The Commonwealth Games, often referred to as the Friendly Games or simply the Comm Games, are a quadrennial international
multi-sport event among athletes from the
Commonwealth of Nations
The Commonwealth of Nations, simply referred to as the Commonwealth, is a political association of 56 member states, the vast majority of which are former territories of the British Empire. The chief institutions of the organisation are the Co ...
. The event was first held in
1930
Events
January
* January 15 – The Moon moves into its nearest point to Earth, called perigee, at the same time as its fullest phase of the Lunar Cycle. This is the closest moon distance at in recent history, and the next one will be ...
, and, with the exception of 1942 and 1946 (cancelled due to
World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...
), have successively run every four years since.
The Games were called the British Empire Games from 1930 to
1950
Events January
* January 1 – The International Police Association (IPA) – the largest police organization in the world – is formed.
* January 5 – 1950 Sverdlovsk plane crash, Sverdlovsk plane crash: ''Aeroflot'' Lisunov Li-2 cr ...
, the British Empire and Commonwealth Games from
1954
Events
January
* January 1 – The Soviet Union ceases to demand war reparations from West Germany.
* January 3 – The Italian broadcaster RAI officially begins transmitting.
* January 7 – Georgetown-IBM experiment: The fir ...
to
1966
Events January
* January 1 – In a coup, Colonel Jean-Bédel Bokassa takes over as military ruler of the Central African Republic, ousting President David Dacko.
* January 3 – 1966 Upper Voltan coup d'état: President Maurice Yaméogo i ...
, and British Commonwealth Games from
1970
Events
January
* January 1 – Unix time epoch reached at 00:00:00 UTC.
* January 5 – The 7.1 Tonghai earthquake shakes Tonghai County, Yunnan province, China, with a maximum Mercalli intensity scale, Mercalli intensity of X (''Extrem ...
to
1974
Major events in 1974 include the aftermath of the 1973 oil crisis and the resignation of United States President Richard Nixon following the Watergate scandal. In the Middle East, the aftermath of the 1973 Yom Kippur War determined politics; f ...
. Athletes with a disability are included as full members of their national teams since 2002, making the Commonwealth Games the first fully
inclusive international multi-sport event. In 2018, the Games became the first global multi-sport event to feature an equal number of men's and women's medal events and four years later they are the first global multi-sport event to have more events for women than men.
Inspired by the
Inter-Empire Championships, part of the 1911
Festival of Empire
The 1911 Festival of Empire was the biggest single event held at The Crystal Palace in London since its opening. It opened on 12 May and was one of the events to celebrate the coronation of King George V. The original intention had been that Edw ...
,
Melville Marks Robinson
Melville Marks Robinson (April 8, 1888 – June 6, 1974) was a Canadian journalist and sports executive, also known as M. M. Robinson and Bobby Robinson. He was the sports editor of ''The Hamilton Spectator'', and founded the British Empire Games ...
founded the British Empire Games which were first held in
Hamilton Hamilton may refer to:
People
* Hamilton (name), a common British surname and occasional given name, usually of Scottish origin, including a list of persons with the surname
** The Duke of Hamilton, the premier peer of Scotland
** Lord Hamilt ...
,
Canada
Canada is a country in North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering over , making it the world's second-largest country by tot ...
in 1930.
As time progressed, the Games evolved, adding the
Commonwealth Paraplegic Games
The Commonwealth Paraplegic Games were an international, multi-sport event involving athletes with a disability from the Commonwealth countries. The event was sometimes referred to as the Paraplegic Empire Games and British Commonwealth Paraplegi ...
for athletes with a disability (who were barred from competing from 1974 before being fully integrated by
1990
File:1990 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: The 1990 FIFA World Cup is played in Italy; The Human Genome Project is launched; Voyager I takes the famous Pale Blue Dot image- speaking on the fragility of Humankind, humanity on Earth, Astroph ...
) and the
Commonwealth Youth Games
The Commonwealth Youth Games (CYG) is an international multi-sport event organized by the Commonwealth Games Federation. The games were held in the years, mid-way between when the Commonwealth Games are held, until 2008. They continued to be held ...
for athletes aged 14 to 18.
The Games are overseen by the
Commonwealth Games Federation (CGF), which controls the
sporting programme and selects host cities. The games movement consists of
international sports federations (IFs),
Commonwealth Games Associations
A Commonwealth Games Association (CGA) is a national sports council of the Commonwealth Sports movement. Each association is responsible for organising, supporting and overseeing their national team for both the Commonwealth Games and the Commonwe ...
(CGAs) and organising committees for each specific Commonwealth Games. Certain traditions, such as the hoisting of the Commonwealth Games flag and
King's Baton Relay, as well as the opening and closing ceremonies, are unique to the Games. Over 4,500 athletes competed at the latest Commonwealth Games in 25 sports and over 250 medal events, including
Olympic and Paralympic sports and those popular in Commonwealth countries:
bowls
Bowls, also known as lawn bowls or lawn bowling, is a sport in which the objective is to roll biased balls so that they stop close to a smaller ball called a "jack" or "kitty". It is played on a bowling green, which may be flat (for "flat-gre ...
and
squash. Usually,the first, second and third-place finishers in each event are awarded gold, silver and bronze medals, respectively.
⁹
Although there are 56 members of the Commonwealth of Nations, there are 72
Commonwealth Games Associations
A Commonwealth Games Association (CGA) is a national sports council of the Commonwealth Sports movement. Each association is responsible for organising, supporting and overseeing their national team for both the Commonwealth Games and the Commonwe ...
. They are divided into 6 regions (Africa, Americas, Caribbean, Europe, Asia and Oceania) and each of them has a similar function to the
National Olympic Committee
A National Olympic Committee (NOC) is a national constituent of the worldwide Olympic movement. Subject to the controls of the International Olympic Committee, NOCs are responsible for organizing their people's participation in the Olympic Games ...
s in relation with their countries or territories. In some like
India
India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...
and
South Africa
South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded to the south by of coastline that stretch along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans; to the north by the neighbouring countri ...
, the CGA functions are assumed by their NOCs. One of the differences from other multisport events is that 15 CGAs participating in the Commonwealth Games do not send their delegations independently from the Olympic, Paralympic and other multisports competitions, as 13 are linked to the
British Olympic Association, 1 is part of
Australian Olympic Committee
Australian(s) may refer to:
Australia
* Australia, a country
* Australians, citizens of the Commonwealth of Australia
** European Australians
** Anglo-Celtic Australians, Australians descended principally from British colonists
** Aboriginal Aus ...
and another one is part of the
New Zealand Olympic Committee as their Paralympic counterparts. They are: the four
Home Nations of the
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotland, Wales and North ...
(
England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Wales to its west and Scotland to its north. The Irish Sea lies northwest and the Celtic Sea to the southwest. It is separated from continental Europe b ...
,
Scotland
Scotland (, ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Covering the northern third of the island of Great Britain, mainland Scotland has a border with England to the southeast and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the ...
,
Wales
Wales ( cy, Cymru ) is a Countries of the United Kingdom, country that is part of the United Kingdom. It is bordered by England to the Wales–England border, east, the Irish Sea to the north and west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the ...
and
Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland ( ga, Tuaisceart Éireann ; sco, label= Ulster-Scots, Norlin Airlann) is a part of the United Kingdom, situated in the north-east of the island of Ireland, that is variously described as a country, province or region. Nort ...
), the
British Overseas Territories
The British Overseas Territories (BOTs), also known as the United Kingdom Overseas Territories (UKOTs), are fourteen dependent territory, territories with a constitutional and historical link with the United Kingdom. They are the last remna ...
(
Anguilla
Anguilla ( ) is a British Overseas Territory in the Caribbean. It is one of the most northerly of the Leeward Islands in the Lesser Antilles, lying east of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands and directly north of Saint Martin. The territo ...
,
Falkland Islands
The Falkland Islands (; es, Islas Malvinas, link=no ) is an archipelago in the South Atlantic Ocean on the Patagonian Shelf. The principal islands are about east of South America's southern Patagonian coast and about from Cape Dubouzet ...
,
Gibraltar
)
, anthem = " God Save the King"
, song = " Gibraltar Anthem"
, image_map = Gibraltar location in Europe.svg
, map_alt = Location of Gibraltar in Europe
, map_caption = United Kingdom shown in pale green
, mapsize =
, image_map2 = Gib ...
,
Montserrat
Montserrat ( ) is a British Overseas Territories, British Overseas Territory in the Caribbean. It is part of the Leeward Islands, the northern portion of the Lesser Antilles chain of the West Indies. Montserrat is about long and wide, with r ...
,
Saint Helena
Saint Helena () is a British overseas territory located in the South Atlantic Ocean. It is a remote volcanic tropical island west of the coast of south-western Africa, and east of Rio de Janeiro in South America. It is one of three constitu ...
and
Turks and Caicos Islands
The Turks and Caicos Islands (abbreviated TCI; and ) are a British Overseas Territory consisting of the larger Caicos Islands and smaller Turks Islands, two groups of tropical islands in the Lucayan Archipelago of the Atlantic Ocean and n ...
), the
Crown Dependencies (
Guernsey
Guernsey (; Guernésiais: ''Guernési''; french: Guernesey) is an island in the English Channel off the coast of Normandy that is part of the Bailiwick of Guernsey, a British Crown Dependency.
It is the second largest of the Channel Islands ...
,
Isle of Man
)
, anthem = "O Land of Our Birth"
, image = Isle of Man by Sentinel-2.jpg
, image_map = Europe-Isle_of_Man.svg
, mapsize =
, map_alt = Location of the Isle of Man in Europe
, map_caption = Location of the Isle of Man (green)
in Europe ...
, and
Jersey
Jersey ( , ; nrf, Jèrri, label=Jèrriais ), officially the Bailiwick of Jersey (french: Bailliage de Jersey, links=no; Jèrriais: ), is an island country and self-governing Crown Dependencies, Crown Dependency near the coast of north-west F ...
),
Niue
Niue (, ; niu, Niuē) is an island country in the South Pacific Ocean, northeast of New Zealand. Niue's land area is about and its population, predominantly Polynesian, was about 1,600 in 2016. Niue is located in a triangle between Tong ...
and
Norfolk Island
Norfolk Island (, ; Norfuk: ''Norf'k Ailen'') is an external territory of Australia located in the Pacific Ocean between New Zealand and New Caledonia, directly east of Australia's Evans Head and about from Lord Howe Island. Together with ...
send separate teams. It is expected that
Gabon
Gabon (; ; snq, Ngabu), officially the Gabonese Republic (french: République gabonaise), is a country on the west coast of Central Africa. Located on the equator, it is bordered by Equatorial Guinea to the northwest, Cameroon to the north ...
and
Togo
Togo (), officially the Togolese Republic (french: République togolaise), is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Ghana to the west, Benin to the east and Burkina Faso to the north. It extends south to the Gulf of Guinea, where its c ...
will send a team for the first time at the
2026 Commonwealth Games
The 2026 Commonwealth Games, officially known as the XXIII Commonwealth Games and commonly known as Victoria 2026, is a multi-sport event for members of the Commonwealth scheduled to take place across four regional sites in the Australian state ...
, as the two countries were admitted to the Commonwealth in June 2022 and they didn’t have time to organise their associations for the 2022 Games which was scheduled for the end of July.
20 cities in nine countries (counting
England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Wales to its west and Scotland to its north. The Irish Sea lies northwest and the Celtic Sea to the southwest. It is separated from continental Europe b ...
,
Scotland
Scotland (, ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Covering the northern third of the island of Great Britain, mainland Scotland has a border with England to the southeast and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the ...
and
Wales
Wales ( cy, Cymru ) is a Countries of the United Kingdom, country that is part of the United Kingdom. It is bordered by England to the Wales–England border, east, the Irish Sea to the north and west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the ...
separately) have hosted the games.
Australia
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a Sovereign state, sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous List of islands of Australia, sma ...
has hosted the Commonwealth Games five times (
1938
Events
January
* January 1
** The Constitution of Estonia#Third Constitution (de facto 1938–1940, de jure 1938–1992), new constitution of Estonia enters into force, which many consider to be the ending of the Era of Silence and the a ...
,
1962
Events January
* January 1 – Western Samoa becomes independent from New Zealand.
* January 3 – Pope John XXIII excommunicates Fidel Castro for preaching communism.
* January 8 – Harmelen train disaster: 93 die in the wors ...
,
1982
Events January
* January 1 – In Malaysia and Singapore, clocks are adjusted to the same time zone, UTC+8 (GMT+8.00).
* January 13 – Air Florida Flight 90 crashes shortly after takeoff into the 14th Street bridges, 14th Street Bridge in ...
,
2006
File:2006 Events Collage V1.png, From top left, clockwise: The 2006 Winter Olympics open in Turin; Twitter is founded and launched by Jack Dorsey; The Nintendo Wii is released; Montenegro 2006 Montenegrin independence referendum, votes to declare ...
and
2018
File:2018 Events Collage.png, From top left, clockwise: The 2018 Winter Olympics opening ceremony in PyeongChang, South Korea; Protests erupt following the Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi; March for Our Lives protests take place across the United ...
and will host the next
edition in 2026), more than any other nation. Two cities have hosted Commonwealth Games more than once:
Auckland
Auckland (pronounced ) ( mi, Tāmaki Makaurau) is a large metropolitan city in the North Island of New Zealand. The List of New Zealand urban areas by population, most populous urban area in the country and the List of cities in Oceania by po ...
(
1950
Events January
* January 1 – The International Police Association (IPA) – the largest police organization in the world – is formed.
* January 5 – 1950 Sverdlovsk plane crash, Sverdlovsk plane crash: ''Aeroflot'' Lisunov Li-2 cr ...
,
1990
File:1990 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: The 1990 FIFA World Cup is played in Italy; The Human Genome Project is launched; Voyager I takes the famous Pale Blue Dot image- speaking on the fragility of Humankind, humanity on Earth, Astroph ...
) and
Edinburgh
Edinburgh ( ; gd, Dùn Èideann ) is the capital city of Scotland and one of its 32 Council areas of Scotland, council areas. Historically part of the county of Midlothian (interchangeably Edinburghshire before 1921), it is located in Lothian ...
(1970,
1986
The year 1986 was designated as the International Year of Peace by the United Nations.
Events January
* January 1
** Aruba gains increased autonomy from the Netherlands by separating from the Netherlands Antilles.
**Spain and Portugal ente ...
).
Only six nations have participated in every Commonwealth Games: Australia, Canada, England, New Zealand,
Scotland
Scotland (, ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Covering the northern third of the island of Great Britain, mainland Scotland has a border with England to the southeast and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the ...
and
Wales
Wales ( cy, Cymru ) is a Countries of the United Kingdom, country that is part of the United Kingdom. It is bordered by England to the Wales–England border, east, the Irish Sea to the north and west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the ...
. Of these six, Australia, England, Canada and New Zealand have each won at least one gold medal in every Games. Australia has been the highest achieving team for thirteen editions of the Games, England for seven, and Canada for one. These three teams also top the all-time Commonwealth Games medal table in that order.
The
most recent Commonwealth Games, the 22nd, were held in Birmingham from 28 July to 8 August 2022. The
next Commonwealth Games will be the first games in history held in a decentralized way, as they are scheduled to be hosted across four cities in the
Australian state of Victoria from 17 to 29 March 2026.
History
A sporting competition bringing together the members of the
British Empire
The British Empire was composed of the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states. It began with the overseas possessions and trading posts esta ...
was first proposed by John Astley Cooper in 1891, who wrote letters and articles for several periodicals suggesting a "Pan Brittanic, Pan
Anglican
Anglicanism is a Western Christian tradition that has developed from the practices, liturgy, and identity of the Church of England following the English Reformation, in the context of the Protestant Reformation in Europe. It is one of th ...
Contest every four years as a means of increasing goodwill and understan’ding of the British Empire."
John Astley Cooper Committees were formed in Australia,
New Zealand
New Zealand ( mi, Aotearoa ) is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main landmasses—the North Island () and the South Island ()—and over 700 smaller islands. It is the sixth-largest island count ...
and
South Africa
South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded to the south by of coastline that stretch along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans; to the north by the neighbouring countri ...
to promote the idea and inspired
to start the international
Olympic Games
The modern Olympic Games or Olympics (french: link=no, Jeux olympiques) are the leading international sporting events featuring summer and winter sports competitions in which thousands of athletes from around the world participate in a var ...
movement.
In 1911, an Inter-Empire Championship was held alongside the
Festival of Empire
The 1911 Festival of Empire was the biggest single event held at The Crystal Palace in London since its opening. It opened on 12 May and was one of the events to celebrate the coronation of King George V. The original intention had been that Edw ...
, at
The Crystal Palace
The Crystal Palace was a cast iron and plate glass structure, originally built in Hyde Park, London, Hyde Park, London, to house the Great Exhibition of 1851. The exhibition took place from 1 May to 15 October 1851, and more than 14,000 exhibit ...
in London to celebrate the
coronation of George V
The coronation of George V and his wife Mary as King and Queen of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and as Emperor and Empress of India, took place at Westminster Abbey, London, on Thursday 22 June 1911. This was the second of fou ...
, and were championed by
The Earl of Plymouth and
Lord Desborough. Teams from Australasia (Australia and New Zealand), Canada, South Africa, and the United Kingdom competed in events for athletics, boxing, swimming and wrestling. Canada won the championships and was presented with a silver cup (gifted by
Lord Lonsdale
Earl of Lonsdale is a title that has been created twice in British history, firstly in the Peerage of Great Britain in 1784 (becoming extinct in 1802), and then in the Peerage of the United Kingdom in 1807, both times for members of the Lowth ...
) which was high and weighed . A correspondent of the ''
Auckland Star
The ''Auckland Star'' was an evening daily newspaper published in Auckland, New Zealand, from 24 March 1870 to 16 August 1991. Survived by its Sunday edition, the ''Sunday Star'', part of its name endures in ''The Sunday Star-Times'', created in ...
'' criticised the Games, calling them a "grievous disappointment" that were "not worthy of the title of 'Empire Sports'".
Melville Marks Robinson
Melville Marks Robinson (April 8, 1888 – June 6, 1974) was a Canadian journalist and sports executive, also known as M. M. Robinson and Bobby Robinson. He was the sports editor of ''The Hamilton Spectator'', and founded the British Empire Games ...
, who went to the
1928 Summer Olympics
The 1928 Summer Olympics ( nl, Olympische Zomerspelen 1928), officially known as the Games of the IX Olympiad ( nl, Spelen van de IXe Olympiade) and commonly known as Amsterdam 1928, was an international multi-sport event that was celebrated from ...
in Amsterdam to serve as the manager of the Canadian track and field team, strongly lobbied for the proposal of organising the first British Empire Games in
Hamilton Hamilton may refer to:
People
* Hamilton (name), a common British surname and occasional given name, usually of Scottish origin, including a list of persons with the surname
** The Duke of Hamilton, the premier peer of Scotland
** Lord Hamilt ...
in 1930.
Editions
British Empire Games
The
1930 British Empire Games
The 1930 British Empire Games were the inaugural edition of what now is known as the Commonwealth Games, and were held in Hamilton, Ontario, from 16 to 23 August 1930.
