The 1981 Brink's robbery was an
armed robbery
Robbery is the crime of taking or attempting to take anything of value by force, threat of force, or by use of fear. According to common law, robbery is defined as taking the property of another, with the intent to permanently deprive the perso ...
and three related murders committed on October 20, 1981, by several
Black Liberation Army
The Black Liberation Army (BLA) was a far-left, black nationalist, underground Black Power revolutionary paramilitary organization that operated in the United States from 1970 to 1981. Composed of former Black Panthers (BPP) and Republic ...
members and four former members of the
Weather Underground
The Weather Underground was a far-left militant organization first active in 1969, founded on the Ann Arbor campus of the University of Michigan. Originally known as the Weathermen, the group was organized as a faction of Students for a Democr ...
, now associated with the
May 19th Communist Organization
The May 19th Communist Organization (also variously referred to as the May 19 Coalition, May 19 Communist Coalition or M19CO) was a US-based far-left armed terrorist group formed by members of the Weather Underground Organization. The group was ...
.
The plan called for the BLA members – including
Kuwasi Balagoon, Mtayari Sundiata, Samuel Brown and
Mutulu Shakur
Mutulu Shakur (born Jeral Wayne Williams; August 8, 1950) is an American activist and former member of the Black Liberation Army, sentenced to sixty years in prison for his involvement in a 1981 robbery of a Brinks armored truck in which a guar ...
– to carry out the robbery, with the M19CO members –
David Gilbert,
Judith Alice Clark
Judith Alice Clark (born November 23, 1949) is an American activist, convicted felon, and former member of the Weather Underground. Clark was an armed getaway driver in the Brink's robbery of 1981 in Nanuet, New York. The robbers murdered a ...
,
Kathy Boudin, and
Marilyn Buck – to serve as getaway drivers in switchcars.
The conspirators stole $1.6 million in cash from a
Brink's
The Brink's Company is an American private security and protection company headquartered outside Richmond, Virginia. Its core business is Brink's Inc.; its sister brand Brink's Home Security company operates separately and is headquartered in ...
armored car at the Nanuet National Bank at Nanuet Mall, in
Nanuet, New York
Nanuet is a hamlet and census-designated place in the town of Clarkstown, Rockland County, New York, United States. The third largest hamlet in Clarkstown, it is located north of Pearl River, south of New City, east of Spring Valley, and west o ...
, killing a Brink's guard, Peter Paige, seriously wounding Brink's guard Joseph Trombino, slightly wounding Brink's truck driver guard, James Kelly, subsequently killing two Nyack police officers, Edward O'Grady and Waverly Brown, and seriously wounding Police Detective Artie Keenan.
Robbery
![Brinks Robbery Nanuet](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Brinks_Robbery_Nanuet.jpg)
The robbery began with Boudin dropping off her infant son,
Chesa Boudin, at a babysitter's before taking the wheel of the getaway vehicle, a
U-Haul
U-Haul is an American moving truck, trailer, and self-storage rental company, based in Phoenix, Arizona, that has been in operation since 1945. The company was founded by Leonard Shoen in Ridgefield, Washington, who began it in the garage ...
truck. She waited in a nearby parking lot as her heavily armed accomplices drove a red van to the Nanuet Mall, where a Brink's truck was making a pick-up.
At 3:55p.m., Brink's guards Peter Paige and Joseph Trombino emerged from the mall carrying
bags of money. As they loaded the money into the truck, the robbers stormed out of their van and attacked. One fired two shotgun blasts into the truck's bulletproof windshield, while another opened fire with an
M16 rifle
The M16 rifle (officially designated Rifle, Caliber 5.56 mm, M16) is a family of military rifles adapted from the ArmaLite AR-15 rifle for the United States military. The original M16 rifle was a 5.56×45mm automatic rifle with a 20-ro ...
. Paige was hit multiple times in the chest and killed instantly. Trombino was able to fire a single shot from his handgun, but was struck in the shoulder and arm by several rounds, nearly severing his arm from his body. The truck's driver, James Kelly, noticing the shooting behind him, fired several rounds at the robbers through a gun port on the door of his truck, but came under heavy gunfire, and took cover underneath the dashboard, but he was hit in the head by glass and bullet shrapnel. The assailants grabbed $1.6 million in cash (equivalent to $ million in ), got back in their van, and fled the scene.
Trombino survived his injuries, and continued to work for the Brink's company for the next 20 years; he was almost killed in the
1993 World Trade Center bombing and was killed in the
September 11, 2001 attacks while making a delivery in the
World Trade Center
World Trade Centers are sites recognized by the World Trade Centers Association.
