![Wakering_Stairs_-_geograph](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Wakering_Stairs_-_geograph.org.uk_-_902355.jpg)
The Broomway, also formerly called the "Broom Road",
is a
public right of way over the
foreshore
The intertidal zone, also known as the foreshore, is the area above water level at low tide and underwater at high tide (in other words, the area within the tidal range). This area can include several types of habitats with various species ...
at
Maplin Sands
The Maplin Sands are mudflats on the northern bank of the Thames estuary, off Foulness Island, near Southend-on-Sea in Essex, England, though they actually lie within the neighbouring borough of Rochford. They form a part of the Essex Estuarie ...
off the coast of
Essex
Essex () is a county in the East of England. One of the home counties, it borders Suffolk and Cambridgeshire to the north, the North Sea to the east, Hertfordshire to the west, Kent across the estuary of the River Thames to the south, and Grea ...
,
England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Wales to its west and Scotland to its north. The Irish Sea lies northwest and the Celtic Sea to the southwest. It is separated from continental Europe b ...
.
Most of the route is classed as a
byway open to all traffic, with a shorter section of
bridleway. When the tide is out, it provides access to
Foulness Island
Foulness Island () is a closed island on the east coast of Essex in England, which is separated from the mainland by narrow creeks. In the 2001 census, the usually resident population of the civil parish was 212, living in the settlements of C ...
, and indeed was the only access to Foulness on foot, and the only access at low tide, until a road bridge was built over Havengore Creek in 1922.
At over 600 years old, recorded as early as 1419, the Broomway runs for along the Maplin Sands, some from the present shoreline. It was named for the "brooms", bundles of twigs attached to short poles, with which the route was once marked. A number of headways or
hard
Hard may refer to:
* Hardness, resistance of physical materials to deformation or fracture
* Hard water, water with high mineral content
Arts and entertainment
* ''Hard'' (TV series), a French TV series
* Hard (band), a Hungarian hard rock supe ...
s ran from the track to the shore, giving access to local farms. The track is extremely dangerous in misty weather, as the incoming tide floods across the sands at high speed, and the water forms whirlpools because of flows from the
River Crouch
The River Crouch is a small river that flows entirely through the English county of Essex.
The distance of the Navigation between Holliwell Point which is north of Foulness Island and Battlesbridge is 17.5 Miles, i.e. 15.21 Nautical Miles.
...
and
River Roach
A river is a natural flowing watercourse, usually freshwater, flowing towards an ocean, sea, lake or another river. In some cases, a river flows into the ground and becomes dry at the end of its course without reaching another body of wa ...
. Under such conditions, the direction of the shore cannot be determined.
After the road bridge was opened in 1922, the Broomway ceased to be used, except by the military.
History
![Wagons on broomway](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Wagons_on_broomway.jpg)
There is some disagreement over whether the main route is natural, simply following a ridge of firmer sand, or originated partly or wholly as a human-made track. Traces of Roman settlement on Foulness have been taken as evidence of a Roman origin, and it has been suggested that the track and its feeders were originally a road serving an agricultural area that was subsequently flooded.
It has also been surmised to be an Anglo-Saxon era
drove route, again subsequently inundated due to coastal erosion
or 14th century storm surges
but maintained using local knowledge and temporary waymarks. An archaeological survey towards the southern end of the Broomway revealed that it had, at least on that section, been reinforced with wooden
hurdle
A hurdle (UK English, limited US English) is a moveable section of light fence. In the United States, terms such as "panel", "pipe panel" or simply "fence section" are used to describe moveable sections of fencing intended for agricultural us ...
work at some point.
Noted in 1419, the route was mentioned in the following century by
William Harrison in the ''Chronicles'' of
Holinshed
Raphael Holinshed ( – before 24 April 1582) was an English chronicler, who was most famous for his work on ''The Chronicles of England, Scotlande, and Irelande'', commonly known as ''Holinshed's Chronicles''. It was the "first complete print ...
, who said that a man could ride to Foulness "if he be skilful of the causie
auseway.
The Broomway was shown in some detail, along a route very similar to the present-day one, by the surveyor
John Norden
John Norden (1625) was an English cartographer, chorographer and antiquary. He planned (but did not complete) a series of county maps and accompanying county histories of England, the ''Speculum Britanniae''. He was also a prolific writer ...
in a 1595 map.
[
During the 18th century, various efforts were made to improve the track, which was the main route from the island for farmers taking produce to market. In 1769, a guidebook stated that "the passage into oulnessis at low water, and on horseback, insomuch that many, either in negligence, or being in liquor, have been overtaken by the tide and drowned".] In the mid-19th century, subscriptions were raised to reinstate Wakering Stairs, which provided a better southern point of access.
The Broomway was formerly marked by a series of markers resembling short-handled besom
A besom () is a broom, a household implement used for sweeping. The term is now mostly reserved for a traditional broom constructed from a bundle of twigs tied to a stout pole. The twigs used could be broom (i.e. '' Genista'', from which comes ...
s or brooms, hence its name. The "brooms" were driven into the sands, protruded about a foot above them, were positioned around 30 yards apart, and were stayed with wire shrouds. The author Herbert W. Tompkins, who walked the Broomway in the early 1900s, described how as the tide ebbed the brooms would "lift their heads and appear as a line of black dots", providing an indication of when the traveller might start their journey. The "brooms" required regular maintenance and replacement due to the effects of tides and storms: since at least the 18th century, this had been funded by a regular payment split between the parish and the island's major landowner. The headways, at least in later years, were marked with fingerpost
A fingerpost (sometimes referred to as a guide post) is a traditional type of sign post primarily used in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland, consisting of a post with one or more arms, known as fingers, pointing in the directio ...