The games were organized by ''Hamilton Spectator'' sportswriter Bobby Robinso ...
were the first of what later become known as the Commonwealth Games, and were held in
Hamilton Hamilton may refer to:
People
* Hamilton (name), a common British surname and occasional given name, usually of Scottish origin, including a list of persons with the surname
** The Duke of Hamilton, the premier peer of Scotland
** Lord Hamilt ...
, in the province of
Ontario
Ontario ( ; ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada.Ontario is located in the geographic eastern half of Canada, but it has historically and politically been considered to be part of Central Canada. Located in Central Ca ...
in Canada from 16–23 August 1930 and opened by
Lord Willingdon.
Eleven countries: Australia,
Bermuda
)
, anthem = "God Save the King"
, song_type = National song
, song = " Hail to Bermuda"
, image_map =
, map_caption =
, image_map2 =
, mapsize2 =
, map_caption2 =
, subdivision_type = Sovereign state
, subdivision_name =
, e ...
,
British Guyana, Canada, England,
Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland ( ga, Tuaisceart Éireann ; sco, label= Ulster-Scots, Norlin Airlann) is a part of the United Kingdom, situated in the north-east of the island of Ireland, that is variously described as a country, province or region. Nort ...
,
Newfoundland
Newfoundland and Labrador (; french: Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador; frequently abbreviated as NL) is the easternmost province of Canada, in the country's Atlantic region. The province comprises the island of Newfoundland and the continental region ...
, New Zealand,
Scotland
Scotland (, ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Covering the northern third of the island of Great Britain, mainland Scotland has a border with England to the southeast and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the ...
, South Africa and
Wales
Wales ( cy, Cymru ) is a Countries of the United Kingdom, country that is part of the United Kingdom. It is bordered by England to the Wales–England border, east, the Irish Sea to the north and west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the ...
, sent a total of 400 athletes to compete in athletics, boxing, lawn bowls, rowing, swimming and diving and wrestling. The opening and closing ceremonies as well as athletics took place at
Civic Stadium.
The cost of the Games were $97,973.
Women competed in only the aquatic events. Canadian triple jumper
Gordon Smallacombe won the first ever gold medal in the history of the Games.
![SLNSW 23801 Opening Empire Games Sydney Cricket Ground](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/SLNSW_23801_Opening_Empire_Games_Sydney_Cricket_Ground.jpg)
The
1934 British Empire Games
The 1934 British Empire Games were the second edition of what is now known as the Commonwealth Games, held in England, from 4–11 August 1934. The host city was London, with the main venue at Wembley Park, although the track cycling events wer ...
were the second of what is now known as the Commonwealth Games, held in London, England. The host city was London, with the main venue at
Wembley Park
Wembley Park is a district of the London Borough of Brent, England. It is roughly centred on Bridge Road, a mile northeast of Wembley town centre and northwest from Charing Cross.
The name Wembley Park refers to the area that, at its broadest ...
, although the track cycling events were in
Manchester
Manchester () is a city in Greater Manchester, England. It had a population of 552,000 in 2021. It is bordered by the Cheshire Plain to the south, the Pennines to the north and east, and the neighbouring city of Salford to the west. The t ...
. The 1934 Games had originally been awarded to
Johannesburg
Johannesburg ( , , ; Zulu and xh, eGoli ), colloquially known as Jozi, Joburg, or "The City of Gold", is the largest city in South Africa, classified as a megacity, and is one of the 100 largest urban areas in the world. According to Demo ...
, but were given to London instead because of serious concerns about prejudice against Asian and black athletes in South Africa. The affiliation of Irish athletes at the 1934 Games representation
remains unclear but there was no official
Irish Free State
The Irish Free State ( ga, Saorstát Éireann, , ; 6 December 192229 December 1937) was a state established in December 1922 under the Anglo-Irish Treaty of December 1921. The treaty ended the three-year Irish War of Independence between th ...
team. Sixteen national teams took part, including new participants
Hong Kong
Hong Kong ( (US) or (UK); , ), officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China ( abbr. Hong Kong SAR or HKSAR), is a city and special administrative region of China on the eastern Pearl River Delt ...
,
India
India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...
,
Jamaica
Jamaica (; ) is an island country situated in the Caribbean Sea. Spanning in area, it is the third-largest island of the Greater Antilles and the Caribbean (after Cuba and Hispaniola). Jamaica lies about south of Cuba, and west of His ...
,
Southern Rhodesia
Southern Rhodesia was a landlocked self-governing British Crown colony in southern Africa, established in 1923 and consisting of British South Africa Company (BSAC) territories lying south of the Zambezi River. The region was informally kn ...
and
Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad and Tobago (, ), officially the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, is the southernmost island country in the Caribbean. Consisting of the main islands Trinidad and Tobago, and numerous much smaller islands, it is situated south of ...
.
The
1938 British Empire Games
The 1938 British Empire Games was the third British Empire Games, the event that evolved to become the Commonwealth Games. Held in Sydney, Australia from 5–12 February 1938, they were timed to coincide with Sydney's sesqui-centenary (150 ye ...
were the third
British Empire Games
The Commonwealth Games, often referred to as the Friendly Games or simply the Comm Games, are a quadrennial international multi-sport event among athletes from the Commonwealth of Nations. The event was first held in 1930, and, with the exce ...
, which were held in
Sydney
Sydney ( ) is the capital city of the state of New South Wales, and the most populous city in both Australia and Oceania. Located on Australia's east coast, the metropolis surrounds Sydney Harbour and extends about towards the Blue Mountain ...
,
New South Wales
)
, nickname =
, image_map = New South Wales in Australia.svg
, map_caption = Location of New South Wales in AustraliaCoordinates:
, subdivision_type = Country
, subdivision_name = Australia
, established_title = Before federation
, es ...
, Australia. They were timed to coincide with Sydney's sesqui-centenary (150 years since the foundation of British settlement in Australia). Held in the
Southern Hemisphere for the first time, the III Games opening ceremony took place at the famed
Sydney Cricket Ground
The Sydney Cricket Ground (SCG) is a sports stadium in Sydney, Australia. It is used for Test cricket, Test, One Day International and Twenty20 cricket, as well as, Australian rules football and occasionally for rugby league, rugby union and as ...
in front of 40,000 spectators. Fifteen nations participated down under at the Sydney Games involving a total of 464 athletes and 43 officials.
Fiji
Fiji ( , ,; fj, Viti, ; Fiji Hindi: फ़िजी, ''Fijī''), officially the Republic of Fiji, is an island country in Melanesia, part of Oceania in the South Pacific Ocean. It lies about north-northeast of New Zealand. Fiji consists ...
and
Ceylon
Sri Lanka (, ; si, ශ්රී ලංකා, Śrī Laṅkā, translit-std=ISO (); ta, இலங்கை, Ilaṅkai, translit-std=ISO ()), formerly known as Ceylon and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an ...
made their debuts. Seven sports were featured in the Sydney Games – athletics, boxing, cycling, lawn bowls, rowing, swimming and diving and wrestling.
The
1950 British Empire Games
The 1950 British Empire Games was the fourth staging of what is now called the Commonwealth Games. It was held in Auckland, New Zealand between 4 and 11 February 1950, after a 12-year gap from the third edition of the games. The main venue was ...
were the fourth edition and was held in
Auckland
Auckland (pronounced ) ( mi, Tāmaki Makaurau) is a large metropolitan city in the North Island of New Zealand. The List of New Zealand urban areas by population, most populous urban area in the country and the List of cities in Oceania by po ...
, New Zealand after a 12-year gap from the third edition of the games. The fourth games were originally awarded to
Montreal
Montreal ( ; officially Montréal, ) is the List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population, second-most populous city in Canada and List of towns in Quebec, most populous city in the Provinces and territories of Canada, Canadian ...
, Canada and were to be held in 1942 but were cancelled due to the
Second World War
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...
. The opening ceremony at
Eden Park
Eden Park is New Zealand's largest sports stadium, with a capacity of 50,000. Located in central Auckland, New Zealand's largest city, it is three kilometres southwest of the CBD, on the boundary between the suburbs of Mount Eden and King ...
was attended by 40,000 spectators, while nearly 250,000 people attended the Auckland Games. Twelve countries sent a total of 590 athletes to
Auckland
Auckland (pronounced ) ( mi, Tāmaki Makaurau) is a large metropolitan city in the North Island of New Zealand. The List of New Zealand urban areas by population, most populous urban area in the country and the List of cities in Oceania by po ...
.
Malaya
Malaya refers to a number of historical and current political entities related to what is currently Peninsular Malaysia in Southeast Asia:
Political entities
* British Malaya (1826–1957), a loose collection of the British colony of the Straits ...
and
Nigeria
Nigeria ( ), , ig, Naìjíríyà, yo, Nàìjíríà, pcm, Naijá , ff, Naajeeriya, kcg, Naijeriya officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a country in West Africa. It is situated between the Sahel to the north and the Gulf o ...
made their first appearances.
British Empire and Commonwealth Games
The fifth edition of the Games, the
1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games
Events
January
* January 1 – The Soviet Union ceases to demand war reparations from West Germany.
* January 3 – The Italian broadcaster RAI officially begins transmitting.
* January 7 – Georgetown-IBM experiment: The fi ...
, were held in
Vancouver
Vancouver ( ) is a major city in western Canada, located in the Lower Mainland region of British Columbia. As the List of cities in British Columbia, most populous city in the province, the 2021 Canadian census recorded 662,248 people in the ...
, British Columbia, Canada. These were the first Games since the name change from
British Empire Games
The Commonwealth Games, often referred to as the Friendly Games or simply the Comm Games, are a quadrennial international multi-sport event among athletes from the Commonwealth of Nations. The event was first held in 1930, and, with the exce ...
took effect in 1952. The fifth edition of the Games placed
Vancouver
Vancouver ( ) is a major city in western Canada, located in the Lower Mainland region of British Columbia. As the List of cities in British Columbia, most populous city in the province, the 2021 Canadian census recorded 662,248 people in the ...
on a world stage and featured memorable sporting moments as well as outstanding entertainment, technical innovation and cultural events. The 'Miracle Mile', as it became known, saw both the gold medallist,
Roger Bannister
Sir Roger Gilbert Bannister (23 March 1929 – 3 March 2018) was an English neurologist and middle-distance athlete who ran the first sub-4-minute mile.
At the 1952 Olympics in Helsinki, Bannister set a British record in the 1500 metres and ...
of England and silver medallist
John Landy of Australia, run sub-four-minute races in an event that was televised live across the world for the first time.
Northern Rhodesia
Northern Rhodesia was a British protectorate in southern Africa, south central Africa, now the independent country of Zambia. It was formed in 1911 by Amalgamation (politics), amalgamating the two earlier protectorates of Barotziland-North-West ...
and
Pakistan
Pakistan ( ur, ), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan ( ur, , label=none), is a country in South Asia. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by population, fifth-most populous country, with a population of almost 24 ...
made their debuts and both performed well, winning eight and six medals respectively.
![1958 Commonwealth Games 3d Stamp](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/1958_Commonwealth_Games_3d_Stamp.jpg)
The
1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games
The 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games (Welsh: Gemau Ymerodraeth Prydain a'r Gymanwlad 1958) were held in Cardiff, Wales, from 18–26 July 1958.
Thirty-five nations sent a total of 1,130 athletes and 228 officials to the Cardiff Games ...
were held in
Cardiff
Cardiff (; cy, Caerdydd ) is the capital and largest city of Wales. It forms a principal area, officially known as the City and County of Cardiff ( cy, Dinas a Sir Caerdydd, links=no), and the city is the eleventh-largest in the United Kingd ...
,
Wales
Wales ( cy, Cymru ) is a Countries of the United Kingdom, country that is part of the United Kingdom. It is bordered by England to the Wales–England border, east, the Irish Sea to the north and west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the ...
. The sixth edition of the games marked the largest sporting event ever held in Wales and it was the smallest country ever to host a British Empire and Commonwealth Games.
Cardiff
Cardiff (; cy, Caerdydd ) is the capital and largest city of Wales. It forms a principal area, officially known as the City and County of Cardiff ( cy, Dinas a Sir Caerdydd, links=no), and the city is the eleventh-largest in the United Kingd ...
had to wait 12 years longer than originally scheduled to become host of the Games, as the 1946 event was cancelled because of the
Second World War
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...
. The Cardiff Games introduced the
Queen's Baton Relay
The Queen's Baton Relay is a relay around the world held prior to the beginning of the Commonwealth Games. The Baton carries a message from the Head of the Commonwealth, currently King Charles III. The Relay traditionally begins at Buckingha ...
, which has been conducted as a prelude to every British Empire and Commonwealth Games ever since. Thirty-five nations sent a total of 1,122 athletes and 228 officials to the Cardiff Games and 23 countries and dependencies won medals, including for the first time, Singapore,
Ghana
Ghana (; tw, Gaana, ee, Gana), officially the Republic of Ghana, is a country in West Africa. It abuts the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean to the south, sharing borders with Ivory Coast in the west, Burkina Faso in the north, and To ...
,
Kenya
)
, national_anthem = "Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu"()
, image_map =
, map_caption =
, image_map2 =
, capital = Nairobi
, coordinates =
, largest_city = Nairobi
, ...
and the
Isle of Man
)
, anthem = "O Land of Our Birth"
, image = Isle of Man by Sentinel-2.jpg
, image_map = Europe-Isle_of_Man.svg
, mapsize =
, map_alt = Location of the Isle of Man in Europe
, map_caption = Location of the Isle of Man (green)
in Europe ...
. In the run up to the Cardiff games, many leading sports stars including
Stanley Matthews,
Jimmy Hill
James William Thomas Hill, OBE (22 July 1928 – 19 December 2015) was an English footballer and later a television personality. His career included almost every role in the sport, including player, trade union leader, coach, manager, director ...
and
Don Revie
Donald George Revie OBE (10 July 1927 – 26 May 1989) was an England international footballer and manager, best known for his successful spell with Leeds United from 1961 until 1974, which immediately preceded his appointment as England manage ...
were signatories in a letter to ''The Times'' on 17 July 1958 deploring the presence of white-only South African sports, opposing 'the policy of apartheid' in international sport and defending 'the principle of racial equality which is embodied in the Declaration of the Olympic Games'.
The
1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games
The 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games were held in Perth, Australia, from 22 November to 1 December 1962. Athletic events were held at Perry Lakes Stadium in the suburb of Floreat and swimming events at Beatty Park in North Perth. The ...
were held in
Perth
Perth is the capital and largest city of the Australian state of Western Australia. It is the fourth most populous city in Australia and Oceania, with a population of 2.1 million (80% of the state) living in Greater Perth in 2020. Perth is ...
,
Western Australia
Western Australia (commonly abbreviated as WA) is a state of Australia occupying the western percent of the land area of Australia excluding external territories. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean to the north and west, the Southern Ocean to th ...
, Australia. Thirty-five countries sent a total of 863 athletes and 178 officials to
Perth
Perth is the capital and largest city of the Australian state of Western Australia. It is the fourth most populous city in Australia and Oceania, with a population of 2.1 million (80% of the state) living in Greater Perth in 2020. Perth is ...
.
Jersey
Jersey ( , ; nrf, Jèrri, label=Jèrriais ), officially the Bailiwick of Jersey (french: Bailliage de Jersey, links=no; Jèrriais: ), is an island country and self-governing Crown Dependencies, Crown Dependency near the coast of north-west F ...
was among the medal winners for the first time, while
British Honduras,
Dominica
Dominica ( or ; Kalinago: ; french: Dominique; Dominican Creole French: ), officially the Commonwealth of Dominica, is an island country in the Caribbean. The capital, Roseau, is located on the western side of the island. It is geographically ...
,
Papua and New Guinea and
St Lucia all made their inaugural Games appearances.
Aden
Aden ( ar, عدن ' Yemeni: ) is a city, and since 2015, the temporary capital of Yemen, near the eastern approach to the Red Sea (the Gulf of Aden), some east of the strait Bab-el-Mandeb. Its population is approximately 800,000 people. ...
also competed by special invitation.
Sarawak
Sarawak (; ) is a States and federal territories of Malaysia, state of Malaysia. The largest among the 13 states, with an area almost equal to that of Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak is located in northwest Borneo Island, and is bordered by the M ...
,
North Borneo
North Borneo (usually known as British North Borneo, also known as the State of North Borneo) was a British Protectorate, British protectorate in the northern part of the island of Borneo, which is present day Sabah. The territory of North Borneo ...
and
Malaya
Malaya refers to a number of historical and current political entities related to what is currently Peninsular Malaysia in Southeast Asia:
Political entities
* British Malaya (1826–1957), a loose collection of the British colony of the Straits ...
competed for the last time before taking part in 1966 under the
Malaysian flag
The national flag of Malaysia, also known as the Stripes of Glory ( ms, Jalur Gemilang), is composed of a field of 14 alternating red and white stripes along the fly and a blue canton bearing a crescent and a 14-point star known as the ''Bin ...
. In addition,
Rhodesia and Nyasaland
The Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, also known as the Central African Federation or CAF, was a colonial federation that consisted of three southern African territories: the self-governing British colony of Southern Rhodesia and the B ...
competed in the Games as an entity for the first and only time.
The
1966 British Empire and Commonwealth Games
The 1966 British Empire and Commonwealth Games were held in Kingston, Jamaica, from 4 to 13 August 1966. This was the first time that the Games had been held outside the so-called White Dominions. They were followed by the 1966 Commonwealth P ...
were held in
Kingston, Jamaica
Kingston is the capital and largest city of Jamaica, located on the southeastern coast of the island. It faces a natural harbour protected by the Palisadoes, a long sand spit which connects the town of Port Royal and the Norman Manley Inter ...
. This was the first time that the Games had been held outside the so-called
White Dominion
The term ''Dominion'' is used to refer to one of several self-governing nations of the British Empire.
"Dominion status" was first accorded to Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Newfoundland, South Africa, and the Irish Free State at the 1926 ...
s. Thirty-four nations (including
South Arabia
South Arabia () is a historical region that consists of the southern region of the Arabian Peninsula in Western Asia, mainly centered in what is now the Republic of Yemen, yet it has also historically included Najran, Jizan, Al-Bahah, and 'Asi ...
) competed in the
Kingston
Kingston may refer to:
Places
* List of places called Kingston, including the five most populated:
** Kingston, Jamaica
** Kingston upon Hull, England
** City of Kingston, Victoria, Australia
** Kingston, Ontario, Canada
** Kingston upon Thames, ...
Games sending a total of 1,316 athletes and officials.
British Commonwealth Games
The
1970 British Commonwealth Games
The 1970 British Commonwealth Games (Scottish Gaelic: Geamannan a 'Cho-fhlaitheis Bhreatainn 1970) were held in Edinburgh, Scotland, from 16 to 25 July 1970.
This was the first time the name British Commonwealth Games was adopted, the first tim ...
were held in
Edinburgh
Edinburgh ( ; gd, Dùn Èideann ) is the capital city of Scotland and one of its 32 Council areas of Scotland, council areas. Historically part of the county of Midlothian (interchangeably Edinburghshire before 1921), it is located in Lothian ...
,
Scotland
Scotland (, ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Covering the northern third of the island of Great Britain, mainland Scotland has a border with England to the southeast and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the ...
. This was the first time the name
British Commonwealth Games
The Commonwealth Games, often referred to as the Friendly Games or simply the Comm Games, are a quadrennial international multi-sport event among athletes from the Commonwealth of Nations. The event was first held in 1930, and, with the exce ...
was adopted, the first time
metric units rather than
imperial units were used in events, the first time the games were held in
Scotland
Scotland (, ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Covering the northern third of the island of Great Britain, mainland Scotland has a border with England to the southeast and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the ...
and also the first time that HM Queen
Elizabeth II
Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; 21 April 1926 – 8 September 2022) was Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms from 6 February 1952 until her death in 2022. She was queen regnant of 32 sovereign states during ...
attended in her capacity as
Head of the Commonwealth.