World Trade Center may refer to:
Buildings
* List of World Trade Centers
* World Trade Center (2001–present), a building complex that includes five skyscrapers, a ...
North Tower.
Car swap and second gunfight
After fleeing the scene, the robbers drove to the parking lot where a yellow Honda and the U-Haul truck, manned by members of the May 19 Communist Organization, were waiting. The robbers quickly threw the bags of money into the car and truck and sped away. In a house across the street, Sandra Torgersen, an alert college student, spotted them as they switched vehicles and called the police.
Meanwhile, police units from all over the county were converging on the mall where the shootout occurred and attempting to cut off all possible escape routes. Soon, police officers Edward O'Grady, Waverly Brown, Brian Lennon, and Artie Keenan spotted and pulled over the U-Haul truck, with Boudin in the front seat, along with the yellow Honda at an entrance ramp to the
New York State Thruway off
New York State Route 59
New York State Route 59 (NY 59) is an east–west state highway in southern Rockland County, New York, in the United States. The route extends for from NY 17 in Hillburn to U.S. Route 9W (US 9W) in Nyack. In Suffern, ...
. The police were not sure if they had the right truck, since it had been reported that the robbers were all black, while the occupants of this vehicle were white (a deliberate part of the original plan by the robbers, hoping to fool the police). Since the truck matched the description of the getaway vehicle they were looking for, the officers pulled it over and approached with guns drawn.
The police officers who caught them testified that Boudin, feigning innocence, pleaded with them to put down their guns and convinced them to drop their guard; Boudin said she remained silent, that the officers relaxed spontaneously. After the police lowered their guns, six men armed with
automatic weapons and wearing
body armor emerged from the back of the truck and began firing upon the four police officers. Officer Brown managed to fire two or three rounds at the robbers before he was hit repeatedly by rifle rounds and collapsed on the ground. One robber then walked up to his prone body and fired several more shots into him with a
9mm handgun, ensuring his death. Keenan was shot in the leg, but managed to duck behind a tree and return fire.
Officer O'Grady lived long enough to empty his
revolver, but as he reloaded, he was shot several times with an
M16. Ninety minutes later, he died on a hospital operating table. Meanwhile, Lennon, who was in his cruiser when the shootout began, tried to exit out the front passenger door, but O'Grady's body was wedged up against the door. He watched as the suspects jumped back into the U-Haul and sped directly towards him. Lennon fired his shotgun several times at the speeding truck as it collided with his police car, then fired two rounds from his pistol.
The occupants of the U-Haul scattered, some climbing into the yellow Honda, others
carjacking
Carjacking is a robbery in which the item taken over is a motor vehicle.Michael Cherbonneau, "Carjacking," in ''Encyclopedia of Social Problems'', Vol. 1 (SAGE, 2008: ed. Vincent N. Parrillo), pp. 110-11. In contrast to car theft, carjacking is ...
a nearby motorist while Boudin attempted to flee on foot. An off-duty corrections officer, Michael J. Koch, apprehended her shortly after the shootout. When she was arrested, Boudin gave her name as Barbara Edson.
Arrests
Gilbert, Brown, and Clark crashed the Honda while making a sharp turn, injuring Brown's neck, and knocking Clark's handgun onto the floor of the car. South Nyack police chief Alan Colsey was the only officer initially at the scene of the crash, but managed to hold them at gunpoint until
Orangetown Police Officer Michael Seidel and Rockland County District Attorney's Office Detective Jim Stewart arrived. After the trio were arrested, police found $800,000 from the robbery and Clark's 9mm handgun on the floor of the back seat of the car.
Police traced the license plate on one of the getaway vehicles to an apartment in New Jersey. There, the police found weapons, bomb-making materials, and detailed blueprints of six Manhattan police precincts. Investigation later revealed the apartment was rented by Buck, who had been previously arrested for providing weapons to the
Black Liberation Army
The Black Liberation Army (BLA) was a far-left, black nationalist, underground Black Power revolutionary paramilitary organization that operated in the United States from 1970 to 1981. Composed of former Black Panthers (BPP) and Republic ...
. She had been sentenced to 10 years in prison, but in 1977, she was granted
furlough and never returned.
While at the apartment, police also found papers that listed an address in
Mt. Vernon, New York, a small city in Westchester County about 20 miles from the mall where the robbery occurred. When police raided that apartment, they found bloody clothing, ammunition, more guns, and ski masks. Investigation later revealed that the bloody clothing belonged to Buck, who had accidentally shot herself in the leg when she tried to draw her weapon during the shootout with the police.
