Bud Dajo ( tsg, Būd Dahu; es, Monte Dajó), is a

cinder cone A cinder cone (or scoria cone) is a steep conical hill of loose pyroclastic fragments, such as volcanic clinkers, volcanic ash, or scoria that has been built around a volcanic vent. The pyroclastic fragments are formed by explosive eruptions o ...

and the second highest point (+600m) in the province of

Sulu Sulu (), officially the Province of Sulu (Tausug language, Tausūg: ''Wilāya sin Lupa' Sūg''; tl, Lalawigan ng Sulu), is a Provinces of the Philippines, province of the Philippines in the Sulu Archipelago and part of the Bangsamoro, Bangsamor ...

Philippines The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no), * bik, Republika kan Filipinas * ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas * cbk, República de Filipinas * hil, Republ ...

. it is one of the

s that make up the island of

Jolo Jolo ( tsg, Sūg) is a volcanic island in the southwest Philippines and the primary island of the province of Sulu, on which the capital of the same name is situated. It is located in the Sulu Archipelago, between Borneo and Mindanao, and has ...

and part of the Jolo Volcanic Group in the

Republic of the Philippines The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no), * bik, Republika kan Filipinas * ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas * cbk, República de Filipinas * hil, Republ ...

. The

extinct volcano A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface. On Earth, volcanoes are most often found where tectonic plates are ...

is located southeast from the town of

Sulu province Sulu (), officially the Province of Sulu ( Tausūg: ''Wilāya sin Lupa' Sūg''; tl, Lalawigan ng Sulu), is a province of the Philippines in the Sulu Archipelago and part of the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM). Its capi ...

. The mountain and adjacent lands were declared as Mount Dajo National Park in 1938. It is a sacred mountain for the locals, and the Tausug people at-large, as well as nearby ethnic groups.Pershing and the Disarmament of the Moros. Pacific Historical Review. Vol. 31, No. 3 (Aug., 1962), pp. 241-256. University of California Press.

Physical features

The cinder cone has an elevation of with a base diameter of . On the summit of the mountain is crater that is breached to the southwest. The other volcanic edifices adjacent to Bud Dajo are: Matanding, located northeast of the Bud Dajo with an elevation of

asl American Sign Language (ASL) is a natural language that serves as the predominant sign language of Deaf communities in the United States of America and most of Anglophone Canada. ASL is a complete and organized visual language that is express ...

; Guimba, east and elevation of asl; and Sungal, southeast which is asl., dangerous volcano.

Geology

The

basalt Basalt (; ) is an aphanite, aphanitic (fine-grained) extrusive igneous rock formed from the rapid cooling of low-viscosity lava rich in magnesium and iron (mafic lava) exposed at or very near the planetary surface, surface of a terrestrial ...

ic volcanic cone is part of Zamboanga-Sulu

volcanic arc A volcanic arc (also known as a magmatic arc) is a belt of volcanoes formed above a subducting oceanic tectonic plate, with the belt arranged in an arc shape as seen from above. Volcanic arcs typically parallel an oceanic trench, with the arc lo ...

Eruptions falsely attributed to the mountain

1641

Two volcanoes falsely attributed to the eruption on January 4, 1641, which engulfed southern Philippines in darkness. Further studies later found the eruption to have come from Mount Melibengoy in

Cotabato Cotabato or North Cotabato ( hil, Aminhan Cotabato; ceb, Amihanang Cotabato; Maguindanaon: ''Pangutaran Kutawatu'', Jawi: ڤڠوترن كوتاواتو; fil, Hilagang Cotabato), officially the Province of Cotabato, is a landlocked province in ...

province.

1897

The earthquake and subsequent tsunami on September 21, 1897, that devastated the Southern Philippines was believed to be from a

submarine eruption Submarine eruptions are those volcano eruptions which take place beneath the surface of water. These occur at constructive margins, subduction zones and within tectonic plates due to hotspots. This eruption style is far more prevalent than subae ...

therefore excludes Bud Dajo.

PHIVOLCS monitoring activity

A short-term monitoring (seismic and visuals) surveys were conducted by the

Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS, ; tl, Surian ng Pilipinas sa Bulkanolohiya at Sismolohiya) is a Philippine national institution dedicated to provide information on the activities of volcanoes, earthquakes, and ...

in 1993 and in 1997 on the mountain. No unusual activities were observed within the vicinity of the volcano.