The
1974 British Commonwealth Games
The 1974 British Commonwealth Games ( mi, 1974 Taumāhekeheke Commonwealth) were held in Christchurch, New Zealand from 24 January to 2 February 1974. The bid vote was held in Edinburgh at the 1970 British Commonwealth Games. The Games were off ...
were held in
Christchurch
Christchurch ( ; mi, Ōtautahi) is the largest city in the South Island of New Zealand and the seat of the Canterbury Region. Christchurch lies on the South Island's east coast, just north of Banks Peninsula on Pegasus Bay. The Avon River / ...
, New Zealand. The Games were officially named ''"the friendly games"'', and was also the first edition to feature a theme song. Following the
massacre of Israeli athletes at the
1972 Munich Olympics
The 1972 Summer Olympics (), officially known as the Games of the XX Olympiad () and commonly known as Munich 1972 (german: München 1972), was an international multi-sport event held in Munich, West Germany, from 26 August to 11 September 1972. ...
, the tenth games at
Christchurch
Christchurch ( ; mi, Ōtautahi) is the largest city in the South Island of New Zealand and the seat of the Canterbury Region. Christchurch lies on the South Island's east coast, just north of Banks Peninsula on Pegasus Bay. The Avon River / ...
were the first
multi-sport event to place the safety of participants and spectators as its uppermost requirement. Security guards surrounded the athlete's village and there was an exceptionally high-profile police presence. Only 22 countries succeeded in winning medals from the total haul of 374 medals on offer, but first time winners included
Western Samoa
Samoa, officially the Independent State of Samoa; sm, Sāmoa, and until 1997 known as Western Samoa, is a Polynesian island country consisting of two main islands ( Savai'i and Upolu); two smaller, inhabited islands ( Manono and Apolima); a ...
,
Lesotho
Lesotho ( ), officially the Kingdom of Lesotho, is a country landlocked country, landlocked as an Enclave and exclave, enclave in South Africa. It is situated in the Maloti Mountains and contains the Thabana Ntlenyana, highest mountains in Sou ...
and Swaziland (since 2018 named
Eswatini
Eswatini ( ; ss, eSwatini ), officially the Kingdom of Eswatini and formerly named Swaziland ( ; officially renamed in 2018), is a landlocked country in Southern Africa. It is bordered by Mozambique to its northeast and South Africa to its no ...
). The theme song for the 1974 British Commonwealth Games was called "Join Together".
Commonwealth Games
The
1978 Commonwealth Games
The 1978 Commonwealth Games were held in Edmonton, Alberta from 3 to 12 August 1978, two years after the 1976 Summer Olympics were held in Montreal, Quebec. They were boycotted by Nigeria, in protest at New Zealand's sporting contacts with apar ...
were held in
Edmonton
Edmonton ( ) is the capital city of the Canadian province of Alberta. Edmonton is situated on the North Saskatchewan River and is the centre of the Edmonton Metropolitan Region, which is surrounded by Alberta's central region. The city ancho ...
, Alberta, Canada. This event was the first to bear the current day name of the Commonwealth Games and also marked a new high as almost 1,500 athletes from 46 countries took part. They were boycotted by
Nigeria
Nigeria ( ), , ig, Naìjíríyà, yo, Nàìjíríà, pcm, Naijá , ff, Naajeeriya, kcg, Naijeriya officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a country in West Africa. It is situated between the Sahel to the north and the Gulf o ...
in protest against
New Zealand
New Zealand ( mi, Aotearoa ) is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main landmasses—the North Island () and the South Island ()—and over 700 smaller islands. It is the sixth-largest island count ...
's sporting contacts with
apartheid
Apartheid (, especially South African English: , ; , "aparthood") was a system of institutionalised racial segregation that existed in South Africa and South West Africa (now Namibia) from 1948 to the early 1990s. Apartheid was ...
-era
South Africa
South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded to the south by of coastline that stretch along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans; to the north by the neighbouring countri ...
, as well as by
Uganda
}), is a landlocked country in East Africa
East Africa, Eastern Africa, or East of Africa, is the eastern subregion of the African continent. In the United Nations Statistics Division scheme of geographic regions, 10-11-(16*) territor ...
in protest at alleged Canadian hostility towards the government of
Idi Amin
Idi Amin Dada Oumee (, ; 16 August 2003) was a Ugandan military officer and politician who served as the third president of Uganda from 1971 to 1979. He ruled as a military dictator and is considered one of the most brutal despots in modern w ...
.
![Commonwealth Games Opening Ceremony - Brisbane 1982](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Commonwealth_Games_Opening_Ceremony_-_Brisbane_1982.jpg)
The
1982 Commonwealth Games
The 1982 Commonwealth Games were held in Brisbane, Australia, from 30 September to 9 October 1982. The Opening Ceremony was held at the QEII Stadium (named after Elizabeth II), in the Brisbane suburb of Nathan. The QEII Stadium was also the a ...
were held in
Brisbane
Brisbane ( ) is the capital and most populous city of the states and territories of Australia, Australian state of Queensland, and the list of cities in Australia by population, third-most populous city in Australia and Oceania, with a populati ...
,
Queensland
)
, nickname = Sunshine State
, image_map = Queensland in Australia.svg
, map_caption = Location of Queensland in Australia
, subdivision_type = Country
, subdivision_name = Australia
, established_title = Before federation
, established_ ...
, Australia. Forty-six nations participated in the
Brisbane
Brisbane ( ) is the capital and most populous city of the states and territories of Australia, Australian state of Queensland, and the list of cities in Australia by population, third-most populous city in Australia and Oceania, with a populati ...
Games with a new record total of 1,583 athletes and 571 officials. As hosts, Australia headed the medal table leading the way ahead of England, Canada,
Scotland
Scotland (, ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Covering the northern third of the island of Great Britain, mainland Scotland has a border with England to the southeast and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the ...
and New Zealand respectively.
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe (), officially the Republic of Zimbabwe, is a landlocked country located in Southeast Africa, between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers, bordered by South Africa to the south, Botswana to the south-west, Zambia to the north, and Mozam ...
made its first appearance at the Games, having earlier competed as Southern Rhodesia and as part of
Rhodesia and Nyasaland
The Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, also known as the Central African Federation or CAF, was a colonial federation that consisted of three southern African territories: the self-governing British colony of Southern Rhodesia and the B ...
. The theme song for the 1982 Commonwealth Games was called "You're Here To Win".
The
1986 Commonwealth Games
The 1986 Commonwealth Games ( gd, Geamannan a 'Cho-fhlaitheis 1986) were held in Edinburgh, Scotland, between 24 July and 2 August 1986. They were the second Games to be held in Edinburgh. Thirty two of the eligible fifty nine countries (largel ...
were held in
Edinburgh
Edinburgh ( ; gd, Dùn Èideann ) is the capital city of Scotland and one of its 32 Council areas of Scotland, council areas. Historically part of the county of Midlothian (interchangeably Edinburghshire before 1921), it is located in Lothian ...
,
Scotland
Scotland (, ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Covering the northern third of the island of Great Britain, mainland Scotland has a border with England to the southeast and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the ...
and were the second Games to be held in
Edinburgh
Edinburgh ( ; gd, Dùn Èideann ) is the capital city of Scotland and one of its 32 Council areas of Scotland, council areas. Historically part of the county of Midlothian (interchangeably Edinburghshire before 1921), it is located in Lothian ...
. Participation at the
1986 Games was affected by a boycott by 32 African, Asian and Caribbean nations in protest at British Prime Minister
Margaret Thatcher
Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher (; 13 October 19258 April 2013) was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990 and Leader of the Conservative Party (UK), Leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 to 1990. S ...
's refusal to condemn sporting contacts of apartheid era South Africa in 1985, but the Games rebounded and continued to grow thereafter. Twenty-six nations did attend the second
Edinburgh
Edinburgh ( ; gd, Dùn Èideann ) is the capital city of Scotland and one of its 32 Council areas of Scotland, council areas. Historically part of the county of Midlothian (interchangeably Edinburghshire before 1921), it is located in Lothian ...
Games and sent a total of 1,662 athletes and 461 officials. The theme song for the 1986 Commonwealth Games was called "Spirit Of Youth".
The
1990 Commonwealth Games
The 1990 Commonwealth Games ( mi, 1990 Taumāhekeheke Commonwealth) were held in Auckland, New Zealand from 24 January – 3 February 1990. It was the 14th Commonwealth Games, and part of New Zealand's 1990 sesquicentennial celebrations. Partic ...
were held in
Auckland
Auckland (pronounced ) ( mi, Tāmaki Makaurau) is a large metropolitan city in the North Island of New Zealand. The List of New Zealand urban areas by population, most populous urban area in the country and the List of cities in Oceania by po ...
, New Zealand. It was the fourteenth Commonwealth Games, the third to be hosted by
New Zealand
New Zealand ( mi, Aotearoa ) is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main landmasses—the North Island () and the South Island ()—and over 700 smaller islands. It is the sixth-largest island count ...
and
Auckland
Auckland (pronounced ) ( mi, Tāmaki Makaurau) is a large metropolitan city in the North Island of New Zealand. The List of New Zealand urban areas by population, most populous urban area in the country and the List of cities in Oceania by po ...
's second. A new record of 55 nations participated in the second
Auckland
Auckland (pronounced ) ( mi, Tāmaki Makaurau) is a large metropolitan city in the North Island of New Zealand. The List of New Zealand urban areas by population, most populous urban area in the country and the List of cities in Oceania by po ...
Games sending 2,826 athletes and officials. Pakistan returned to the Commonwealth in 1989 after withdrawing in 1972, and competed in the 1990 Games after an absence of twenty years. The theme song for the 1990 Commonwealth Games was called "This Is The Moment".
The
1994 Commonwealth Games
The 1994 Commonwealth Games ( French: ''XVéme Jeux du Commonwealth'') were held in Victoria, British Columbia, from 18 to 28 August 1994. Ten types of sports were featured at the Victoria Games: athletics, aquatics, badminton, boxing, cycling, ...
were held in
Victoria, British Columbia, the fourth to take place in Canada. The games marked South Africa's return to the Commonwealth Games following the
apartheid
Apartheid (, especially South African English: , ; , "aparthood") was a system of institutionalised racial segregation that existed in South Africa and South West Africa (now Namibia) from 1948 to the early 1990s. Apartheid was ...
era, and over 30 years since the country last competed in the
Games in 1958.
Namibia
Namibia (, ), officially the Republic of Namibia, is a country in Southern Africa. Its western border is the Atlantic Ocean. It shares land borders with Zambia and Angola to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south and ea ...
made its Commonwealth Games debut. It was also Hong Kong's last appearance at the games before the
transfer of sovereignty from Britain to China. Sixty-three nations sent 2,557 athletes and 914 officials. The theme song for the 1994 Commonwealth Games was called "Let Your Spirit Take Flight".
The
1998 Commonwealth Games
The 1998 Commonwealth Games ''(Malay: Sukan Komanwel 1998)'', officially known as the XVI Commonwealth Games ''(Malay: Sukan Komanwel ke-16)'', was a multi-sport event held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. This edition is marked by several unprecedent ...
were held in
Kuala Lumpur
, anthem = '' Maju dan Sejahtera''
, image_map =
, map_caption =
, pushpin_map = Malaysia#Southeast Asia#Asia
, pushpin_map_caption =
, coordinates =
, su ...
,
Malaysia
Malaysia ( ; ) is a country in Southeast Asia. The federation, federal constitutional monarchy consists of States and federal territories of Malaysia, thirteen states and three federal territories, separated by the South China Sea into two r ...
. For the first time in its 68-year history, the Commonwealth Games were held in Asia. The sixteenth games were also the first Games to feature team sports – an overwhelming success that added large numbers to both participant and TV audience numbers. A new record of 70 countries sent a total of 5,065 athletes and officials to the
Kuala Lumpur
, anthem = '' Maju dan Sejahtera''
, image_map =
, map_caption =
, pushpin_map = Malaysia#Southeast Asia#Asia
, pushpin_map_caption =
, coordinates =
, su ...
Games. The top five countries in the medal standing were Australia, England, Canada,
Malaysia
Malaysia ( ; ) is a country in Southeast Asia. The federation, federal constitutional monarchy consists of States and federal territories of Malaysia, thirteen states and three federal territories, separated by the South China Sea into two r ...
and South Africa.
Nauru
Nauru ( or ; na, Naoero), officially the Republic of Nauru ( na, Repubrikin Naoero) and formerly known as Pleasant Island, is an island country and microstate in Oceania, in the Central Pacific. Its nearest neighbour is Banaba Island in Ki ...
also achieved an impressive haul of three gold medals.
Cameroon
Cameroon (; french: Cameroun, ff, Kamerun), officially the Republic of Cameroon (french: République du Cameroun, links=no), is a country in west-central Africa. It is bordered by Nigeria to the west and north; Chad to the northeast; the C ...
,
Mozambique
Mozambique (), officially the Republic of Mozambique ( pt, Moçambique or , ; ny, Mozambiki; sw, Msumbiji; ts, Muzambhiki), is a country located in southeastern Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east, Tanzania to the north, Malawi ...
,
Kiribati
Kiribati (), officially the Republic of Kiribati ( gil, ibaberikiKiribati),[Kiribati]
''The Wor ...
and
Tuvalu
Tuvalu ( or ; formerly known as the Ellice Islands) is an island country and microstate in the Polynesian subregion of Oceania in the Pacific Ocean. Its islands are situated about midway between Hawaii and Australia. They lie east-northeast ...
debuted. The theme song for the 1998 Commonwealth Games was called "Forever As One".
During the 21st century
The
2002 Commonwealth Games
The 2002 Commonwealth Games, officially known as the XVII Commonwealth Games and commonly known as Manchester 2002 were held in Manchester, England, from 25 July to 4 August, 2002. The 2002 Games were to be hosted in the United Kingdom to coin ...
were held in
Manchester
Manchester () is a city in Greater Manchester, England. It had a population of 552,000 in 2021. It is bordered by the Cheshire Plain to the south, the Pennines to the north and east, and the neighbouring city of Salford to the west. The t ...
, England. The 2002 Games were hosted in England for the first time since 1934 and hosted to coincide with the
Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II, head of the
Commonwealth
A commonwealth is a traditional English term for a political community founded for the common good. Historically, it has been synonymous with "republic". The noun "commonwealth", meaning "public welfare, general good or advantage", dates from the ...
. In terms of sports and events, the 2002 Games were until the 2010 edition the largest Commonwealth Games in history featuring 281 events across 17 sports. The final medal tally was led by Australia, followed by host England and Canada. The 2002 Commonwealth Games had set a new benchmark for hosting the Commonwealth Games and for cities wishing to bid for them with a heavy emphasis on legacy. The theme song for the 2002 Commonwealth Games was called "
Where My Heart Will Take Me".
![MSC, 2006 Commonwealth Games](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/MSC%2C_2006_Commonwealth_Games.jpg)
The
2006 Commonwealth Games
The 2006 Commonwealth Games, officially the XVIII Commonwealth Games and commonly known as Melbourne 2006 (Boonwurrung/Woiwurrung: ''Narrm 2006'' or ''Naarm 2006''), was an international multi-sport event for members of the Commonwealth held ...
were held in
Melbourne
Melbourne ( ; Boonwurrung/Woiwurrung: ''Narrm'' or ''Naarm'') is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria, and the second-most populous city in both Australia and Oceania. Its name generally refers to a met ...
, Australia. The only difference between the
2006 games and the
2002 games was the absence of
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe (), officially the Republic of Zimbabwe, is a landlocked country located in Southeast Africa, between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers, bordered by South Africa to the south, Botswana to the south-west, Zambia to the north, and Mozam ...
, which withdrew from the
Commonwealth of Nations
The Commonwealth of Nations, simply referred to as the Commonwealth, is a political association of 56 member states, the vast majority of which are former territories of the British Empire. The chief institutions of the organisation are the Co ...
. For the first time in the history of the Games the
Queen's Baton
The Queen's Baton Relay is a relay around the world held prior to the beginning of the Commonwealth Games. The Baton carries a message from the Head of the Commonwealth, currently King Charles III. The Relay traditionally begins at Buckingha ...
visited every single Commonwealth nation and territory taking part in the Games, a journey of . Over 4000 athletes took part in the sporting competitions. Again the Top 3 on the medal table is Australia, followed by England and Canada. The theme song for the 2006 Commonwealth Games was called "Together We Are One".
The
2010 Commonwealth Games
The 2010 Commonwealth Games (Hindi: 2010 राष्ट्रमण्डल खेल), officially known as the XIX Commonwealth Games and commonly known as Delhi 2010, was an international multi-sport event that was held in Delhi, India, f ...
were held in Delhi, India. The Games cost $11 billion and are the most expensive Commonwealth Games ever. It was the first time that the Commonwealth Games were held in India, also the first time that a
Commonwealth republic
The republics in the Commonwealth of Nations are the sovereign states in the organisation with a republican form of government. , 36 out of the 56 member states were republics. Charles III, who is the reigning monarch in the Commonwealth realms ...
hosted the games and the second time they were held in Asia after
Kuala Lumpur
, anthem = '' Maju dan Sejahtera''
, image_map =
, map_caption =
, pushpin_map = Malaysia#Southeast Asia#Asia
, pushpin_map_caption =
, coordinates =
, su ...
,
Malaysia
Malaysia ( ; ) is a country in Southeast Asia. The federation, federal constitutional monarchy consists of States and federal territories of Malaysia, thirteen states and three federal territories, separated by the South China Sea into two r ...
in 1998. A total of 6,081 athletes from 71
Commonwealth nations and dependencies competed in 21 sports and 272 events. The final
medal tally was led by
Australia
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a Sovereign state, sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous List of islands of Australia, sma ...
. The host nation
India
India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...
achieved its
best performance ever in any sporting event, finishing second overall.
Rwanda
Rwanda (; rw, u Rwanda ), officially the Republic of Rwanda, is a landlocked country in the Great Rift Valley of Central Africa, where the African Great Lakes region and Southeast Africa converge. Located a few degrees south of the Equator ...
made its Games debut. The theme song for the 2010 Commonwealth Games was called "Live, Rise, Ascend, Win".
The
2014 Commonwealth Games
The 2014 Commonwealth Games ( gd, Geamannan a' Cho-fhlaitheis 2014), officially known as the XX Commonwealth Games and commonly known as Glasgow 2014, ( sco, Glesca 2014 or Glesga 2014; gd, Glaschu 2014), was an international multi-sport ev ...
were held in
Glasgow
Glasgow ( ; sco, Glesca or ; gd, Glaschu ) is the most populous city in Scotland and the fourth-most populous city in the United Kingdom, as well as being the 27th largest city by population in Europe. In 2020, it had an estimated popul ...
, Scotland. It was the largest
multi-sport event ever held in
Scotland
Scotland (, ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Covering the northern third of the island of Great Britain, mainland Scotland has a border with England to the southeast and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the ...
with around 4,950 athletes from 71 different nations and territories competing in 18 different sports, outranking the 1970 and 1986 Commonwealth Games in
Edinburgh
Edinburgh ( ; gd, Dùn Èideann ) is the capital city of Scotland and one of its 32 Council areas of Scotland, council areas. Historically part of the county of Midlothian (interchangeably Edinburghshire before 1921), it is located in Lothian ...