All of the license plates on the vehicles seen near the Mt. Vernon address were entered into the
NCIC system. Three days later,
NYPD
The New York City Police Department (NYPD), officially the City of New York Police Department, established on May 23, 1845, is the primary municipal law enforcement agency within the City of New York, the largest and one of the oldest in ...
Detective Lt. Dan Kelly spotted a 1978 Chrysler with a license plate that had been seen at the Mt. Vernon Apartment and called for backup. The vehicle, occupied by Sundiata and Odinga, fled from the police when officers tried to pull them over. After the vehicle crashed, the two occupants engaged the police in a gunfight that left Sundiata dead and Odinga captured. Inside Sundiata's shirt pocket, police found a crushed .38 caliber slug they believe was fired from O'Grady's
service weapon
A service rifle (or standard-issue rifle) is a rifle a military issues to regular infantry. In modern militaries, this is typically a versatile and rugged battle rifle, assault rifle, or carbine suitable for use in nearly all environments. Most ...
. Three more participants, including Balagoon, were arrested several months later.
The investigation for the participants in the robbery would continue for years. Buck was arrested in 1985. The last person to be arrested was Shakur, accused as the ringleader of the robbery, in 1986.
Trials and sentencing
Gilbert, Balagoon and Clark
Gilbert,
Kuwasi Balagoon and Clark were the first of the accused to go to trial. Upon a motion by the defense, the trial was transferred from
Rockland County
Rockland County is the southernmost county on the west side of the Hudson River in the U.S. state of New York. It is part of the New York metropolitan area. It is about from the Bronx at their closest points. The county's population, as of t ...
to
Orange County
Orange County most commonly refers to:
*Orange County, California, part of the Los Angeles metropolitan area
Orange County may also refer to:
U.S. counties
*Orange County, Florida, containing Orlando
*Orange County, Indiana
*Orange County, New ...
due to concerns regarding the
partiality
Impartiality (also called evenhandedness or fair-mindedness) is a principle of justice holding that decisions should be based on objective criteria, rather than on the basis of bias, prejudice, or preferring the benefit to one person over anothe ...
of the juror pool in Rockland.
Because the BLA was known for attempting to break their members out of prison (as in the case of
Assata Shakur
Assata Olugbala Shakur (born JoAnne Deborah Byron; July 16, 1947; also married name, JoAnne Chesimard) is an American political activist who was a member of the Black Liberation Army (BLA). In 1977, she was convicted in the first-degree murder ...
), massive security precautions were undertaken at the Orange County Surrogate's Court in
Goshen, New York
Goshen is a town in Orange County, New York, United States. The population was 13,687 at the 2010 census. The town is named after the Biblical Land of Goshen. It contains a village also called Goshen, which is the county seat of Orange Count ...
.
The defendants elected to proceed ''
pro se
''Pro se'' legal representation ( or ) comes from Latin ''pro se'', meaning "for oneself" or "on behalf of themselves" which, in modern law, means to argue on one's own behalf in a legal proceeding, as a defendant or plaintiff in civil cases, ...
''.
Throughout the trial, they repeatedly disrupted the proceedings by shouting anti-US slogans, proclaiming to be "at war" with the government and refusing to respect any aspect of the US legal system. They called the robbery an "expropriation" of funds that was needed to form a new country in a few select southern states that ideally would be populated only by African Americans.
When it came time for the defendants to present their case, they called only one witness,
Sekou Odinga
Sekou Odinga (born June 17, 1944, as Nathanial Burns) is an American activist and convicted felon who was imprisoned for actions with the Black Liberation Army in the 1960s and 1970s.
In 1965, Sekou joined the Organization of Afro-American Unity ...
, who had already been convicted of multiple bank robberies. He said that his organization was "fighting for the liberation and self-determination of black people in this country". Odinga testified that the killings were suitable because the three victims had interfered with the "expropriation". In his view, the theft of money was morally justified because those funds "were robbed through the slave labor that was forced on them and their ancestors". After his testimony, he was praised by the defendants and led out of the courtroom to serve his 40-year federal prison sentence. The jury was not convinced by Odinga's reasoning and at the end of the trial, it took the jury only four hours of deliberation to return a verdict convicting all three defendants of armed robbery and three counts of murder. When the verdict was announced, Clark, Gilbert, and Balagoon refused to appear in court. They remained in the basement holding cells, drinking coffee and railing against what they perceived to be a racist court system. "I don't think any interest is served by forcing them to be here," said Judge Ritter.