s of the type then found on conventional roads, also driven into the sand. At night, when the "brooms" could be harder to spot, locals were accustomed to using the lights of the Nore, Mouse, and Swin lightvessels
A lightvessel, or lightship, is a ship that acts as a lighthouse. They are used in waters that are too deep or otherwise unsuitable for lighthouse construction. Although some records exist of fire beacons being placed on ships in Roman times, ...
and the Maplin lighthouse to help judge their position.[
The Broomway remained a vital link to the island until the 20th century. Writing in 1901, the Essex author Reginald A. Beckett described "one of the most curious sights eever beheld" as "when reaching the Stairs just before dark, there appeared a procession of market-carts coming from Foulness and rapidly driven across the sands, through water about a foot deep, with two or three fishing-smacks beyond and a distant steamer on the horizon".][
]
Notoriety
Often compared to the similarly dangerous path across Morecambe Bay
Morecambe Bay is a large estuary in northwest England, just to the south of the Lake District National Park. It is the largest expanse of intertidal mudflats and sand in the United Kingdom, covering a total area of . In 1974, the second larges ...
, the Broomway has long been notorious as "the most perilous byway in England". It has earned this reputation by virtue of the disorienting nature of its environment in poor visibility, and near inevitability of death by drowning for anyone still out on the sands when the tide comes in. Many people have died on it over the years. Writing in 1867, the Rochford historian Philip Benton described the risks for those without a guide, and said that others succumbed to the "pleasurable excitement" of the dangers: "some farmers would stay n the mainlandto the last, and then race the tide, and swim the creeks. Some of those who have been used to the sands all their lives have there yielded up their breath, and many hair-breadth escapes are recorded".[Benton, ''The History of Rochford Hundred'', v1, p.219] Benton recorded the deaths of, amongst others, Thomas Jackson, a Rochford apothecary
''Apothecary'' () is a mostly archaic term for a medical professional who formulates and dispenses '' materia medica'' (medicine) to physicians, surgeons, and patients. The modern chemist (British English) or pharmacist (British and North Amer ...
, in 1711; Thomas Miller, a surgeon, thrown from his horse in 1805; William Harvey, a shepherd who was thought to have drowned in 1857 after being led astray by a navigation light; and Mr. Gardner of Havengore, who became lost at night while returning along his own headway.[Benton, p.220] Benton had himself become lost on the sands in fog while shooting, and only escaped with "timely assistance". In addition to the tide, fog and the risk of being swept away crossing the creeks, there were many "holes" in the mud away from the main path, particularly near the creeks, in which unwary travellers might become trapped.[
Despite it being used daily by the district's postmen, even experienced locals remained at risk on the Broomway: as recently as March 1917, one of the "leading farmer on the island" was drowned one evening returning along the Broomway from Rochford Market.]['' The Windsor Magazine'', v.56 (1922), 559] The Foulness Burial Register records 66 bodies recovered from the sands since 1600, with perhaps over 100 people having been drowned in total. The area Public Right of Way Officer's advice is that the Broomway should only be walked with a local guide.
Navigation and access
The Broomway leaves the mainland at Wakering Stairs, where there is a causeway over the band of soft mud (known as the Black Grounds or blackgrounds) which separates the mainland from the firmer ground of the Maplin Sands. Once upon the Maplin Sands, the Broomway heads approximately 60 degrees (magnetic) towards a navigation beacon known as "the Maypole". This beacon marks the entrance to Havengore Creek. Beyond this point, travellers once had to also wade across the mouths of New England Creek and then Shelford Creek, until both were dammed in the 1920s. From the Maypole, the road takes a more northerly route of approximately 50 degrees (magnetic) to the causeway leading to Asplins Head, the first of the surviving highways onto Foulness Island. From Wakering Stairs to Asplins Head is a walk of about one hour.
Since the opening of the bridge to the island, and the loss of the "brooms", the Broomway is now largely unmarked. There is no actual track, and for the majority of its route the Broomway is nothing more than a compass bearing over Maplin Sands.
The "headways", or access points leading from the Broomway to farms on the shoreline, were mostly constructed of Kentish ragstone or gravel. Although a number are still marked on maps, the majority are currently impassable. From south to north, the main headways are or were:
*Suttons Head or Kennets Head, near Shoeburyness East Beach, which fell into disuse in 1867 after the reopening of Wakering Stairs
*King's Head, near Pig's Bay
Pig's Bay is a coastal area in East Shoebury, a small beachland area in the suburb of Shoeburyness in the City of Southend-on-Sea, in the ceremonial county of Essex, England. The main entrance to the site is at Blackgate Road, Shoeburyness. This ...
, also lost
*Wakering Stairs, the current access point
*Havengore Island; three former headways including Havengore Head and Sharpsness Head[
*New England Island, now lost
*Shelford Head, now lost
*New Burwood Head, now lost
*Asplins Head
*Rugwood Head, now impassable][
*Eastwick or Pattisons Head
*Fishermans Head, still periodically used by the MOD: its concreted surface remains the only way of getting heavy loads onto the island][
From Rugwood Head to Fishermans Head, the Broomway is technically classed as a bridleway rather than a byway.
Access to the Broomway is restricted because both the mainland at Wakering Stairs and Foulness Island itself are given over to military purposes.]
See also
* Lindisfarne, access to which is cut off by high tide and similarly dangerous
* Passage du Gois, a similar road in France
References
External links
Tom Bennett Outdoors - Provides guided trips of the Broomway
Interview with author Robert Macfarlane, whose 2012 book The Old Ways contains a detailed description of a Broomway walk
on PRI/BBC #REDIRECT BBC #REDIRECT BBC
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