, capital city of
Scotland
Scotland (, ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Covering the northern third of the island of Great Britain, mainland Scotland has a border with England to the southeast and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the ...
.
Usain Bolt
Usain St. Leo Bolt, , (; born 21 August 1986) is a retired Jamaican sprinter, widely considered to be the greatest sprinter of all time. He is the world record holder in the 100 metres, 200 metres, and 4 × 100 metres relay.
An eight- ...
competed in the
4×100 metres relay of the
2014 Commonwealth Games
The 2014 Commonwealth Games ( gd, Geamannan a' Cho-fhlaitheis 2014), officially known as the XX Commonwealth Games and commonly known as Glasgow 2014, ( sco, Glesca 2014 or Glesga 2014; gd, Glaschu 2014), was an international multi-sport ev ...
and set a
Commonwealth Games record
Commonwealth Games records are the best performances in a specific edition of the event's history. As the Commonwealth Games only accepts athletes from the Commonwealth of Nations, the records are not considered as prestigious as World records ...
with his teammates. The Games received acclaim for their organisation, attendance, and the public enthusiasm of the people of Scotland, with
Commonwealth Games Federation chief executive Mike Hooper hailing them as "the standout games in the history of the movement".
The
2018 Commonwealth Games
The 2018 Commonwealth Games, officially known as the XXI Commonwealth Games and also known as Gold Coast 2018, was an international multi-sport event for members of the Commonwealth that were held on the Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia, bet ...
were held in
Gold Coast
Gold Coast may refer to:
Places Africa
* Gold Coast (region), in West Africa, which was made up of the following colonies, before being established as the independent nation of Ghana:
** Portuguese Gold Coast (Portuguese, 1482–1642)
** Dutch G ...
, Queensland, Australia, the fifth time Australia hosted the Games. There were an equal number of events for men and women, the first time in history that a major
multi-sport event had equality in terms of events.
The
2022 Commonwealth Games
The 2022 Commonwealth Games, officially known as the XXII Commonwealth Games and commonly known as Birmingham 2022, was an international multi-sport event for members of the Commonwealth of Nations that took place in Birmingham, England bet ...
were held in
Birmingham
Birmingham ( ) is a city and metropolitan borough in the metropolitan county of West Midlands in England. It is the second-largest city in the United Kingdom with a population of 1.145 million in the city proper, 2.92 million in the West ...
, England. They are be the third Commonwealth Games to be hosted in England following
London 1934 and
Manchester 2002.
The 2022 Commonwealth Games coincided with the
Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II and the 10th anniversary of the
2012 Summer Olympics
The 2012 Summer Olympics (officially the Games of the XXX Olympiad and also known as London 2012) was an international multi-sport event held from 27 July to 12 August 2012 in London, England, United Kingdom. The first event, the ...
and the
2012 Summer Paralympics
The 2012 Summer Paralympics, branded as the London 2012 Paralympic Games, were an international multi-sport parasports event held from 29 August to 9 September 2012 in London, England, United Kingdom. They were the 14th Summer Paralympic Gam ...
, both staged in London.
The 2022 Commonwealth Games were held for the last time under Queen Elizabeth II before her death on 8 September 2022.
On 16 February 2022 it was announced that the
2026 Commonwealth Games
The 2026 Commonwealth Games, officially known as the XXIII Commonwealth Games and commonly known as Victoria 2026, is a multi-sport event for members of the Commonwealth scheduled to take place across four regional sites in the Australian state ...
will be held for a record sixth time in
Australia
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a Sovereign state, sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous List of islands of Australia, sma ...
, but for the first time they will be decentralised, as the state of
Victoria signed as host city. The games will have 4 regional clusters mainly focused in
Bendigo
Bendigo ( ) is a city in Victoria, Australia, located in the Bendigo Valley near the geographical centre of the state and approximately north-west of Melbourne, the state capital.
As of 2019, Bendigo had an urban population of 100,991, makin ...
region and another 3 regional centres. It was also confirmed that the Commonwealth Games, scheduled for 2030 were likely to be awarded to
Hamilton Hamilton may refer to:
People
* Hamilton (name), a common British surname and occasional given name, usually of Scottish origin, including a list of persons with the surname
** The Duke of Hamilton, the premier peer of Scotland
** Lord Hamilt ...
,
Canada
Canada is a country in North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering over , making it the world's second-largest country by tot ...
.
The three nations to have hosted the Commonwealth Games the most times are Australia (5), Canada (4) and New Zealand (3). With the 2022 games, England increased its number to three and in 2026 Australia will have hosted six times. Six Games have taken place in the countries within the United Kingdom (
Scotland
Scotland (, ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Covering the northern third of the island of Great Britain, mainland Scotland has a border with England to the southeast and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the ...
(3) and
Wales
Wales ( cy, Cymru ) is a Countries of the United Kingdom, country that is part of the United Kingdom. It is bordered by England to the Wales–England border, east, the Irish Sea to the north and west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the ...
(1)), two in Asia (
Malaysia
Malaysia ( ; ) is a country in Southeast Asia. The federation, federal constitutional monarchy consists of States and federal territories of Malaysia, thirteen states and three federal territories, separated by the South China Sea into two r ...
(1) and
India
India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...
(1)) and one in the Caribbean (
Jamaica
Jamaica (; ) is an island country situated in the Caribbean Sea. Spanning in area, it is the third-largest island of the Greater Antilles and the Caribbean (after Cuba and Hispaniola). Jamaica lies about south of Cuba, and west of His ...
(1)).
Paraplegic Games
![1962 Commonwealth Paraplegic Games Competitors Team Photograph](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/1962_Commonwealth_Paraplegic_Games_Competitors_Team_Photograph.jpg)
The Commonwealth Paraplegic Games were an international,
multi-sport event involving athletes with a disability from the
Commonwealth countries. The event was sometimes referred to as the Paraplegic Empire Games and British Commonwealth Paraplegic Games. Athletes were generally those with
spinal injuries
A spinal cord injury (SCI) is damage to the spinal cord that causes temporary or permanent changes in its function. Symptoms may include loss of muscle function, sensory system, sensation, or autonomic nervous system, autonomic function in the p ...
or
polio
Poliomyelitis, commonly shortened to polio, is an infectious disease caused by the poliovirus. Approximately 70% of cases are asymptomatic; mild symptoms which can occur include sore throat and fever; in a proportion of cases more severe s ...
. The event was first held in 1962 and disestablished in 1974. The Games were held in the country hosting the Commonwealth Games for able-bodied athletes. The countries that had hosted the Commonwealth Paraplegic Games were Australia, Jamaica, Scotland and New Zealand in
1962
Events January
* January 1 – Western Samoa becomes independent from New Zealand.
* January 3 – Pope John XXIII excommunicates Fidel Castro for preaching communism.
* January 8 – Harmelen train disaster: 93 die in the wors ...
,
1966
Events January
* January 1 – In a coup, Colonel Jean-Bédel Bokassa takes over as military ruler of the Central African Republic, ousting President David Dacko.
* January 3 – 1966 Upper Voltan coup d'état: President Maurice Yaméogo i ...
,
1970
Events
January
* January 1 – Unix time epoch reached at 00:00:00 UTC.
* January 5 – The 7.1 Tonghai earthquake shakes Tonghai County, Yunnan province, China, with a maximum Mercalli intensity scale, Mercalli intensity of X (''Extrem ...
and
1974
Major events in 1974 include the aftermath of the 1973 oil crisis and the resignation of United States President Richard Nixon following the Watergate scandal. In the Middle East, the aftermath of the 1973 Yom Kippur War determined politics; f ...
. Six countries – Australia, England, New Zealand,
Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland ( ga, Tuaisceart Éireann ; sco, label= Ulster-Scots, Norlin Airlann) is a part of the United Kingdom, situated in the north-east of the island of Ireland, that is variously described as a country, province or region. Nort ...
,
Scotland
Scotland (, ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Covering the northern third of the island of Great Britain, mainland Scotland has a border with England to the southeast and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the ...
and
Wales
Wales ( cy, Cymru ) is a Countries of the United Kingdom, country that is part of the United Kingdom. It is bordered by England to the Wales–England border, east, the Irish Sea to the north and west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the ...
— had been represented at all Commonwealth Paraplegic Games. Australia and England had been the top-ranking nation two times each:
1962
Events January
* January 1 – Western Samoa becomes independent from New Zealand.
* January 3 – Pope John XXIII excommunicates Fidel Castro for preaching communism.
* January 8 – Harmelen train disaster: 93 die in the wors ...
,
1974
Major events in 1974 include the aftermath of the 1973 oil crisis and the resignation of United States President Richard Nixon following the Watergate scandal. In the Middle East, the aftermath of the 1973 Yom Kippur War determined politics; f ...
and
1966
Events January
* January 1 – In a coup, Colonel Jean-Bédel Bokassa takes over as military ruler of the Central African Republic, ousting President David Dacko.
* January 3 – 1966 Upper Voltan coup d'état: President Maurice Yaméogo i ...
,
1970
Events
January
* January 1 – Unix time epoch reached at 00:00:00 UTC.
* January 5 – The 7.1 Tonghai earthquake shakes Tonghai County, Yunnan province, China, with a maximum Mercalli intensity scale, Mercalli intensity of X (''Extrem ...
.
Inclusion of EAD events
Athletes with a disability were then first included the
1994 Commonwealth Games
The 1994 Commonwealth Games ( French: ''XVéme Jeux du Commonwealth'') were held in Victoria, British Columbia, from 18 to 28 August 1994. Ten types of sports were featured at the Victoria Games: athletics, aquatics, badminton, boxing, cycling, ...
in
Victoria, British Columbia
Victoria is the capital city of the Canadian province of British Columbia, on the southern tip of Vancouver Island off Canada's Pacific coast. The city has a population of 91,867, and the Greater Victoria area has a population of 397,237. Th ...
when this events was added to athletics and lawn bowls, As at
2002 Commonwealth Games
The 2002 Commonwealth Games, officially known as the XVII Commonwealth Games and commonly known as Manchester 2002 were held in Manchester, England, from 25 July to 4 August, 2002. The 2002 Games were to be hosted in the United Kingdom to coin ...
in Manchester, England, they were included as compulsory events, making them the first fully
inclusive international multi-sport games. This meant that results were included in the medal count and the athletes are full members of each country delegation.
During the 2007 General Assembly of the
Commonwealth Games Federation (CGF) at
Colombo
Colombo ( ; si, කොළඹ, translit=Koḷam̆ba, ; ta, கொழும்பு, translit=Koḻumpu, ) is the executive and judicial capital and largest city of Sri Lanka by population. According to the Brookings Institution, Colombo me ...
,
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka (, ; si, ශ්රී ලංකා, Śrī Laṅkā, translit-std=ISO (); ta, இலங்கை, Ilaṅkai, translit-std=ISO ()), formerly known as Ceylon and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an ...
, the
International Paralympic Committee
The International Paralympic Committee (IPC; german: Internationales Paralympisches Komitee) is an international non-profit organisation and the global governing body for the Paralympic Movement. The IPC organizes the Paralympic Games and fun ...
(IPC) and CGF signed a co-operative agreement to ensure a formal institutional relationship between the two bodies and secure the future participation of elite athletes with a disability (EAD) in future Commonwealth Games.
Then,IPC President
Philip Craven
Sir Philip Lee Craven (born 4 July 1950) is an English sports administrator, former Paralympic wheelchair basketball player, swimmer and track and field athlete. Between 2001 and 2017 he was the second president of the International Paralymp ...
said during the General Assembly:
The co-operation agreement outlined the strong partnership between the IPC and the CGF. It recognised the IPC as the respective sport body and have the function to oversee the co-ordination and delivery of the Commonwealth Games EAD sports programme and committed both organisations to work together in supporting the growth of the Paralympic and Commonwealth Games Movements.
Winter Games
![StMoritz](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/StMoritz.jpg)
The
Commonwealth Winter Games The Commonwealth Winter Games was a multi-sport event comprising winter sports, last held in 1966. Three editions of the Games have been staged. The Winter Games were designed as a counterbalance to the Commonwealth Games, which focuses on summer sp ...
was a
multi-sport event comprising
winter sports
Winter sports or winter activities are competitive sports or non-competitive recreational activities which are played on snow or ice. Most are variations of skiing, ice skating and sledding. Traditionally, such games were only played in cold area ...
, last held in 1966. Three editions of the Games have been staged. The Winter Games were designed as a counterbalance to the Commonwealth Games, which focuses on summer sports, to accompany the
Winter Olympics and
Summer Olympic Games
The Summer Olympic Games (french: link=no, Jeux olympiques d'été), also known as the Games of the Olympiad, and often referred to as the Summer Olympics, is a major international multi-sport event normally held once every four years. The inau ...
. The winter Games were founded by
T.D. Richardson
Thomas Dow "Tyke" Richardson OBE (16 January 1887 – 7 January 1971) was a British competitive pair skater, author and judge.
With his wife, Mildred Richardson, he represented Great Britain at the 1924 Winter Olympics, where they place ...
.
[Semanticus.info]
T.D. Richardson
(accessed 7 July 2012) The 1958 Commonwealth Winter Games were held in
St. Moritz
St. Moritz (also german: Sankt Moritz, rm, , it, San Maurizio, french: Saint-Moritz) is a high Alpine resort town in the Engadine in Switzerland, at an elevation of about above sea level. It is Upper Engadine's major town and a municipality in ...
,
Switzerland
). Swiss law does not designate a ''capital'' as such, but the federal parliament and government are installed in Bern, while other federal institutions, such as the federal courts, are in other cities (Bellinzona, Lausanne, Luzern, Neuchâtel ...
and was the inaugural games for the winter edition. The 1962 Games were also held in St. Moritz, complementing the
1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games
The 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games were held in Perth, Australia, from 22 November to 1 December 1962. Athletic events were held at Perry Lakes Stadium in the suburb of Floreat and swimming events at Beatty Park in North Perth. The ...
in
Perth
Perth is the capital and largest city of the Australian state of Western Australia. It is the fourth most populous city in Australia and Oceania, with a population of 2.1 million (80% of the state) living in Greater Perth in 2020. Perth is ...
, Australia, and the 1966 event was held in St. Moritz as well, following which the idea was discontinued.
Youth Games
The Commonwealth Youth Games is an international
multi-sport event organised by the
Commonwealth Games Federation. The Games are held every four years with the current Commonwealth Games format. The
Commonwealth Games Federation discussed the idea of a Millennium Commonwealth Youth Games in 1997. In 1998 the concept was agreed on for the purpose of providing a Commonwealth multi-sport event for young people born in the calendar year 1986 or later. The first version was held in
Edinburgh
Edinburgh ( ; gd, Dùn Èideann ) is the capital city of Scotland and one of its 32 Council areas of Scotland, council areas. Historically part of the county of Midlothian (interchangeably Edinburghshire before 1921), it is located in Lothian ...
,
Scotland
Scotland (, ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Covering the northern third of the island of Great Britain, mainland Scotland has a border with England to the southeast and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the ...
from 10 to 14 August 2000. The age limitation of the athletes is 14 to 18.
Commonwealth Games Federation
![London Shopping 002 (6166876525) (2)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/London_Shopping_002_%286166876525%29_%282%29.jpg)
The Commonwealth Games Federation (CGF) is the international organisation responsible for the direction and control of the Commonwealth Games and
Commonwealth Youth Games
The Commonwealth Youth Games (CYG) is an international multi-sport event organized by the Commonwealth Games Federation. The games were held in the years, mid-way between when the Commonwealth Games are held, until 2008. They continued to be held ...
, and is the foremost authority in matters relating to the games. The Commonwealth House in London, England hosts the headquarters of CGF. The Commonwealth House also hosts the headquarters of the
Royal Commonwealth Society
The Royal Commonwealth Society (RCS) is a non-governmental organisation with a mission to promote the value of the Commonwealth and the values upon which it is based. The Society upholds the values of the Commonwealth Charter, promoting confli ...
and the
Commonwealth Local Government Forum
The Commonwealth Local Government Forum (CLGF) is a global local government organisation, bringing together local authorities, their national associations and the ministries responsible for local government in the member countries of the Commonwe ...
.
As the
International Olympic Committee
The International Olympic Committee (IOC; french: link=no, Comité international olympique, ''CIO'') is a non-governmental sports organisation based in Lausanne, Switzerland. It is constituted in the form of an association under the Swiss ...
the Commonwealth Games Movement is made of three major elements:
*
International Federations
A sports governing body is a sports organization that has a regulatory or sanctioning function.
Sports governing bodies come in various forms and have a variety of regulatory functions. Examples of this can include disciplinary action for rule i ...
(IFs) are the
governing bodies that supervise a sport at an international level. For example, the International Basketball Federation (
FIBA
The International Basketball Federation (FIBA ; French: ) is an association of national organizations which governs the sport of basketball worldwide. Originally known as the (hence FIBA), in 1989 it dropped the word ''amateur'' from its na ...
) is the international governing body for basketball.
*
Commonwealth Games Associations
A Commonwealth Games Association (CGA) is a national sports council of the Commonwealth Sports movement. Each association is responsible for organising, supporting and overseeing their national team for both the Commonwealth Games and the Commonwe ...
(CGAs) represent and regulate the Commonwealth Games Movement within each country and perform similar functions as the
National Olympic Committees. For example, the
Commonwealth Games England
Commonwealth Games England (CGE) is the national Commonwealth Games Association for England. The council is responsible for supporting and managing the participation of England at the Commonwealth Games, Team England at the Commonwealth Games'.
...
(CGE) is the CGA of England. There are currently 72 CGAs recognised by the CGF.
* Organising Committees for the Commonwealth Games (OCCWGs) are temporary committees responsible for the organisation of each Commonwealth Games. OCCWGs are dissolved after each Games once the final report is delivered to the CGF.
English is the official language of the Commonwealth. The other language used at each Commonwealth Games is the language of the host country (or languages, if a country has more than one official language apart from English). Every proclamation (such as the announcement of each country during the parade of nations in the opening ceremony) is spoken in these two (or more) languages. If the host country does this, it is their responsibility to chose the language{s) and their order.
King's Baton Relay
![Bilston St](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Bilston_St.-Garrick_St._-_geograph.org.uk_-_536739.jpg)
The King's Baton Relay, is a relay around the world held prior to the beginning of the Commonwealth Games. The Baton carries a message from the
Head of the Commonwealth, currently King
Charles III
Charles III (Charles Philip Arthur George; born 14 November 1948) is King of the United Kingdom and the 14 other Commonwealth realms. He was the longest-serving heir apparent and Prince of Wales and, at age 73, became the oldest person to ...
. The Relay traditionally begins at
Buckingham Palace
Buckingham Palace () is a London royal residence and the administrative headquarters of the monarch of the United Kingdom. Located in the City of Westminster, the palace is often at the centre of state occasions and royal hospitality. It ...
in London as a part of the city's
Commonwealth Day
Commonwealth Day (formerly Empire Day) is the annual celebration of the Commonwealth of Nations, since 1977 often held on the second Monday in March. It is marked by an Anglican service in Westminster Abbey, normally attended by the monarch a ...
festivities. The King entrusts the baton to the first relay runner. At the Opening Ceremony of the Games, the final relay runner hands the baton back to the King or his representative, who reads the message aloud to officially open the Games. The King's Baton Relay is similar to the
Olympic Torch Relay.