Rockland County D.A. Kenneth Gribetz told reporters: "Our goal is to see that these people, who have contempt for society and have shown no remorse, will never see the streets of society again." On October 6, 1983, Judge Ritter sentenced each defendant to three consecutive twenty-five years to life sentences, making them eligible for parole in the year 2058. After the trial, Balagoon claimed, "As to the seventy five years in prison, I am not really worried, not only because I am in the habit of not completing sentences or waiting on parole or any of that nonsense but also because the State simply isn't going to last seventy-five or even fifty years." He died in prison from
AIDS in 1986.
In September 2006, Clark was granted a new trial by a judge (
Shira Scheindlin
Shira A. Scheindlin (; born 1946) is an American attorney and jurist who served as a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York.
Early life and education
Scheindlin was born in Washing ...
) in a district court on grounds that she had no representation at trial. On January 3, 2008, the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, in a unanimous decision, reversed the district court's judgment granting a new trial. The Second Circuit panel noted that she chose to represent herself and defaulted any claim by failing to appeal until after the time for appeals had expired. In December 2016,
Andrew Cuomo
Andrew Mark Cuomo ( ; ; born December 6, 1957) is an American lawyer and politician who served as the 56th governor of New York from 2011 to 2021. A member of the Democratic Party, he was elected to the same position that his father, Mario Cu ...
commuted Clark's sentence to 35 years, citing "exceptional strides in self-development". She was denied parole in April 2017. Her parole was granted on April 17, 2019.
Gilbert was granted clemency by outgoing New York Governor
Andrew Cuomo
Andrew Mark Cuomo ( ; ; born December 6, 1957) is an American lawyer and politician who served as the 56th governor of New York from 2011 to 2021. A member of the Democratic Party, he was elected to the same position that his father, Mario Cu ...
on August 23, 2021, reducing his minimum period of parole-ineligibility from 75 years to the 40 years he had served. In October 2021, the New York parole board granted Gilbert's request for parole, as of late November 2021. Gilbert spent 40 years in prison. He was 77 at his time of release.
Boudin and Brown
Boudin's and Brown's trial was moved to
Westchester County
Westchester County is located in the U.S. state of New York. It is the seventh most populous county in the State of New York and the most populous north of New York City. According to the 2020 United States Census, the county had a population ...
on motion of the defense though Orange County David S. Ritter continued to preside over the matter. Rockland County continued to foot the bill for the trials despite their transfers from county to county. By December 1983, Rockland County had spent $1 million (equivalent to $ million in ) on the trials and Westchester
County Executive
A county executive, county manager or county mayor is the head of the executive branch of government in a United States county.
The executive may be an elected or an appointed position. When elected, the executive typically functions either as a ...
Andrew P. O'Rourke estimated that it would likely cost up to another $5 million (equivalent to $ million in ) to prosecute the case to its conclusion, due in large part to extra security precautions, including building alterations.
Boudin hired
Leonard Weinglass
Leonard Irving Weinglass (August 27, 1933 – March 23, 2011) was a U.S. criminal defense lawyer and constitutional law advocate, best known for his defense of participants in the 1960s counterculture. He was admitted to the bar in New Jer ...
to defend her. Weinglass, a law partner of Boudin's father, arranged for a
plea bargain and Boudin pleaded guilty to one count of felony murder and robbery, in exchange for a single twenty year-to-life sentence. She was paroled in 2003. However, Brown was unable to reach any deal that would spare him a life sentence. Since he had nothing to lose by going to trial, he decided to have one. At his trial, he claimed to have only had a minor participation in the robbery and had not fired a weapon at anyone. The jury was not convinced. In addition to being caught in the escape attempt with the other robbers, witnesses identified him as a participant in both shootouts. He was sentenced to 75 years to life in prison.
In August 1993, the Second Circuit denied Brown's new petition for a writ of
habeas corpus
''Habeas corpus'' (; from Medieval Latin, ) is a recourse in law through which a person can report an unlawful detention or imprisonment to a court and request that the court order the custodian of the person, usually a prison official, t ...
.
Buck and Shakur
Buck was later convicted of multiple charges related to the Brink's robbery and other crimes and sentenced to 50 years in a federal prison.
Mutulu Shakur
Mutulu Shakur (born Jeral Wayne Williams; August 8, 1950) is an American activist and former member of the Black Liberation Army, sentenced to sixty years in prison for his involvement in a 1981 robbery of a Brinks armored truck in which a guar ...
, the alleged ringleader of the group, was the last to go on trial on charges related to the robbery. In 1988, he received a 60-year prison sentence. Shakur and Buck's federal convictions were affirmed by the Second Circuit in October 1989.
