nagarjuna, and the 5th-century south Indian scholar Buddhaghosa who has "overshadowed the development of Theravada Buddhist thought" in southeast Asia. According to Swearer, the Thai teacher Buddhadasa "stands in polar opposition to such normative figures as Buddhaghosa" in several respects. Buddhadasa's writings, for example, decidedly contrast with the scholastic and highly influential ''Visuddhimagga'' of Buddhaghosa. Buddhadasa has been influential in the ''arannavasi'' ( forest tradition) of Thai Buddhism, and his ideas have influenced the radical sectarian movement founder Santi Asoke, according to Swearer.

According to scholars such as Peter Jackson and Daniel Lynch, Buddhadasa was heavily influenced by the ideas found in Zen Buddhism. Buddhadasa considered the Zen ideas as a way to reconcile Theravada Buddhism with modern humanism, and thought them to be the reason for Japan's economic strength.

Translated works

Buddhadasa's works take up an entire room in the National Library of Thailand. The following are some of his well-known books in English translation.
''The A,B,Cs of Buddhism''
1982.

Buddhadasa's most well-known book.

Susan Usom Foundation, 1985.
*'' India's Benevolence to Thailand''
''Keys to Natural Truth''
Trans. R. Bucknell and Santikaro. N.d. First published 1988.
''Me and Mine: Selected Essays of Bhikkhu Buddhadasa''
(preview). Thēpwisutthimēthī, Buddhadasa, Swearer. SUNY Press, 1989.

Trans. Santikaro. Second Edition. The Dhamma Study & Practice Group. 1989.
''No Religion''
Trans. Punno, First electronic edition: September 1996.

The Dhamma Study & Practice Group, 2002.

Published by Sathirakoses-Nagaparadi Foundation & Ministry of Education, Thailand On the occasion of the Centenary Celebration of the Birth of the Ven. Buddhadasa Bhikku (27 May 1906 - 27 May 2006).
*
Fear
'. Buddhadāsa Indapañño Archives, 2020.
*

'. Trans. Santikaro and D. Bhikkhu, Edit. Santikaro, Shambhala Publications, 2022.

Bodhi Leaf Publications (BPS)

*
Emancipation From The World (BL73)
'
*
Extinction without Remainder (BL33)
'

Notes

References

Sources

*

Further reading

* Buddhadasa, Bhikku; Pramoj, M.R. Kukrit (2003)
"How we should understand the dhamma"
Chulalangkorn Journal of Buddhist Studies 2 (1), 139-157
* Ito, Tomomi (2012). Modern Thai Buddhism and Buddhadasa Bhikkhu: A Social History, Singapore: NUS Press.
* Jackson, Peter Anthony (1986)
Buddhadasa and doctrinal modernisation in contemporary Thai Buddhism: a social and philosophical analysis
Thesis, Australian National University
* Preecha Changkhwanyuen (2003)
"Dhammic Socialism Political Thought of Buddhadasa Bhikku"
Chulalangkorn Journal of Buddhist Studies 2 (1), page 118
* Puntarigvivat, Tavivat (2003)
"Buddhadasa Bhikkhu and Dhammic Socialism"
The Chulalongkorn Journal of Buddhist Studies 2 (2), 189-207

External links

;Places
Wat Suan Mokkh
Buddhadasa's Hermitage
;Biography

nalanda.org.br/
*. Three-part video.

Buddhadasa
encyclopedia.com
;Works and teachings
Buddhadasa Bhikkhu
A list of Buddhadasa's online work. dharmaweb.org
Buddhadasa Indapanno Archives
;Other
Talks by Santikaro about Buddhadasa
Audio recording in four parts

{{DEFAULTSORT:Buddhadasa
Thai Theravada Buddhist monks
Thai people of Chinese descent
1906 births
1993 deaths
People from Surat Thani province
Thai autobiographers
20th-century Thai writers
Thai philosophers
Buddhist and Christian interfaith dialogue
20th-century philosophers
20th-century Buddhist monks