The Relay was introduced at the
1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games
The 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games (Welsh: Gemau Ymerodraeth Prydain a'r Gymanwlad 1958) were held in Cardiff, Wales, from 18–26 July 1958.
Thirty-five nations sent a total of 1,130 athletes and 228 officials to the Cardiff Games ...
in
Cardiff
Cardiff (; cy, Caerdydd ) is the capital and largest city of Wales. It forms a principal area, officially known as the City and County of Cardiff ( cy, Dinas a Sir Caerdydd, links=no), and the city is the eleventh-largest in the United Kingd ...
, Wales as the Queen's Baton Relay. Up until, and including, the
1994 Games, the Relay only went through England and the host nation. The Relay for the
1998 Games in Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia
Malaysia ( ; ) is a country in Southeast Asia. The federation, federal constitutional monarchy consists of States and federal territories of Malaysia, thirteen states and three federal territories, separated by the South China Sea into two r ...
was the first to travel to other nations of the Commonwealth. The
Gold Coast 2018 Queen's Baton Relay was the longest in Commonwealth Games history. Covering 230,000 km (150,000 miles) over 388 days, the Baton made its way through the six Commonwealth regions of Africa, the Americas, the Caribbean, Europe, Asia and Oceania. For the first time, the Queen's Baton was presented at the
Commonwealth Youth Games
The Commonwealth Youth Games (CYG) is an international multi-sport event organized by the Commonwealth Games Federation. The games were held in the years, mid-way between when the Commonwealth Games are held, until 2008. They continued to be held ...
during its
sixth edition in 2017 which were held in
Nassau
Nassau may refer to:
Places Bahamas
*Nassau, Bahamas, capital city of the Bahamas, on the island of New Providence
Canada
*Nassau District, renamed Home District, regional division in Upper Canada from 1788 to 1792
*Nassau Street (Winnipeg), ...
, Bahamas.
Ceremonies
Opening
![Comm Games 2006 finale](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Comm_Games_2006_finale.JPG)
Various elements frame the opening ceremony of the Commonwealth Games. This ceremony takes place before the events have occurred. The ceremony typically starts with the hoisting of the host country's flag and a performance of its national anthem. The flag of the Commonwealth Games Federation, flag of the last hosting nation and the next hosting nation are also hosted during the opening ceremony. The host nation then presents artistic displays of music, singing, dance and theatre representative of its culture. The artistic presentations have grown in scale and complexity as successive hosts attempt to provide a ceremony that outlasts its predecessor's in terms of memorability. The opening ceremony of the Delhi Games reportedly cost $70 million, with much of the cost incurred in the artistic segment.
After the artistic portion of the ceremony, the athletes parade into the stadium grouped by nation. The last hosting nation is traditionally the first nation to enter. Nations then enter the stadium alphabetical or continental wise with the host country's athletes being the last to enter. Speeches are given, formally opening the Games. Finally, the
King's Baton is brought into the stadium and passed on until it reaches the final baton carrier, often a successful Commonwealth athlete from the host nation, who hands it over to the
Head of the Commonwealth or his representative.
Closing
The closing ceremony of the Commonwealth Games takes place after all sporting events have concluded. Flag-bearers from each participating country enter the stadium, followed by the athletes who enter together, without any national distinction. The president of the organising committee and the CGF president make their closing speeches and the Games are officially closed. The CGF president also speaks about the conduct of the games. The mayor of the city that organised the Games transfers the CGF flag to the president of the CGF, who then passes it on to the mayor of the city hosting the next Commonwealth Games. The next host nation then also briefly introduces itself with artistic displays of dance and theatre representative of its culture. Many great artists and singers had performed at the ceremonies of the Commonwealth Games.
At the closing ceremony of every Commonwealth Games the CGF President makes an award and presents a trophy to one athlete who has competed with particular distinction and honour both in terms of athletic performance and overall contribution to his or her team. Athletes are nominated by their Commonwealth Games Association at the end of the final day of competition and the winner is selected by a panel comprising the CGF President and representatives from each of the six Commonwealth Regions. The ‘
David Dixon Award’ as it is called was introduced in
Manchester 2002, after the late David Dixon, former Honorary Secretary of the
CGF, in honour of his monumental contribution to Commonwealth sport for many years.
Medal presentation
A medal ceremony is held after each event is concluded. The winner, second and third-place competitors or teams stand on top of a three-tiered rostrum to be awarded their respective medals. After the medals are given out by a CGF member, the national flags of the three medallists are raised while the
national anthem
A national anthem is a patriotic musical composition symbolizing and evoking eulogies of the history and traditions of a country or nation. The majority of national anthems are marches or hymns in style. American, Central Asian, and European n ...
of the gold medallist's country plays. Volunteering citizens of the host country also act as hosts during the medal ceremonies, as they aid the officials who present the medals and act as flag-bearers.
Anthems
"
God Save the King
"God Save the King" is the national anthem, national and/or royal anthem of the United Kingdom, most of the Commonwealth realms, their territories, and the British Crown Dependencies. The author of the tune is unknown and it may originate in ...
" is an official or
national anthem
A national anthem is a patriotic musical composition symbolizing and evoking eulogies of the history and traditions of a country or nation. The majority of national anthems are marches or hymns in style. American, Central Asian, and European n ...
of
multiple Commonwealth countries. As a result, and due to the
countries of the United Kingdom
The United Kingdom, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (UK), since 1922, comprises three constituent countries and a region: England, Scotland, and Wales (which collectively make up the region of Great Britain), as well as Nor ...
competing individually, it is not played in some official events, medal ceremonies or before matches in team events.
Anthems used at the Commonwealth Games which differ from a currently-eligible country's national or official anthem(s):
{, class="wikitable"
, -
!Country
!Anthem used at the Commonwealth Games
!National/official anthem(s)
, -
,
, "
God Bless Anguilla
"God Bless Anguilla" is the national song of the British overseas territory of Anguilla. Adopted in 1981, shortly after the separation of Anguilla from Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla, it is considered the official local anthem, as "God Save the ...
"
, rowspan="4" , "
God Save the King
"God Save the King" is the national anthem, national and/or royal anthem of the United Kingdom, most of the Commonwealth realms, their territories, and the British Crown Dependencies. The author of the tune is unknown and it may originate in ...
"
, -
,
, "
Hail to Bermuda
"Hail to Bermuda", also known as "This Island's Mine", is the territorial anthem of Bermuda, written and composed by Bette Johns. The official anthem is the national anthem of the United Kingdom, "God Save the King", as the island is a British ...
"
, -
,
, "
Oh, Beautiful Virgin Islands
"Oh, Beautiful Virgin Islands" is the official territorial song of the British Virgin Islands (often called the BVI). The song was composed by brother and sister team Kareem Nelson Hull and Ayana Hull, both Virgin Islanders. It was adopted as t ...
"
, -
,
, "
Beloved Isle Cayman"
, -
,
, "
Land of Hope and Glory" (until 2010)
"
Jerusalem
Jerusalem (; he, יְרוּשָׁלַיִם ; ar, القُدس ) (combining the Biblical and common usage Arabic names); grc, Ἱερουσαλήμ/Ἰεροσόλυμα, Hierousalḗm/Hierosóluma; hy, Երուսաղեմ, Erusałēm. i ...
" (since 2010)
, ''None''; "God Save the King" as part of the United Kingdom
, -
,
, "
Song of the Falklands
"Song of the Falklands" is the unofficial anthem of the Falkland Islands ("God Save the King" being the official). It was written in the 1930s by Christopher Lanham, a Hampshire schoolteacher, while working on West Falkland.
Lyrics
I
In my h ...
"
, rowspan="5" , "God Save the King"
, -
,
, "
Gibraltar Anthem
The "Gibraltar Anthem" is the national song of the British overseas territory of Gibraltar.
In common with the United Kingdom, Crown dependencies and other British territories, the official national anthem of Gibraltar is "God Save the King". T ...
"
, -
,
, "
Sarnia Cherie
"Sarnia Cherie" () is used as the unofficial anthem of Guernsey, one of the Channel Islands. ''Sarnia'' is a traditional Latin name for the island. George Deighton wrote "Sarnia Cherie" in 1911, with Domenico Santangelo composing the tune later ...
"
, -
,
, "
Island Home"
, -
,
, "
Motherland"
, -
,
, "
God Defend New Zealand"
, "God Defend New Zealand" (since 1976)
"God Save the King"
, -
,
, "
Ko e Iki he Lagi"
, "God Defend New Zealand" (since 1976)
"God Save the King"
, -
,
, "
Come Ye Blessed
"Come Ye Blessed" is one of the two territorial songs of the British overseas territory of the Pitcairn Islands, the other being " We from Pitcairn Island". "Come Ye Blessed" is also the official territorial song of the Australian territory of ...
"
, "
Advance Australia Fair"
, -
,
, "
Londonderry Air"
, ''None''; "God Save the King" as part of the United Kingdom
, -
,
, "
My Saint Helena Island
My Saint Helena Island is the unofficial regional anthem of Saint Helena. It was written by Dave Mitchell in 1975, after persuasion from the inhabitants of Saint Helena. As a British Overseas Territory, the national anthem is "God Save the King ...
"
, "God Save the King"
, -
,
, "
Scotland the Brave" (until 2010)
"
O Flower of Scotland" (since 2010)
, ''None''; "God Save the King" as part of the United Kingdom
, -
,
, "
This Land of Ours
"This Land of Ours" is the local national song of the Turks and Caicos Islands, composed by Dr. Rev. Conrad Howell (December 12, 1962 – September 11, 2015). As a British Overseas Territory, the official national anthem is "God Save the King
...
"
, "God Save the King"
, -
,
, "
Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau"
, "God Save the King" as part of the United Kingdom
"Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau"
List of Commonwealth Games
{, class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 80%; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"
, -
! rowspan=1 style="background:#2874A6; color:white;" , Year
! rowspan=1 style="background:#2874A6; color:white;" , Edition
! rowspan=1 style="background:#2874A6; color:white;" , Host city
! rowspan=1 style="background:#2874A6; color:white;" , Host Association
! rowspan=1 style="background:#2874A6; color:white;" , Opened by
! rowspan=1 style="background:#2874A6; color:white;" , Sports
! rowspan=1 style="background:#2874A6; color:white;" , Events
! rowspan=1 style="background:#2874A6; color:white;" , Teams
! rowspan=1 style="background:#2874A6; color:white;" , Start date
! rowspan=1 style="background:#2874A6; color:white;" , End date
! rowspan=1 style="background:#2874A6; color:white;" , Competitors
! rowspan=1 style="background:#2874A6; color:white;" , Top Association
! rowspan=1 style="background:#2874A6; color:white;" , Ref
, -
! colspan="13" ,
Inter-Empire Championships
, -
, align="center" , 1911
, align=center,
–
, align=left,
London
London is the capital and largest city of England and the United Kingdom, with a population of just under 9 million. It stands on the River Thames in south-east England at the head of a estuary down to the North Sea, and has been a majo ...
, align=left,
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotland, Wales and North ...
,
George V
George V (George Frederick Ernest Albert; 3 June 1865 – 20 January 1936) was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 6 May 1910 until Death and state funeral of George V, his death in 1936.
Born duri ...
, align="center" , 4 , , align="center" , 9 , , align="center" , 4
, align=center, 12 May
, align=center, 1 June , , align="center" , Unknown
, align=left,
Note The 1911 Inter-Empire Championships held in London (as part of a festival to celebrate the coronation of King George V) is seen as a precursor to the modern Commonwealth Games, but is not normally considered an official edition of the Games themselves. Also, the United Kingdom competed as one country, unlike the Commonwealth Games today when they compete as England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Wales to its west and Scotland to its north. The Irish Sea lies northwest and the Celtic Sea to the southwest. It is separated from continental Europe b ...
, Wales
Wales ( cy, Cymru ) is a Countries of the United Kingdom, country that is part of the United Kingdom. It is bordered by England to the Wales–England border, east, the Irish Sea to the north and west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the ...
, Scotland
Scotland (, ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Covering the northern third of the island of Great Britain, mainland Scotland has a border with England to the southeast and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the ...
, and Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland ( ga, Tuaisceart Éireann ; sco, label= Ulster-Scots, Norlin Airlann) is a part of the United Kingdom, situated in the north-east of the island of Ireland, that is variously described as a country, province or region. Nort ...
. Canada topped the medal table by winning 4 events.
Editions
{, class="wikitable sortable" width= align="center"
, +Overview of Commonwealth Games
! rowspan=1 style="background:#2874A6; color:white;" , Year
! rowspan=1 style="background:#2874A6; color:white;" , Edition
! rowspan=1 style="background:#2874A6; color:white;" , Host city
! rowspan=1 style="background:#2874A6; color:white;" , Host Association
! rowspan=1 style="background:#2874A6; color:white;" , Opened by
! rowspan=1 style="background:#2874A6; color:white;" , Sports
! rowspan=1 style="background:#2874A6; color:white;" , Events
! rowspan=1 style="background:#2874A6; color:white;" , Associations
! rowspan=1 style="background:#2874A6; color:white;" , Start date
! rowspan=1 style="background:#2874A6; color:white;" , End date
! rowspan=1 style="background:#2874A6; color:white;" , Competitors
! rowspan=1 style="background:#2874A6; color:white;" , Top Association
! rowspan=1 style="background:#2874A6; color:white;" , Ref
, -
, align=center, 1930
, align="center" ,
, align=left,
Hamilton Hamilton may refer to:
People
* Hamilton (name), a common British surname and occasional given name, usually of Scottish origin, including a list of persons with the surname
** The Duke of Hamilton, the premier peer of Scotland
** Lord Hamilt ...
, align=left,
Canada
Canada is a country in North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering over , making it the world's second-largest country by tot ...
,
Viscount Willingdon
, align="center" , 6 , , align="center" , 59 , , align="center" , 11
, align=center,
, align=center, , , align="center" , 400
, align=left,
, align=center
, -
, -
, align=center, 1934
, align="center" ,
, align=left,
London
London is the capital and largest city of England and the United Kingdom, with a population of just under 9 million. It stands on the River Thames in south-east England at the head of a estuary down to the North Sea, and has been a majo ...
, align=left,
England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Wales to its west and Scotland to its north. The Irish Sea lies northwest and the Celtic Sea to the southwest. It is separated from continental Europe b ...
,
George V, King George V
, align="center" , 6 , , align="center" , 68 , , align="center" , 16
, align=center,
, align=center, , , align="center" , 500
, align=left,
, align=center
, -
, align=center, 1938
, align="center" ,
, align=left,
Sydney
Sydney ( ) is the capital city of the state of New South Wales, and the most populous city in both Australia and Oceania. Located on Australia's east coast, the metropolis surrounds Sydney Harbour and extends about towards the Blue Mountain ...
, align=left,
Australia
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a Sovereign state, sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous List of islands of Australia, sma ...
,
John Loder, 2nd Baron Wakehurst, Lord Wakehurst
, align="center" , 7 , , align="center" , 71 , , align="center" , 15
, align=center,
, align=center, , , align="center" , 464
, align=left,
, align=center
, -
, align="center" , 1942
, align=center, –
, align=left,
Montreal
Montreal ( ; officially Montréal, ) is the List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population, second-most populous city in Canada and List of towns in Quebec, most populous city in the Provinces and territories of Canada, Canadian ...
, align=left,
Canada
Canada is a country in North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering over , making it the world's second-largest country by tot ...
, rowspan="2" colspan=12 align=center , ''Cancelled due to
World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...
[The Complete Book of The Commonwealth Games (Gold Coast Edition) by Graham Groom (2017)]''
, -
, align="center" , 1946
, align=center, –
, align=left,
Cardiff
Cardiff (; cy, Caerdydd ) is the capital and largest city of Wales. It forms a principal area, officially known as the City and County of Cardiff ( cy, Dinas a Sir Caerdydd, links=no), and the city is the eleventh-largest in the United Kingd ...
, align=left,
Wales
Wales ( cy, Cymru ) is a Countries of the United Kingdom, country that is part of the United Kingdom. It is bordered by England to the Wales–England border, east, the Irish Sea to the north and west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the ...
, -
, align=center, 1950
, align="center" ,
, align=left,
Auckland
Auckland (pronounced ) ( mi, Tāmaki Makaurau) is a large metropolitan city in the North Island of New Zealand. The List of New Zealand urban areas by population, most populous urban area in the country and the List of cities in Oceania by po ...
, align=left,
New Zealand
New Zealand ( mi, Aotearoa ) is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main landmasses—the North Island () and the South Island ()—and over 700 smaller islands. It is the sixth-largest island count ...
,
Bernard Freyberg, Sir Bernard Freyberg
, align="center" , 9 , , align="center" , 88 , , align="center" , 12
, align=center,
, align=center, , , align="center" , 590
, align=left,
, align=center
, -
, align=center, 1954
, align="center" ,
, align=left,
Vancouver
Vancouver ( ) is a major city in western Canada, located in the Lower Mainland region of British Columbia. As the List of cities in British Columbia, most populous city in the province, the 2021 Canadian census recorded 662,248 people in the ...
, align=left,
Canada
Canada is a country in North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering over , making it the world's second-largest country by tot ...
,
Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis, Earl Alexander of Tunis
, align="center" , 9 , , align="center" , 91 , , align="center" , 24
, align=center,
, align=center, , , align="center" , 662
, align=left,
, align=center
, -
, align=center, 1958
, align="center" ,
, align=left,
Cardiff
Cardiff (; cy, Caerdydd ) is the capital and largest city of Wales. It forms a principal area, officially known as the City and County of Cardiff ( cy, Dinas a Sir Caerdydd, links=no), and the city is the eleventh-largest in the United Kingd ...
, align=left,
Wales
Wales ( cy, Cymru ) is a Countries of the United Kingdom, country that is part of the United Kingdom. It is bordered by England to the Wales–England border, east, the Irish Sea to the north and west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the ...
, rowspan="5",
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
, align="center" , 9 , , align="center" , 94 , , align="center" , 36
, align=center,
, align=center, , , align="center" , 1122
, align=left,
, align=center
, -
, align=center, 1962
, align="center" ,
, align=left,
Perth
Perth is the capital and largest city of the Australian state of Western Australia. It is the fourth most populous city in Australia and Oceania, with a population of 2.1 million (80% of the state) living in Greater Perth in 2020. Perth is ...
, align=left,
Australia
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a Sovereign state, sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous List of islands of Australia, sma ...
, align="center" , 9 , , align="center" , 104 , , align="center" , 35
, align=center,
, align=center, , , align="center" , 863
, align=left,
, align=center
, -
, align=center, 1966
, align="center" ,
, align=left,
Kingston
Kingston may refer to:
Places
* List of places called Kingston, including the five most populated:
** Kingston, Jamaica
** Kingston upon Hull, England
** City of Kingston, Victoria, Australia
** Kingston, Ontario, Canada
** Kingston upon Thames, ...
, align=left,
Jamaica
Jamaica (; ) is an island country situated in the Caribbean Sea. Spanning in area, it is the third-largest island of the Greater Antilles and the Caribbean (after Cuba and Hispaniola). Jamaica lies about south of Cuba, and west of His ...