Buck was released from prison in July 2010, and died of cancer in August 2010. Shakur was denied
parole
Parole (also known as provisional release or supervised release) is a form of early release of a prison inmate where the prisoner agrees to abide by certain behavioral conditions, including checking-in with their designated parole officers, or ...
release in 2016, again in 2018, and in early 2022. On November 10, 2022, the
United States Parole Commission The United States Parole Commission is the parole board responsible for granting or denying parole to, and supervising the parole releases of, incarcerated individuals who fall under its jurisdiction. It is part of the United States Department of J ...
granted him parole effective December 16, 2022, in light of his terminal bone cancer. At that time he will have served nearly 37 years.
Odinga, Baraldini, Joseph and Ferguson
In a 1983 federal trial presided over by U.S. District Judge
Kevin Duffy
Kevin Thomas Duffy (January 10, 1933 – April 1, 2020) was an American lawyer and United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York.
Education and career
Born on January 10, 1933, in the B ...
,
Sekou Odinga
Sekou Odinga (born June 17, 1944, as Nathanial Burns) is an American activist and convicted felon who was imprisoned for actions with the Black Liberation Army in the 1960s and 1970s.
In 1965, Sekou joined the Organization of Afro-American Unity ...
and
Silvia Baraldini
Silvia Baraldini (December 12, 1947) is an Italian activist. She was active in both the Black Power and Puerto Rican independence movements in the United States in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. In 1982 she was sentenced to 43 years under the Rac ...
were convicted of conspiracy and racketeering related to the robberies,
Jamal Joseph and Cecil Ferguson were convicted as accessories, while two additional defendants were acquitted.
[ That trial was prosecuted by Robert S. Litt, while the defendants' lawyers included ]Chokwe Lumumba
Chokwe Lumumba (; August 2, 1947 – February 25, 2014) was an American attorney, activist, and politician, who was affiliated with the black nationalist organization Republic of New Afrika and served as its second vice president. He served as a ...
and Lynne Stewart
Lynne Irene Stewart (October 8, 1939 – March 7, 2017) was an American defense attorney who was known for representing controversial, famous defendants. She herself was convicted on charges of conspiracy and providing material support to terro ...
.[
Ferguson, Baraldini, and Odinga's federal convictions were affirmed by the ]United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
The United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit (in case citations, 2d Cir.) is one of the thirteen United States Courts of Appeals. Its territory comprises the states of Connecticut, New York and Vermont. The court has appellate ju ...
in March 1985.
Legacy
In 2004, the Nyack post office was officially renamed after the two police officers and the Brink's guard who were killed in the shootout. A fictionalized version of the robbery is incorporated into the 1995 film ''Dead Presidents
''Dead Presidents'' is a 1995 American crime film co-written, produced and directed by the Hughes Brothers. The film chronicles the life of Anthony Curtis (Larenz Tate), focusing on his teenage years as a high school graduate and his experience ...
''. In 2008, five years after her release on parole, Kathy Boudin (having earned a doctorate in the interim) was appointed as an adjunct professor at Columbia University School of Social Work
The Columbia University School of Social Work is the graduate school of social work of
Columbia University. It is the nation's oldest social work program, with roots extending back to 1898, when the New York Charity Organization Society's first ...
, prompting a 2013 Orangetown Town Board condemnation of the university's action and a call for her termination as professor. In 2019, Boudin and Gilbert's son, Chesa, who was dropped off to a babysitter before the robbery, was elected District Attorney for the city of San Francisco. The voters of San Francisco recalled Chesa Boudin from office as D.A. on June 7, 2022.
Further reading
* Jacobs, Ron (1997). ''The Way The Wind Blew: A History of the Weather Underground''. New York: Verso. .
* Gilbert, David (2012). ''Love and Struggle: My Life in SDS, the Weather Underground, and Beyond''. Oakland: PM Press. .
* Castellucci, John (1986). ''Big Dance: The Untold Story of Weather-Man Kathy Boudin and the Terrorist Family That Committed the Brink's Robbery Murders''; Dodd Mead. [ (book review)]
References
External links
O'Grady Brown Memorial Scholarship Fund
*
{{coord, 41.096, -74.016, type:landmark_region:US-NY, display=title
1981 in New York (state)
1981 murders in the United States
American bank robbers
Bank robberies
Black Liberation Army
Crimes in New York (state)
October 1981 events in the United States
Robberies in the United States
Robberies of armored vehicles
Rockland County, New York
Weather Underground