Mount Dajo National Park

Bud dajo as seen from Jolo National Museum

The mountain and surrounding areas were declared as a national park by Proclamation No. 261 on February 28, 1938, encompassing of land. Recent reports have shown that the mountain is very deforested with few remaining forest cover usually on the steep ridges. The

game refuge A nature reserve (also known as a wildlife refuge, wildlife sanctuary, biosphere reserve or bioreserve, natural or nature preserve, or nature conservation area) is a protected area of importance for flora, fauna, or features of geological or o ...

is not currently listed as a protected area under the National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) of the

Department of Environment and Natural Resources The Department of Environment and Natural Resources ( fil, Kagawaran ng Kapaligiran at Likas na Yaman, DENR or KKLY) is the executive department of the Philippine government responsible for governing and supervising the exploration, developmen ...

."Protected areas in Region 9"
. Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau. Retrieved on 2011-09-25.

Fauna

Some vulnerable and endangered species, not necessarily endemic to the area, but can be found within the Mount Dajo National Park are (from

BirdLife International BirdLife International is a global partnership of non-governmental organizations that strives to conserve birds and their habitats. BirdLife International's priorities include preventing extinction of bird species, identifying and safeguarding ...

): #

Grey imperial pigeon The grey imperial pigeon (''Ducula pickeringii'') is a species of bird in the family Columbidae. It is found in the Sulu Archipelago, Miangas and Talaud Islands. Its natural habitats are tropical moist lowland forests and plantations. It is thre ...

(''Ducula pickeringii''), Vulnerable #

Philippine cockatoo The red-vented cockatoo (''Cacatua haematuropygia''), also known as the Philippine cockatoo and locally katala, abukay, agay or kalangay, is a species of cockatoo. It is endemic to the Philippines though pressured by various environmental degradat ...

or the red-vented cockatoo (''Cacatua haematuropygia''), Critically endangered #

Sulu hornbill The Sulu hornbill (''Anthracoceros montani''), or Montano's hornbill, is a species of hornbill in the family Bucerotidae. It is endemic to the Sulu archipelago in the Philippines, with the remaining populations in Tawi-Tawi with it believed to ...

(''Anthracoceros montani''), Critically endangered # Sulu pygmy woodpecker ''Dendrocopos ramsayi'', Vulnerable #

Winchell's kingfisher Winchell's kingfisher (''Todiramphus winchelli'') or the rufous-lored kingfisher, is a species of bird in the family Alcedinidae, the kingfishers. It is endemic to the Philippines, its natural habitat being lowland forests. It is threatened by ...

or rufous-lored kingfisher (''Todiramphus winchelli''), Vulnerable

Historical relevance

The mountain was the site of the

First Battle of Bud Dajo The First Battle of Bud Dajo, also known as the Moro Crater Massacre, was a counterinsurgency action fought by the United States Army against Moros in March 1906, during the Moro Rebellion in the southwestern Philippines. Whether the occupants o ...

during the

Moro Rebellion The Moro Rebellion (1899–1913) was an armed conflict between the Moro people and the United States military during the Philippine–American War. The word "Moro" – the Spanish word for "Moor" – is a term for Muslim people who li ...

of the

Philippine–American War The Philippine–American War or Filipino–American War ( es, Guerra filipina-estadounidense, tl, Digmaang Pilipino–Amerikano), previously referred to as the Philippine Insurrection or the Tagalog Insurgency by the United States, was an arm ...

in 1906, which culminated in the killing by U.S. forces of over 800-900 villagers, mostly civilians, hiding on the crater of Bud Dajo. The event is known as the

Moro Crater Massacre The First Battle of Bud Dajo, also known as the Moro Crater Massacre, was a counterinsurgency action fought by the United States Army against Moros in March 1906, during the Moro Rebellion in the southwestern Philippines. Whether the occupants ...

. The killings, which disrespected the mountain and the spirits, caused massive outrage among the native people as Bud Dajo is a sacred site. The five-day Second Battle of Bud Dajo in 1911 ended with fewer casualties through negotiations, persuading the majority to return home.

References

External links

Bud Dajo
on the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) site
Jolo
at Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanism Program
What happened at Bud Dajo
{{authority control Active volcanoes of the Philippines Volcanic crater lakes Volcanoes of Mindanao National parks of the Philippines Protected areas established in 1938 Landforms of Sulu