, align="center" , 9 , , align="center" , 110 , , align="center" , 34
, align=center,
, align=center, , , align="center" , 1050
, align=left,
, align=center
, -
, align=center, 1970
, align="center" ,
, align=left,
Edinburgh
Edinburgh ( ; gd, Dùn Èideann ) is the capital city of Scotland and one of its 32 Council areas of Scotland, council areas. Historically part of the county of Midlothian (interchangeably Edinburghshire before 1921), it is located in Lothian ...
, align=left,
Scotland
Scotland (, ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Covering the northern third of the island of Great Britain, mainland Scotland has a border with England to the southeast and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the ...
, align="center" , 9 , , align="center" , 121 , , align="center" , 42
, align=center,
, align=center, , , align="center" , 1383
, align=left,
, align=center
, -
, align=center, 1974
, align="center" ,
, align=left,
Christchurch
Christchurch ( ; mi, Ōtautahi) is the largest city in the South Island of New Zealand and the seat of the Canterbury Region. Christchurch lies on the South Island's east coast, just north of Banks Peninsula on Pegasus Bay. The Avon River / ...
, align=left,
New Zealand
New Zealand ( mi, Aotearoa ) is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main landmasses—the North Island () and the South Island ()—and over 700 smaller islands. It is the sixth-largest island count ...
, align="center" , 9 , , align="center" , 121 , , align="center" , 38
, align=center,
, align=center, , , align="center" , 1276
, align=left,
, align=center
, -
, align=center, 1978
, align="center" ,
, align=left,
Edmonton
Edmonton ( ) is the capital city of the Canadian province of Alberta. Edmonton is situated on the North Saskatchewan River and is the centre of the Edmonton Metropolitan Region, which is surrounded by Alberta's central region. The city ancho ...
, align=left,
Canada
Canada is a country in North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering over , making it the world's second-largest country by tot ...
,
Elizabeth II, Queen Elizabeth II
, align="center" , 10 , , align="center" , 128 , , align="center" , 46
, align=center,
, align=center, , , align="center" , 1474
, align=left,
, align=center
, -
, align=center, 1982
, align="center" ,
, align=left,
Brisbane
Brisbane ( ) is the capital and most populous city of the states and territories of Australia, Australian state of Queensland, and the list of cities in Australia by population, third-most populous city in Australia and Oceania, with a populati ...
, align=left,
Australia
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a Sovereign state, sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous List of islands of Australia, sma ...
,
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
, align="center" , 10 , , align="center" , 142 , , align="center" , 46
, align=center,
, align=center, , , align="center" , 1583
, align=left,
, align=center
, -
, align=center, 1986
, align="center" ,
, align=left,
Edinburgh
Edinburgh ( ; gd, Dùn Èideann ) is the capital city of Scotland and one of its 32 Council areas of Scotland, council areas. Historically part of the county of Midlothian (interchangeably Edinburghshire before 1921), it is located in Lothian ...
, align=left,
Scotland
Scotland (, ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Covering the northern third of the island of Great Britain, mainland Scotland has a border with England to the southeast and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the ...
,
Elizabeth II, Queen Elizabeth II
, align="center" , 10 , , align="center" , 163 , , align="center" , 26
, align=center,
, align=center, , , align="center" , 1662
, align=left,
, align=center
, -
, align=center, 1990
, align="center" ,
, align=left,
Auckland
Auckland (pronounced ) ( mi, Tāmaki Makaurau) is a large metropolitan city in the North Island of New Zealand. The List of New Zealand urban areas by population, most populous urban area in the country and the List of cities in Oceania by po ...
, align=left,
New Zealand
New Zealand ( mi, Aotearoa ) is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main landmasses—the North Island () and the South Island ()—and over 700 smaller islands. It is the sixth-largest island count ...
,
Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex, Prince Edward
, align="center" , 10 , , align="center" , 204 , , align="center" , 55
, align=center,
, align=center, , , align="center" , 2073
, align=left,
, align=center
, -
, align=center, 1994
, align="center" ,
, align=left,
Victoria
, align=left,
Canada
Canada is a country in North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering over , making it the world's second-largest country by tot ...
,
Elizabeth II, Queen Elizabeth II
, align="center" , 10 , , align="center" , 217 , , align="center" , 63
, align=center,
, align=center, , , align="center" , 2557
, align=left,
, align=center
, -
, align=center, 1998
, align="center" ,
, align=left,
Kuala Lumpur
, anthem = '' Maju dan Sejahtera''
, image_map =
, map_caption =
, pushpin_map = Malaysia#Southeast Asia#Asia
, pushpin_map_caption =
, coordinates =
, su ...
, align=left,
Malaysia
Malaysia ( ; ) is a country in Southeast Asia. The federation, federal constitutional monarchy consists of States and federal territories of Malaysia, thirteen states and three federal territories, separated by the South China Sea into two r ...
,
Tuanku Jaafar
, align="center" , 15 , , align="center" , 213 , , align="center" , 70
, align=center,
, align=center, , , align="center" , 3633
, align=left,
, align=center
, -
, align=center, 2002
, align="center" ,
, align=left,
Manchester
Manchester () is a city in Greater Manchester, England. It had a population of 552,000 in 2021. It is bordered by the Cheshire Plain to the south, the Pennines to the north and east, and the neighbouring city of Salford to the west. The t ...
, align=left,
England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Wales to its west and Scotland to its north. The Irish Sea lies northwest and the Celtic Sea to the southwest. It is separated from continental Europe b ...
, rowspan="2",
Elizabeth II, Queen Elizabeth II
, align="center" , 17 , , align="center" , 281 , , align="center" , 72
, align=center,
, align=center, , , align="center" , 3679
, align=left,
, align=center
, -
, align=center, 2006
, align="center" ,
, align=left,
Melbourne
Melbourne ( ; Boonwurrung/Woiwurrung: ''Narrm'' or ''Naarm'') is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria, and the second-most populous city in both Australia and Oceania. Its name generally refers to a met ...
, align=left,
Australia
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a Sovereign state, sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous List of islands of Australia, sma ...
, align="center" , 16 , , align="center" , 245 , , align="center" , 71
, align=center,
, align=center, , , align="center" , 4049
, align=left,
, align=center
, -
, align=center, 2010
, align="center" ,
, align=left,
Delhi
Delhi, officially the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi, is a city and a union territory of India containing New Delhi, the capital of India. Straddling the Yamuna river, primarily its western or right bank, Delhi shares borders w ...
, align=left,
India
India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...
,
Pratibha Patil
Prathibha DeviSingh Patil (born 19 December 1934) is an Indian politician and lawyer who served as the 12th president of India spanning from 2007 to 2012. She is the first woman to become the president of India. A member of the Indian National ...
Charles, Prince of Wales
, align="center" , 17 , , align="center" , 272 , , align="center" , 71
, align=center,
, align=center, , , align="center" , 4352
, align=left,
, align=center
, -
, align=center, 2014
, align="center" ,
, align=left,
Glasgow
Glasgow ( ; sco, Glesca or ; gd, Glaschu ) is the most populous city in Scotland and the fourth-most populous city in the United Kingdom, as well as being the 27th largest city by population in Europe. In 2020, it had an estimated popul ...
, align=left,
Scotland
Scotland (, ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Covering the northern third of the island of Great Britain, mainland Scotland has a border with England to the southeast and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the ...
,
Elizabeth II, Queen Elizabeth II
, align="center" , 17 , , align="center" , 261 , , align="center" , 71
, align=center,
, align=center, , , align="center" , 4947
, align=left,
, align=center
, -
, align=center, 2018
, align="center" ,
, align=left,
Gold Coast
Gold Coast may refer to:
Places Africa
* Gold Coast (region), in West Africa, which was made up of the following colonies, before being established as the independent nation of Ghana:
** Portuguese Gold Coast (Portuguese, 1482–1642)
** Dutch G ...
, align=left,
Australia
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a Sovereign state, sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous List of islands of Australia, sma ...
, align=left rowspan="2",
Charles, Prince of Wales
, align="center" , 19 , , align="center" , 275 , , align="center" , 71
, align=center,
, align=center, , , align="center" , 4426
, align=left,
, align=center
, -
, align=center, 2022
, align="center" ,
, align=left,
Birmingham
Birmingham ( ) is a city and metropolitan borough in the metropolitan county of West Midlands in England. It is the second-largest city in the United Kingdom with a population of 1.145 million in the city proper, 2.92 million in the West ...
, align=left,
England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Wales to its west and Scotland to its north. The Irish Sea lies northwest and the Celtic Sea to the southwest. It is separated from continental Europe b ...
, align="center" , 20 , , align="center" , 280 , , align="center" , 72
, align=center,
, align=center, , , align="center" , 5054
, align=left,
, align=center
, -
, align=center, 2026
, align="center" ,
, align=left,
Victoria (Australia), State of Victoria
, align=left,
Australia
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a Sovereign state, sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous List of islands of Australia, sma ...
,
King Charles III (expected)
, align="center" , 21 , , align="center" , , , align="center" , 75
, align=center,
, align=center, , , align="center" ,
, align=left,
, align= align=center
Medal table
*Note : Nations in ''italics'' no longer participate at the Commonwealth Games.
:''Updated after
2022 Commonwealth Games
The 2022 Commonwealth Games, officially known as the XXII Commonwealth Games and commonly known as Birmingham 2022, was an international multi-sport event for members of the Commonwealth of Nations that took place in Birmingham, England bet ...
'',
*
Totals for Ghana
Ghana (; tw, Gaana, ee, Gana), officially the Republic of Ghana, is a country in West Africa. It abuts the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean to the south, sharing borders with Ivory Coast in the west, Burkina Faso in the north, and To ...
include all medals won as
*
Totals for Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe (), officially the Republic of Zimbabwe, is a landlocked country located in Southeast Africa, between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers, bordered by South Africa to the south, Botswana to the south-west, Zambia to the north, and Mozam ...
include all medals won as
*
Totals for Zambia
Zambia (), officially the Republic of Zambia, is a landlocked country at the crossroads of Central Africa, Central, Southern Africa, Southern and East Africa, although it is typically referred to as being in Southern Africa at its most cent ...
include all medals won as
*
Totals for Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka (, ; si, ශ්රී ලංකා, Śrī Laṅkā, translit-std=ISO (); ta, இலங்கை, Ilaṅkai, translit-std=ISO ()), formerly known as Ceylon and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an ...
include all medals won as
*
Totals for Guyana
Guyana ( or ), officially the Cooperative Republic of Guyana, is a country on the northern mainland of South America. Guyana is an indigenous word which means "Land of Many Waters". The capital city is Georgetown. Guyana is bordered by the ...
include all medals won as
Commonwealth sports
There are a total of 23 sports (with three multi-disciplinary sports) and a ten seven
para-sports which are approved by the Commonwealth Games Federation. Core sports must be included in each program. Several optional sports may be picked by the host nation, which may consist of some team sports such as
basketball
Basketball is a team sport in which two teams, most commonly of five players each, opposing one another on a rectangular Basketball court, court, compete with the primary objective of #Shooting, shooting a basketball (ball), basketball (appr ...
.
{, cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:1em auto;"
, -
, valign="top",
{, class="wikitable sortable"
, -
!Sport
!Type
!Years
, -
,
Archery
Archery is the sport, practice, or skill of using a bow to shoot arrows.Paterson ''Encyclopaedia of Archery'' p. 17 The word comes from the Latin ''arcus'', meaning bow. Historically, archery has been used for hunting and combat. In m ...
, Core
, 1982, 2010
, -
,
Athletics
Athletics may refer to:
Sports
* Sport of athletics, a collection of sporting events that involve competitive running, jumping, throwing, and walking
** Track and field, a sub-category of the above sport
* Athletics (physical culture), competiti ...
, Core
, 1930–present
, -
,
Para Athletics
, Core
, 1994, 2002–present
, -
,
Badminton
Badminton is a racquet sport played using racquets to hit a shuttlecock across a net. Although it may be played with larger teams, the most common forms of the game are "singles" (with one player per side) and "doubles" (with two players pe ...
, Core
, 1966–present
, -
,
Basketball
Basketball is a team sport in which two teams, most commonly of five players each, opposing one another on a rectangular Basketball court, court, compete with the primary objective of #Shooting, shooting a basketball (ball), basketball (appr ...
,
, 2006, 2018
, -
,
Basketball 3x3
, Core
, 2022-present
, -
,
Boxing
Boxing (also known as "Western boxing" or "pugilism") is a combat sport in which two people, usually wearing protective gloves and other protective equipment such as hand wraps and mouthguards, throw punches at each other for a predetermined ...
, Core
, 1930–present
, -
,
Cricket
Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of eleven players on a field at the centre of which is a pitch with a wicket at each end, each comprising two bails balanced on three stumps. The batting side scores runs by striki ...
, Core
, 1998, 2022-present
, -
,
Cycling (Mountain Bike)
, Core
, 2002–2006, 2014–present
, -
,
Cycling (Para Track)
, Core
[
, 2014–present
, -
, Cycling (Road)
, Core][
, 1938–present
, -
, Cycling (Track)
, Core][
, 1934–present
, -
, ]Diving
Diving most often refers to:
* Diving (sport), the sport of jumping into deep water
* Underwater diving, human activity underwater for recreational or occupational purposes
Diving or Dive may also refer to:
Sports
* Dive (American football), a ...
,
, 1930–present
, -
, Hockey
, Core
, 1998–present
, -
, Gymnastics
Gymnastics is a type of sport that includes physical exercises requiring balance, strength, flexibility, agility, coordination, dedication and endurance. The movements involved in gymnastics contribute to the development of the arms, legs, shou ...
(Artistic)
, Core[
, 1978, 1990–present
, -
, ]Gymnastics
Gymnastics is a type of sport that includes physical exercises requiring balance, strength, flexibility, agility, coordination, dedication and endurance. The movements involved in gymnastics contribute to the development of the arms, legs, shou ...
(Rhythmic)
, Core
, 1978, 1990–1998, 2006–2022
, -
, Judo
is an unarmed gendai budō, modern Japanese martial art, Olympic sport (since 1964), and the most prominent form of jacket wrestling competed internationally.『日本大百科全書』電子版【柔道】(CD-ROM version of Encyclopedia Nipponi ...
, Core[
, 1990, 2002, 2014,2022
, -
, Lawn bowls
, Core
, 1930–1962, 1970–present
, -
, valign="top",
{, class="wikitable sortable"
, -
!Sport
!Type
!Years
, -
, Para lawn bowls
, Core
, 1994, 2002, 2014–present][
, -
, Netball (Women)
, Core
, 1998–present
, -
, ]Powerlifting
Powerlifting is a strength sport that consists of three attempts at maximal weight on three lifts: squat, bench press, and deadlift. As in the sport of Olympic weightlifting, it involves the athlete attempting a maximal weight single-lift effor ...
, Core
, 2002–present[
, -
, Rugby sevens
, Core
, 1998–present
, -
, ]Shooting
Shooting is the act or process of discharging a projectile from a ranged weapon (such as a gun, bow, crossbow, slingshot, or blowpipe). Even the acts of launching flame, artillery, darts, harpoons, grenades, rockets, and guided missiles can ...
, Optional
, 1966, 1974–2018,2026
, -
, Squash
, Core
, 1998–present
, -
, Swimming
, Core
, 1930–present
, -
, Para swimming
Para swimming is an adaptation of the sport of swimming for athletes with disabilities. Para swimmers compete at the Summer Paralympic Games and at other sports competitions throughout the world. The sport is governed by the International Paralym ...
, Core
, 2002–present[
, -
, ]Table tennis
Table tennis, also known as ping-pong and whiff-whaff, is a sport in which two or four players hit a lightweight ball, also known as the ping-pong ball, back and forth across a table using small solid rackets. It takes place on a hard table div ...
, Core
, 2002–present
, -
, Para table tennis
, Optional
, 2002–present
, -
, Triathlon
A triathlon is an endurance multisport race consisting of Swimming (sport), swimming, Cycle sport, cycling, and running over various distances. Triathletes compete for fastest overall completion time, racing each segment sequentially with the t ...
, Core
, 2002–2006, 2014–present
, -
, Volleyball (beach)
, Optional
, 2018–present
, -
, Weightlifting
Weightlifting generally refers to activities in which people lift Weight training#Equipment, weights, often in the form of dumbbells or barbells. People lift various kinds of weights for a variety of different reasons. These may include various t ...
, Core
, 1950–present
, -
, Wrestling (Freestyle)
, Core
, 1930–1986, 1994, 2002, 2010–2022
In 2015, the Commonwealth Games Federation agreed large changes to the programme which increased the number of core sports, whilst removing a number of optionals, those removed are listed below.
{, cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:1em auto;"
, -
, valign="top",
{, class="wikitable sortable"
, -
!Sport
!Type
!Years
, -
, Canoeing
Canoeing is an activity which involves paddling a canoe with a single-bladed paddle. Common meanings of the term are limited to when the canoeing is the central purpose of the activity. Broader meanings include when it is combined with other acti ...
, Optional
, Never
, -
, Rowing
, Optional
, 1930, 1938–1962,1986,2026
, -
, Sailing
Sailing employs the wind—acting on sails, wingsails or kites—to propel a craft on the surface of the ''water'' (sailing ship, sailboat, raft, windsurfer, or kitesurfer), on ''ice'' (iceboat) or on ''land'' (land yacht) over a chosen cour ...
, Optional
, Never
, -
, Softball
Softball is a game similar to baseball played with a larger ball on a smaller field. Softball is played competitively at club levels, the college level, and the professional level. The game was first created in 1887 in Chicago by George Hanc ...
, Optional
, Never
, -
, Synchronised swimming
, Optional
, 1986–2006
, -
, valign="top",
{, class="wikitable sortable"
, -
!Sport
!Type
!Years
, -
, Taekwondo
, Optional
, Never
, -
, Tennis
Tennis is a racket sport that is played either individually against a single opponent ( singles) or between two teams of two players each ( doubles). Each player uses a tennis racket that is strung with cord to strike a hollow rubber ball ...
, Optional
, 2010
, -
, Ten-pin bowling
Ten-pin bowling is a type of bowling in which a bowler rolls a bowling ball down a wood or synthetic lane toward ten pins positioned evenly in four rows in an equilateral triangle. The objective is to knock down all ten pins on the first roll ...
, Optional
, 1998
, -
, Wrestling (Greco-Roman)
, Optional
, 2010
Sports such as the following are sports which have been analyzed by the Commonwealth Games Federation but which are deemed to need expansion in areas such as participation levels within the Commonwealth both at a national (International Federation) and grassroots athletics level, Marketability, Television Rights, Equity, and Hosting Expenses, per Regulation 6 of the Commonwealth Games Constitution;
. Commonwealth Games Federation. Retrieved 27 July 2022. host nations may not pick these sports for their program until the Federation's requirements are fulfilled.[Sports Programme]
. Commonwealth Games Federation. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
{, cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:1em auto;"
, -
, valign="top",
{, class="wikitable sortable"
, -
!Sport
!Type
!Years
, -
, Billiards
, Recognised
, Never
, -
, Fencing
Fencing is a group of three related combat sports. The three disciplines in modern fencing are the foil, the épée, and the sabre (also ''saber''); winning points are made through the weapon's contact with an opponent. A fourth discipline, s ...
, Recognised
, 1950–1970
, -
, Association Football
, Recognised
, Never
, -
, Golf
Golf is a club-and-ball sport in which players use various clubs to hit balls into a series of holes on a course in as few strokes as possible.
Golf, unlike most ball games, cannot and does not use a standardized playing area, and coping wi ...
, Recognised
, 2026
, -
, Handball
Handball (also known as team handball, European handball or Olympic handball) is a team sport in which two teams of seven players each (six outcourt players and a goalkeeper) pass a ball using their hands with the aim of throwing it into the g ...
, Recognised
, Never
, -
, valign="top",
{, class="wikitable sortable"
, -
!Sport
!Type
!Years
, -
, Life saving
Lifesaving is the act involving rescue, resuscitation and first aid. It often refers to water safety and aquatic rescue; however, it could include ice rescue, flood and river rescue, swimming pool rescue and other emergency medical services. ...
, Recognised
, Never
, -
, Rugby league
Rugby league football, commonly known as just rugby league and sometimes football, footy, rugby or league, is a full-contact sport played by two teams of thirteen players on a rectangular field measuring 68 metres (75 yards) wide and 112 ...
, Recognised
, Never
, -
, Volleyball
Volleyball is a team sport in which two teams of six players are separated by a net. Each team tries to score points by grounding a ball on the other team's court under organized rules. It has been a part of the official program of the Summ ...
(indoor)
, Recognised
, Never
, -
, Water Polo
Water polo is a competitive team sport played in water between two teams of seven players each. The game consists of four quarters in which the teams attempt to score goals by throwing the ball into the opposing team's goal. The team with the ...
, Recognised
, 1950
, -
Participation
Only six teams have attended every Commonwealth Games: Australia, Canada, England, New Zealand, Scotland, and Wales. Australia has been the highest scoring team for thirteen games, England for seven, and Canada for one.
{, class="wikitable collapsible collapsed plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; margin:1em auto;"
, -
! colspan=24 , Table of Team Participation by Commonwealth Games Edition
, -
! rowspan="6" style="background:#cedaf2;", Team
!Edition
, I
, II
, III
III or iii may refer to:
Companies
* Information International, Inc., a computer technology company
* Innovative Interfaces, Inc., a library-software company
* 3i, formerly Investors in Industry, a British investment company
Other uses
* Ins ...
, IV
, V
, VI
, VII VII or vii may refer to: the Roman numeral 7
Art and entertainment
* The Vii, a video game console
* vii, leading-tone triad, see diminished triad
* ''VII'' (Blitzen Trapper album)
* ''VII'' (Just-Ice album)
* ''VII'' (Teyana Taylor album)
* ...
, VIII
, IX
, X
, XI
, XII
XII may refer to:
* 12 (number) or XII in Roman numerals
* 12th century or XII in Roman numerals
* ''XII'' (album), a 2012 album by American country music singer Neal McCoy
* ''XII'' (single), a 2019 single album by K-pop singer Chungha, featuri ...
, XIII
XIII may refer to:
* 13 (number) or XIII in Roman numerals
* 13th century in Roman numerals
* ''XIII'' (comics), a Belgian comic book series by Jean Van Hamme and William Vance
** ''XIII'' (2003 video game), a 2003 video game based on the comic b ...
, XIV
, XV
, XVI
, XVII
17 (seventeen) is the natural number following 16 and preceding 18. It is a prime number.
Seventeen is the sum of the first four prime numbers.
In mathematics
17 is the seventh prime number, which makes seventeen the fourth super-prime, as s ...
, XVIII
, XIX
, XX
, XXI
, -
! Year
, 1930
, 1934
, 1938
, 1950
, 1954
, 1958
, 1962
, 1966
, 1970
, 1974
, 1978
, 1982
, 1986
, 1990
, 1994
, 1998
, 2002
, 2006
, 2010
, 2014
, 2018
, -
! Host Flag
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
, -
! Host City
, Hamilton Hamilton may refer to:
People
* Hamilton (name), a common British surname and occasional given name, usually of Scottish origin, including a list of persons with the surname
** The Duke of Hamilton, the premier peer of Scotland
** Lord Hamilt ...
, London
London is the capital and largest city of England and the United Kingdom, with a population of just under 9 million. It stands on the River Thames in south-east England at the head of a estuary down to the North Sea, and has been a majo ...
, Sydney
Sydney ( ) is the capital city of the state of New South Wales, and the most populous city in both Australia and Oceania. Located on Australia's east coast, the metropolis surrounds Sydney Harbour and extends about towards the Blue Mountain ...
, Auckland
Auckland (pronounced ) ( mi, Tāmaki Makaurau) is a large metropolitan city in the North Island of New Zealand. The List of New Zealand urban areas by population, most populous urban area in the country and the List of cities in Oceania by po ...
, Vancouver
Vancouver ( ) is a major city in western Canada, located in the Lower Mainland region of British Columbia. As the List of cities in British Columbia, most populous city in the province, the 2021 Canadian census recorded 662,248 people in the ...
, Cardiff
Cardiff (; cy, Caerdydd ) is the capital and largest city of Wales. It forms a principal area, officially known as the City and County of Cardiff ( cy, Dinas a Sir Caerdydd, links=no), and the city is the eleventh-largest in the United Kingd ...
, Perth
Perth is the capital and largest city of the Australian state of Western Australia. It is the fourth most populous city in Australia and Oceania, with a population of 2.1 million (80% of the state) living in Greater Perth in 2020. Perth is ...
, Kingston
Kingston may refer to:
Places
* List of places called Kingston, including the five most populated:
** Kingston, Jamaica
** Kingston upon Hull, England
** City of Kingston, Victoria, Australia
** Kingston, Ontario, Canada
** Kingston upon Thames, ...
, Edinburgh
Edinburgh ( ; gd, Dùn Èideann ) is the capital city of Scotland and one of its 32 Council areas of Scotland, council areas. Historically part of the county of Midlothian (interchangeably Edinburghshire before 1921), it is located in Lothian ...
, Christchurch
Christchurch ( ; mi, Ōtautahi) is the largest city in the South Island of New Zealand and the seat of the Canterbury Region. Christchurch lies on the South Island's east coast, just north of Banks Peninsula on Pegasus Bay. The Avon River / ...
, Edmonton
Edmonton ( ) is the capital city of the Canadian province of Alberta. Edmonton is situated on the North Saskatchewan River and is the centre of the Edmonton Metropolitan Region, which is surrounded by Alberta's central region. The city ancho ...
, Brisbane
Brisbane ( ) is the capital and most populous city of the states and territories of Australia, Australian state of Queensland, and the list of cities in Australia by population, third-most populous city in Australia and Oceania, with a populati ...
, Edinburgh
Edinburgh ( ; gd, Dùn Èideann ) is the capital city of Scotland and one of its 32 Council areas of Scotland, council areas. Historically part of the county of Midlothian (interchangeably Edinburghshire before 1921), it is located in Lothian ...
, Auckland
Auckland (pronounced ) ( mi, Tāmaki Makaurau) is a large metropolitan city in the North Island of New Zealand. The List of New Zealand urban areas by population, most populous urban area in the country and the List of cities in Oceania by po ...
, Victoria
, Kuala Lumpur
, anthem = '' Maju dan Sejahtera''
, image_map =
, map_caption =
, pushpin_map = Malaysia#Southeast Asia#Asia
, pushpin_map_caption =
, coordinates =
, su ...
, Manchester
Manchester () is a city in Greater Manchester, England. It had a population of 552,000 in 2021. It is bordered by the Cheshire Plain to the south, the Pennines to the north and east, and the neighbouring city of Salford to the west. The t ...
, Melbourne
Melbourne ( ; Boonwurrung/Woiwurrung: ''Narrm'' or ''Naarm'') is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria, and the second-most populous city in both Australia and Oceania. Its name generally refers to a met ...
, Delhi
, Glasgow
Glasgow ( ; sco, Glesca or ; gd, Glaschu ) is the most populous city in Scotland and the fourth-most populous city in the United Kingdom, as well as being the 27th largest city by population in Europe. In 2020, it had an estimated popul ...
, Gold Coast
Gold Coast may refer to:
Places Africa
* Gold Coast (region), in West Africa, which was made up of the following colonies, before being established as the independent nation of Ghana:
** Portuguese Gold Coast (Portuguese, 1482–1642)
** Dutch G ...
, -
! Participation \\ Host nation
, Canada
, England
, Australia
, New Zealand
, Canada
, Wales
Wales ( cy, Cymru ) is a Countries of the United Kingdom, country that is part of the United Kingdom. It is bordered by England to the Wales–England border, east, the Irish Sea to the north and west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the ...
, Australia
, Jamaica
Jamaica (; ) is an island country situated in the Caribbean Sea. Spanning in area, it is the third-largest island of the Greater Antilles and the Caribbean (after Cuba and Hispaniola). Jamaica lies about south of Cuba, and west of His ...
, Scotland
Scotland (, ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Covering the northern third of the island of Great Britain, mainland Scotland has a border with England to the southeast and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the ...
, New Zealand
, Canada
, Australia
, Scotland
Scotland (, ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Covering the northern third of the island of Great Britain, mainland Scotland has a border with England to the southeast and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the ...
, New Zealand
, Canada
, Malaysia
Malaysia ( ; ) is a country in Southeast Asia. The federation, federal constitutional monarchy consists of States and federal territories of Malaysia, thirteen states and three federal territories, separated by the South China Sea into two r ...
, England
, Australia
, India
India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...
, Scotland
Scotland (, ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Covering the northern third of the island of Great Britain, mainland Scotland has a border with England to the southeast and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the ...
, Australia
, -
! colspan=22,
, -
, align=left, , , 1962 , , , , , , , , , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
, -
, align=left, , , 1998– , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;",
, -
, align=left, , , 1966–1970, 1978, 1994– , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , , , style="background:pink;", , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;",
, -
, align=left, , , 1930– , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;",
, -
, align=left, , , 1954–1970, 1978–1982, 1990– , , , , , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:pink;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;",
, -
, align=left, , , 1978, 1990– , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , , , style="background:pink;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;",
, -
, align=left, , , 1954–1982, 1990– , , , , , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:pink;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;",
, -
, align=left, , , 1978, 1994– , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;",
, -
, align=left, , , 1930–1938, 1954–1982, 1990– , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:pink;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;",
, -
, align=left, , , 1974, 1982– , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;",
, -
, align=left, , , 1930–1938, 1954–1962 , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
, -
, align=left, , , 1962–1966 , , , , , , , , , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
, -
, align=left, , , 1990– , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;",
, -
, align=left, , , 1990– , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;",
, -
, align=left, , , 1998– , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;",
, -
, align=left, , , 1930– , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;",
, -
, align=left, , , 1978– , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;",
, -
, align=left, , , 1938–1950, 1958–1970 , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
, -
, align=left, , , 1974–1978, 1986– , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;",
, -
, align=left, , , 1978–1982, 1990– , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;",
, -
, align=left, , , 1958–1962, 1970, 1994– , , , , , , , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , , , , , , , style="background:pink;", , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;",
, -
, align=left, , , 1930– , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;",
, -
, align=left, , , 1982– , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;",
, -
, align=left, , , 1938, 1954–1986, 1998–2006, 2014– , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgrey;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;",
, -
, align=left, , , 1970–1982, 1990–2010, 2018– , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:pink;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgrey;", , , style="background:lightgreen;",
, -
, align=left, , , 1958–1982, 1990– , , , , , , , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:pink;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;",
, -
, align=left, , , 1958– , , , , , , , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;",
, -
, align=left, , , 1954 , , , , , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
, -
, align=left, , , 1970–1982, 1998– , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:pink;", , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;",
, -
, align=left, , , 1970– , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;",
, -
, align=left, , , 1966–1970, 1978–1982, 1990– , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:pink;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;",
, -
, align=left, , , 1934, 1954–1962, 1970–1994 , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , , , , , , , , , , ,
, -
, align=left, , , 1934–1938, 1954–1958, 1966–1982, 1990– , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:pink;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;",
, -
, align=left, Ireland , , 1930 , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
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, align=left, , , 1958– , , , , , , , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;",
, -
, align=left, , , 1934, 1954–1982, 1990– , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:pink;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;",
, -
, align=left, , , 1958– , , , , , , , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;",
, -
, align=left, , , 1954–1982, 1990– , , , , , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:pink;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;",
, -
, align=left, , , 1998– , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;",
, -
, align=left, , , 1974– , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;",
, -
, align=left, , , 1970– , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;",
, -
, align=left, , , 1950, 1958–1962 , , , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
, -
, align=left, , , 1966–1982, 1990– , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:pink;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;",
, -
, align=left, , , 1986–2014, 2022– , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgrey;",
, -
, align=left, , , 1958–1962, 1970, 1982– , , , , , , , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;",
, -
, align=left, , , 1958, 1966–1982, 1990– , , , , , , , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:pink;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;",
, -
, align=left, , , 1994– , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;",
, -
, align=left, , , 1998– , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;",
, -
, align=left, , , 1994– , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;",
, -
, align=left, , , 1990– , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;",
, -
, align=left, , , 1930–1934 , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
, -
, align=left, , , 1930– , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;",
, -
, align=left, , , 1950–1958, 1966–1974, 1982, 1990–1994, 2002– , , , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:pink;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:pink;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;",
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, align=left, , , 2002– , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;",
, -
, align=left, , , 1986– , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;",
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, align=left, North Borneo
North Borneo (usually known as British North Borneo, also known as the State of North Borneo) was a British Protectorate, British protectorate in the northern part of the island of Borneo, which is present day Sabah. The territory of North Borneo ...
, , 1958–1962 , , , , , , , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
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, align=left, , , 1934–1938, 1954– , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;",
, -
, align=left, , , 1954–1958 , , , , , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
, -
, align=left, , , 1954–1970, 1990– , , , , , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgrey;", , , style="background:lightgrey;", , , style="background:lightgrey;", , , style="background:lightgrey;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;",
, -
, align=left, , , 1962–1982, 1990– , , , , , , , , , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:pink;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;",
, -
, align=left, , , 1962 , , , , , , , , , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
, -
, align=left, , , 2010– , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;",
, -
, align=left, , , 1978 , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
, -
, align=left, , , 1982, 1998– , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;",
, -
, align=left, , , 1990– , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , style="background:pink;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;",
, -
, align=left, , , 1962, 1970, 1978, 1994– , , , , , , , , , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , , , style="background:pink;", , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;",
, -
, align=left, , , 1958, 1966–1978, 1994– , , , , , , , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , , , style="background:pink;", , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;",
, -
, align=left, , , 1998– , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;",
, -
, align=left, Sarawak
Sarawak (; ) is a States and federal territories of Malaysia, state of Malaysia. The largest among the 13 states, with an area almost equal to that of Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak is located in northwest Borneo Island, and is bordered by the M ...
, , 1958–1962 , , , , , , , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
, -
, align=left, , , 1930– , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;",
, -
, align=left, , , 1990– , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;",
, -
, align=left, , , 1958, 1966–1970, 1978, 1990– , , , , , , , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , , , style="background:pink;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;",
, -
, align=left, , , 1958– , , , , , , , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;",
, -
, align=left, , , 1982, 1990– , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;",
, -
, align=left, , , 1930–1958, 1994– , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgrey;", , , style="background:lightgrey;", , , style="background:lightgrey;", , , style="background:lightgrey;", , , style="background:lightgrey;", , , style="background:lightgrey;", , , style="background:lightgrey;", , , style="background:lightgrey;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;",
, -
, align=left, , , 1966 , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
, -
, align=left, , , 1934–1958 , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
, -
, align=left, , , 1974–1982, 1990– , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:pink;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;",
, -
, align=left, , , 1970–2018 , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;",
, -
, align=left, , , 1962 , , , , , , , , , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
, -
, align=left, , , 1966–1982, 1990– , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:pink;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;",
, -
, align=left, , , 1974, 1982, 1990– , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:pink;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;",
, -
, align=left, , , 1934–1982, 1990– , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:pink;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;",
, -
, align=left, , , 1978, 1998– , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , , , , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;",
, -
, align=left, , , 1998– , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;",
, -
, align=left, , , 1954–1974, 1982, 1990– , , , , , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:pink;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;",
, -
, align=left, , , 1982– , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;",
, -
, align=left, , , 1930– , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;",
, -
, align=left, , , 1974–1994 , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , , , , , , , , , , ,
, -
, align=left, , , 1970–1982, 1990– , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:pink;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;",
, -
, align=left, , , 1982, 1990–2002 , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:pink;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgreen;", , , style="background:lightgrey;", , , style="background:lightgrey;", , , style="background:lightgrey;", , , style="background:lightgrey;",
, -
, colspan=24 style="text-align:center , Legend
, -
, colspan=24 style="text-align:center ,
----
{, cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:1em auto;"
, -
, valign="top",
{, class="wikitable sortable"
, -
! Nation , , Years participated
, -
, , , 1962
, -
, , , 1998–
, -
, , , 1911
, -
, , , 1966–1970, 1978, 1994–
, -
, , , 1930–
, -
, , , 1954–1970, 1978–1982, 1990–
, -
, , , 1978, 1990–
, -
, , , 1954–1982, 1990–
, -
, , , 1978, 1994–
, -
, , , 1930–1938, 1954–1982, 1990–
, -
, , , 1974, 1982–
, -
, , , 1930–1938, 1954–1962
, -
, , , 1962–1966
, -
, , , 1990–
, -
, , , 1990–
, -
, , , 1998–
, -
, , , 1911, 1930–
, -
, , , 1978–
, -
, , , 1938–1950, 1958–1970
, -
, , , 1974–1978, 1986–
, -
, , , 1978–1982, 1990–
, -
, , , 1958–1962, 1970, 1994–
, -
, , , 1930–
, -
, , , 1982–
, -
, , , 1938, 1954–1986, 1998–2006, 2014–
, -
, , , 1970–1982, 1990–2010, 2018–
, -
, , , 1958–1982, 1990–
, -
, , , 1958–
, -
, , , 1954
, -
, , , 1970–1982, 1998–
, -
, , , 1970–
, -
, , , 1966–1970, 1978–1982, 1990–
, -
, , , 1934, 1954–1962, 1970–1994
, -
, , , 1934–1938, 1954–1958, 1966–1982, 1990–
, -
, Ireland , , 1930
, -
, , , 1934
, -
, , , 1958–
, -
, , , 1934, 1954–1982, 1990–
, -
, , , 1958–
, -
, , , 1954–1982, 1990–
, -
, , , 1998–
, -
, , , 1974–
, -
, , , 1970–
, -
, , , 1950, 1958–1962
, -
, , , 1966–1982, 1990–
, -
, , , 1986–2014, 2020–
, -
, , , 1958–1962, 1970, 1982–
, valign="top",
{, class="wikitable sortable"
, -
! Nation , , Years participated
, -
, , , 1958–1982, 1990–
, -
, , , 1994–
, -
, , , 1998–
, -
, , , 1994–
, -
, , , 1990–
, -
, , , 1930–1934
, -
, , , 1930–
, -
, , , 1950–1958, 1966–1974, 1982, 1990–1994, 2002–
, -
, , , 2002–
, -
, , , 1986–
, -
, North Borneo
North Borneo (usually known as British North Borneo, also known as the State of North Borneo) was a British Protectorate, British protectorate in the northern part of the island of Borneo, which is present day Sabah. The territory of North Borneo ...
, , 1958–1962
, -
, , , 1934–1938, 1954–
, -
, , , 1954–1958
, -
, , , 1954–1970, 1990–
, -
, , , 1962–1982, 1990–
, -
, , , 1962
, -
, , , 2010–
, -
, , , 1978
, -
, , , 1982, 1998–
, -
, , , 1990–
, -
, , , 1962, 1970, 1978, 1994–
, -
, , , 1958, 1966–1978, 1994–
, -
, , , 1998–
, -
, Sarawak
Sarawak (; ) is a States and federal territories of Malaysia, state of Malaysia. The largest among the 13 states, with an area almost equal to that of Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak is located in northwest Borneo Island, and is bordered by the M ...
, , 1958–1962
, -
, , , 1930–
, -
, , , 1990–
, -
, , , 1958, 1966–1970, 1978, 1990–
, -
, , , 1958–
, -
, , , 1982, 1990–
, -
, , , 1911–1958, 1994–
, -
, , , 1966
, -
, , , 1934–1958
, -
, , , 1974–1982, 1990–
, -
, , , 1970–2018
, -
, , , 1962
, -
, , , 1966–1982, 1990–
, -
, , , 1974, 1982, 1990–
, -
, , , 1934–1982, 1990–
, -
, , , 1978, 1998–
, -
, , , 2002–
, -
, , , 1954–1974, 1982, 1990–
, -
, , , 1911
, -
, , , 1982–
, -
, , , 1930–
, -
, , , 1974–1994
, -
, , , 1970–1982, 1990–
, -
, , , 1982, 1990–2002
Commonwealth nations yet to send teams
Very few Commonwealth dependencies and nations have yet to take part:
* Gabon
Gabon (; ; snq, Ngabu), officially the Gabonese Republic (french: République gabonaise), is a country on the west coast of Central Africa. Located on the equator, it is bordered by Equatorial Guinea to the northwest, Cameroon to the north ...
and Togo
Togo (), officially the Togolese Republic (french: République togolaise), is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Ghana to the west, Benin to the east and Burkina Faso to the north. It extends south to the Gulf of Guinea, where its c ...
, the most recent members to join the Commonwealth in 2022 have not as of that date instigated Commonwealth Games federations in their nation. It is expected both nations will make their debut in 2026.
* Tokelau, a dependency of New Zealand
New Zealand ( mi, Aotearoa ) is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main landmasses—the North Island () and the South Island ()—and over 700 smaller islands. It is the sixth-largest island count ...
was expected to take part the for the first time at the 2010 Games in Delhi but did not do so.
* Ascension Island
Ascension Island is an isolated volcanic island, 7°56′ south of the Equator in the South Atlantic Ocean. It is about from the coast of Africa and from the coast of South America. It is governed as part of the British Overseas Territory o ...
and Tristan da Cunha, former dependencies of Saint Helena
Saint Helena () is a British overseas territory located in the South Atlantic Ocean. It is a remote volcanic tropical island west of the coast of south-western Africa, and east of Rio de Janeiro in South America. It is one of three constitu ...
and current parts of the British Overseas Territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, have never formed their own teams independent from the Saint Helena team.
* Other states, territories, and autonomous administrative division, territorial autonomies with native populations within the Commonwealth that may be eligible include Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (States and territories of Australia, territories of Australia), Nevis (a federal entity of the Saint Kitts and Nevis, Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis), Rodrigues (Outer Islands of Mauritius), and Zanzibar (a semi-autonomous part of Tanzania).
* Cornwall, represented by the Cornwall Commonwealth Games Association (CCGA), sent a bid for participation in the 2006 Commonwealth Games
The 2006 Commonwealth Games, officially the XVIII Commonwealth Games and commonly known as Melbourne 2006 (Boonwurrung/Woiwurrung: ''Narrm 2006'' or ''Naarm 2006''), was an international multi-sport event for members of the Commonwealth held ...
in 2004. However, their application was rejected by the CGF, who stated that the constitutional status of Cornwall was not an issue that should be resolved through this medium.
* The British Indian Ocean Territory currently has no permanent population although there is a sizeable Chagossian, population who were ''born'' in the BIOT but currently live in Mauritius and the United Kingdom and so would be eligible to compete on birth criteria.
* Northern Cyprus, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus has made applications to the CGF to send teams.
* It is also conceivable that any future members of the Commonwealth such as Commonwealth of Nations#Applicants, applicants (for example South Sudan, Sudan and Yemen) may participate in future games. The Colony of Aden and Federation of South Arabia, precursors to modern Yemen, participated before in 1962 and in 1966. Sudan was an Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, Anglo-Egyptian protectorate until independence in 1956.
* The Pitcairn Islands' tiny population (currently 50 to 60 people) would appear to prevent this British overseas territory from competing.
* The lack of a permanent population would seem to prevent the British overseas territories of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands and British Antarctic Territory, the New Zealand territory of Ross Dependency and the Australian external territories of Australian Antarctic Territory, Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Coral Sea Islands and Heard Island and McDonald Islands from competing.
Controversies
Host city contract
The 1934 British Empire Games
The 1934 British Empire Games were the second edition of what is now known as the Commonwealth Games, held in England, from 4–11 August 1934. The host city was London, with the main venue at Wembley Park, although the track cycling events wer ...
, originally awarded in 1930 to Johannesburg
Johannesburg ( , , ; Zulu and xh, eGoli ), colloquially known as Jozi, Joburg, or "The City of Gold", is the largest city in South Africa, classified as a megacity, and is one of the 100 largest urban areas in the world. According to Demo ...
, were moved to London after South Africa's pre-apartheid government refused to allow participants of colour.
The 2022 Commonwealth Games
The 2022 Commonwealth Games, officially known as the XXII Commonwealth Games and commonly known as Birmingham 2022, was an international multi-sport event for members of the Commonwealth of Nations that took place in Birmingham, England bet ...
were originally awarded to Durban on 2 September 2015, at the CGF General Assembly in Auckland
Auckland (pronounced ) ( mi, Tāmaki Makaurau) is a large metropolitan city in the North Island of New Zealand. The List of New Zealand urban areas by population, most populous urban area in the country and the List of cities in Oceania by po ...
. It was reported in February 2017 that Durban may be unable to host the games due to financial constraints. On 13 March 2017, the CGF stripped Durban of their rights to host and reopened the bidding process for the 2022 games. Many cities from Australia, Canada, England and Malaysia expressed interest to host the games. However, the CGF received only one official bid and that was from Birmingham
Birmingham ( ) is a city and metropolitan borough in the metropolitan county of West Midlands in England. It is the second-largest city in the United Kingdom with a population of 1.145 million in the city proper, 2.92 million in the West ...
, England. On 21 December 2017, Birmingham
Birmingham ( ) is a city and metropolitan borough in the metropolitan county of West Midlands in England. It is the second-largest city in the United Kingdom with a population of 1.145 million in the city proper, 2.92 million in the West ...
was awarded for the 2022 Games as Durban's replacement host.
Boycotts
Much like the Olympic Games
The modern Olympic Games or Olympics (french: link=no, Jeux olympiques) are the leading international sporting events featuring summer and winter sports competitions in which thousands of athletes from around the world participate in a var ...
, the Commonwealth Games have also experienced boycotts:
Nigeria
Nigeria ( ), , ig, Naìjíríyà, yo, Nàìjíríà, pcm, Naijá , ff, Naajeeriya, kcg, Naijeriya officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a country in West Africa. It is situated between the Sahel to the north and the Gulf o ...
boycotted the 1978 Commonwealth Games
The 1978 Commonwealth Games were held in Edmonton, Alberta from 3 to 12 August 1978, two years after the 1976 Summer Olympics were held in Montreal, Quebec. They were boycotted by Nigeria, in protest at New Zealand's sporting contacts with apar ...
at Edmonton
Edmonton ( ) is the capital city of the Canadian province of Alberta. Edmonton is situated on the North Saskatchewan River and is the centre of the Edmonton Metropolitan Region, which is surrounded by Alberta's central region. The city ancho ...
in protest of New Zealand's sporting contacts with apartheid
Apartheid (, especially South African English: , ; , "aparthood") was a system of institutionalised racial segregation that existed in South Africa and South West Africa (now Namibia) from 1948 to the early 1990s. Apartheid was ...
-era South Africa. Uganda
}), is a landlocked country in East Africa
East Africa, Eastern Africa, or East of Africa, is the eastern subregion of the African continent. In the United Nations Statistics Division scheme of geographic regions, 10-11-(16*) territor ...
also stayed away, in protest of alleged Canadian hostility towards the government of Idi Amin
Idi Amin Dada Oumee (, ; 16 August 2003) was a Ugandan military officer and politician who served as the third president of Uganda from 1971 to 1979. He ruled as a military dictator and is considered one of the most brutal despots in modern w ...
.
During the 1986 Commonwealth Games
The 1986 Commonwealth Games ( gd, Geamannan a 'Cho-fhlaitheis 1986) were held in Edinburgh, Scotland, between 24 July and 2 August 1986. They were the second Games to be held in Edinburgh. Thirty two of the eligible fifty nine countries (largel ...
at Edinburgh
Edinburgh ( ; gd, Dùn Èideann ) is the capital city of Scotland and one of its 32 Council areas of Scotland, council areas. Historically part of the county of Midlothian (interchangeably Edinburghshire before 1921), it is located in Lothian ...
, a majority of the Commonwealth nations staged a boycott, so that the Games appeared to be a whites-only event. Thirty two of the eligible fifty nine countries—largely African, Asian and Caribbean states—stayed away because of the Margaret Thatcher, Thatcher government's policy of keeping Britain's sporting links with apartheid South Africa in preference to participating in the general sporting boycott of that country. Consequently, Edinburgh 1986 witnessed the lowest number of athletes since Auckland 1950. The boycotting nations were Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, The Bahamas, Bahamas, Bangladesh, Bermuda
)
, anthem = "God Save the King"
, song_type = National song
, song = " Hail to Bermuda"
, image_map =
, map_caption =
, image_map2 =
, mapsize2 =
, map_caption2 =
, subdivision_type = Sovereign state
, subdivision_name =
, e ...
, Belize, Cyprus, Dominica
Dominica ( or ; Kalinago: ; french: Dominique; Dominican Creole French: ), officially the Commonwealth of Dominica, is an island country in the Caribbean. The capital, Roseau, is located on the western side of the island. It is geographically ...
, The Gambia, Gambia, Ghana
Ghana (; tw, Gaana, ee, Gana), officially the Republic of Ghana, is a country in West Africa. It abuts the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean to the south, sharing borders with Ivory Coast in the west, Burkina Faso in the north, and To ...
, Guyana
Guyana ( or ), officially the Cooperative Republic of Guyana, is a country on the northern mainland of South America. Guyana is an indigenous word which means "Land of Many Waters". The capital city is Georgetown. Guyana is bordered by the ...
, Grenada, India
India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...
, Jamaica
Jamaica (; ) is an island country situated in the Caribbean Sea. Spanning in area, it is the third-largest island of the Greater Antilles and the Caribbean (after Cuba and Hispaniola). Jamaica lies about south of Cuba, and west of His ...
, Kenya, Malaysia
Malaysia ( ; ) is a country in Southeast Asia. The federation, federal constitutional monarchy consists of States and federal territories of Malaysia, thirteen states and three federal territories, separated by the South China Sea into two r ...
, Nigeria
Nigeria ( ), , ig, Naìjíríyà, yo, Nàìjíríà, pcm, Naijá , ff, Naajeeriya, kcg, Naijeriya officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a country in West Africa. It is situated between the Sahel to the north and the Gulf o ...
, Pakistan
Pakistan ( ur, ), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan ( ur, , label=none), is a country in South Asia. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by population, fifth-most populous country, with a population of almost 24 ...
, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka (, ; si, ශ්රී ලංකා, Śrī Laṅkā, translit-std=ISO (); ta, இலங்கை, Ilaṅkai, translit-std=ISO ()), formerly known as Ceylon and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an ...
, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Sierra Leone, Saint Kitts and Nevis, St. Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, St. Lucia, Mauritius, Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad and Tobago (, ), officially the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, is the southernmost island country in the Caribbean. Consisting of the main islands Trinidad and Tobago, and numerous much smaller islands, it is situated south of ...
, Tanzania, Turks and Caicos Islands
The Turks and Caicos Islands (abbreviated TCI; and ) are a British Overseas Territory consisting of the larger Caicos Islands and smaller Turks Islands, two groups of tropical islands in the Lucayan Archipelago of the Atlantic Ocean and n ...
, Uganda
}), is a landlocked country in East Africa
East Africa, Eastern Africa, or East of Africa, is the eastern subregion of the African continent. In the United Nations Statistics Division scheme of geographic regions, 10-11-(16*) territor ...
, Zambia
Zambia (), officially the Republic of Zambia, is a landlocked country at the crossroads of Central Africa, Central, Southern Africa, Southern and East Africa, although it is typically referred to as being in Southern Africa at its most cent ...
and Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe (), officially the Republic of Zimbabwe, is a landlocked country located in Southeast Africa, between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers, bordered by South Africa to the south, Botswana to the south-west, Zambia to the north, and Mozam ...
. Bermuda was a particularly late withdrawal, as its athletes appeared in the opening ceremony and in the opening day of competition before the Bermuda Olympic Association decided to formally withdraw.
Financial implications
The estimated cost of the 2010 Commonwealth Games
The 2010 Commonwealth Games (Hindi: 2010 राष्ट्रमण्डल खेल), officially known as the XIX Commonwealth Games and commonly known as Delhi 2010, was an international multi-sport event that was held in Delhi, India, f ...
in Delhi were US$11 billion, according to ''Business Today (India), Business Today'' magazine. The initial total budget estimated by the Indian Olympic Association in 2003 was US$250 million. In 2010, however, the official total budget soon escalated to an estimated US$1.8 billion, a figure which excluded non-sports-related infrastructure development. Until today,the 2010 Commonwealth Games are reportedly the most expensive Commonwealth Games ever.
An analysis conducted by PricewaterhouseCoopers on the 2002, 2006, 2014 and 2018 Commonwealth Games found that each dollar spent by governments on operating costs, games venues and athletes’ villages generated US$2 for the host city or state economies, with an average of more than 18,000 jobs generated by each of the events. Additionally, all four cities enjoyed long-term improvements to transport or other infrastructure through hosting the Games, while some also benefited from the revival of struggling precincts.
Notable competitors
Lawn bowler Willie Wood (bowler), Willie Wood from Scotland
Scotland (, ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Covering the northern third of the island of Great Britain, mainland Scotland has a border with England to the southeast and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the ...
was the first competitor to have competed in seven Commonwealth Games, from 1974 to 2002, a record equalled in 2014 by Isle of Man
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, anthem = "O Land of Our Birth"
, image = Isle of Man by Sentinel-2.jpg
, image_map = Europe-Isle_of_Man.svg
, mapsize =
, map_alt = Location of the Isle of Man in Europe
, map_caption = Location of the Isle of Man (green)
in Europe ...
cyclist Andrew Roche. They have both been surpassed by David Calvert of Northern Ireland who in 2018 attended his 11th games.
Sitiveni Rabuka was a Prime Minister of Fiji. Beforehand he represented Fiji in shot put, hammer throw, discus and the decathlon at the 1974 British Commonwealth Games
The Commonwealth Games, often referred to as the Friendly Games or simply the Comm Games, are a quadrennial international multi-sport event among athletes from the Commonwealth of Nations. The event was first held in 1930, and, with the exce ...
held in Christchurch, New Zealand.
Greg Yelavich, a sports shooter from New Zealand, has won 12 medals in seven games from 1986 to 2010.
Lawn bowler Robert Weale has represented Wales in 8 Commonwealth Games, 1986–2014, winning 2 gold, 3 silver and 1 bronze.
Nauruan weightlifter Marcus Stephen won twelve medals at the Games between 1990 and 2002, of which seven gold, and was elected President of Nauru in 2007. His performance has helped place Nauru (the smallest independent state in the Commonwealth, at and with a population of fewer than 9,400 in 2011) in twenty-second place on the all-time Commonwealth Games medal table.
Australian swimmer Ian Thorpe has won 10 Commonwealth Games gold medals and 1 silver medal. At the 1998 Commonwealth Games
The 1998 Commonwealth Games ''(Malay: Sukan Komanwel 1998)'', officially known as the XVI Commonwealth Games ''(Malay: Sukan Komanwel ke-16)'', was a multi-sport event held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. This edition is marked by several unprecedent ...
in Kuala Lumpur, he won 4 gold medals. At the 2002 Commonwealth Games
The 2002 Commonwealth Games, officially known as the XVII Commonwealth Games and commonly known as Manchester 2002 were held in Manchester, England, from 25 July to 4 August, 2002. The 2002 Games were to be hosted in the United Kingdom to coin ...
in Manchester, he won 6 gold medals and 1 silver medal.
Chad le Clos, South Africa's most decorated swimmer, has won 18 medals from four Commonwealth Games (2010, 2014, 2018 & 2022), seven of which are gold. At the 2014 Commonwealth Games
The 2014 Commonwealth Games ( gd, Geamannan a' Cho-fhlaitheis 2014), officially known as the XX Commonwealth Games and commonly known as Glasgow 2014, ( sco, Glesca 2014 or Glesga 2014; gd, Glaschu 2014), was an international multi-sport ev ...
in Glasgow, he won two gold medals, one silver medal, and four bronze medals. At the 2018 Commonwealth Games
The 2018 Commonwealth Games, officially known as the XXI Commonwealth Games and also known as Gold Coast 2018, was an international multi-sport event for members of the Commonwealth that were held on the Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia, bet ...
in Gold Coast
Gold Coast may refer to:
Places Africa
* Gold Coast (region), in West Africa, which was made up of the following colonies, before being established as the independent nation of Ghana:
** Portuguese Gold Coast (Portuguese, 1482–1642)
** Dutch G ...
, he won three golds, a silver and a bronze.
English actor Jason Statham took part as a diver in the 1990 Commonwealth Games.
At the 2022 Commonwealth Games
The 2022 Commonwealth Games, officially known as the XXII Commonwealth Games and commonly known as Birmingham 2022, was an international multi-sport event for members of the Commonwealth of Nations that took place in Birmingham, England bet ...
in Birmingham
Birmingham ( ) is a city and metropolitan borough in the metropolitan county of West Midlands in England. It is the second-largest city in the United Kingdom with a population of 1.145 million in the city proper, 2.92 million in the West ...
, Australian singer Cody Simpson won a gold medal as a swimmer at the Swimming at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Men's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay, men's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay.
See also
Notes
References
Sources
* Brown, Geoff and Hogsbjerg, Christian. ''Apartheid is not a Game: Remembering the Stop the Seventy Tour campaign.'' London: Redwords, 2020. .
Further reading
* Phillips, Bob. ''Honour of Empire, Glory of Sport: the history of athletics at the Commonwealth Games.'' Manchester: Parrswood Press, 2000. .
External links
*
Commonwealth Games Federation (CGF) at the Commonwealth website
"Commonwealth Games"
''Encyclopædia Britannica'' Online.
*
insidethegames – the latest and most up to date news and interviews from the world of Olympic, Commonwealth and Paralympic Games
ATR – Around the Rings – the Business Surrounding the Multi-sport events
GamesBids.com – An Authoritative Review of Games Bid Business (home of the BidIndex™)
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Commonwealth Games,
Commonwealth sports competitions, *
Events in the British Empire
Multi-sport events
Politics and sports
Quadrennial sporting events
Recurring sporting events established in 1930