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Compressed tea, called tea bricks, tea cakes or tea lumps, and tea nuggets according to the shape and size, are blocks of whole or finely ground
black tea Black tea, also translated to red tea in various East Asian languages, is a type of tea that is more oxidized than oolong, yellow, white and green teas. Black tea is generally stronger in flavour than other teas. All five types are made from ...
,
green tea Green tea is a type of tea that is made from '' Camellia sinensis'' leaves and buds that have not undergone the same withering and oxidation process which is used to make oolong teas and black teas. Green tea originated in China, and since the ...
, or
post-fermented tea Fermented tea (also known as post-fermented tea or dark tea) is a class of tea that has undergone microbial fermentation, from several months to many years. The exposure of the tea leaves to humidity and oxygen during the process also causes en ...
leaves that have been packed in molds and pressed into block form. This was the most commonly produced and used form of tea in ancient
China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...
prior to the
Ming Dynasty The Ming dynasty (), officially the Great Ming, was an Dynasties in Chinese history, imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol Empire, Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty was the last ort ...
. Although tea bricks are less commonly produced in modern times, many post-fermented teas, such as ''
pu-erh ''Pu'er'' or ''pu-erh'' is a variety of fermented tea traditionally produced in Yunnan Province, China. In the context of traditional Chinese tea production terminology, fermentation refers to microbial fermentation (called 'wet piling'), and ...
'', are still commonly found in bricks, discs, and other pressed forms. Tea bricks can be made into beverages like tea or eaten as food, and were also used in the past as a form of currency.


Production

In ancient China, compressed teas were usually made with thoroughly dried and ground tea leaves that were pressed into various bricks or other shapes, although partially dried and whole leaves were also used. Some tea bricks were also mixed with binding agents such as
flour Flour is a powder made by grinding raw grains, roots, beans, nuts, or seeds. Flours are used to make many different foods. Cereal flour, particularly wheat flour, is the main ingredient of bread, which is a staple food for many culture ...
,
blood Blood is a body fluid in the circulatory system of humans and other vertebrates that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells, and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells. Blood in the c ...
, or
manure Manure is organic matter that is used as organic fertilizer in agriculture. Most manure consists of animal feces; other sources include compost and green manure. Manures contribute to the fertility of soil by adding organic matter and nutri ...
to better preserve their form so they could withstand physical use as currency. Newly formed tea bricks were then left to cure, dry, and age prior to being sold or traded. Tea bricks were preferred in trade prior to the 19th century in Asia since they were more compact than loose leaf tea and were also less susceptible to physical damage incurred through transportation over land by
caravan Caravan or caravans may refer to: Transport and travel *Caravan (travellers), a group of travellers journeying together **Caravanserai, a place where a caravan could stop *Camel train, a convoy using camels as pack animals *Convoy, a group of veh ...
s on the
Ancient tea route The Tea Horse Road or ''chamadao'' (), now generally referred to as the Ancient Tea Horse Road or ''chamagudao'' () was a network of caravan paths winding through the mountains of Sichuan, Yunnan and Tibet in Southwest China. This was also a tea t ...
. Tea bricks are still currently manufactured for drinking, as in ''pu-erh'' teas, as well as for souvenirs and novelty items, though most compressed teas produced in modern times are usually made from whole leaves. The compressed tea can take various traditional forms, many of them still being produced. A dome-shaped nugget of 100g (standard size) is simply called ''tuóchá'' (), which is translated several ways, sometimes as "bird's nest tea" or "bowl tea". A small dome-shaped nugget with a dimple underneath just enough to make one pot or cup of tea is called a ''xiǎo tuóchá'' (; the first word meaning "small") which usually weighs 3g–5g. A larger piece around 357g, which may be a disc with a dimple, is called ''bǐngchá'' (, literally "biscuit tea" or "cake tea"). A large, flat, square brick is called ''fāngchá'' (, literally "square tea"). To produce a tea brick, ground or whole tea is first steamed, then placed into one of a number of types of press and compressed into a solid form. Such presses may leave an intended imprint on the tea, such as an artistic design or simply the pattern of the cloth with which the tea was pressed. Many powdered tea bricks are moistened with rice water in pressing to assure that the tea powder sticks together. The pressed blocks of tea are then left to dry in storage until a suitable degree of moisture has evaporated.
Ya'an Ya'an (, Tibetan: Yak-Nga ) is a prefecture-level city in the western part of Sichuan province, China, located just below the Tibetan Plateau. The city is home to Sichuan Agricultural University, the only 211 Project university and the largest ...
is the main market for a special kind of tea which is grown in this part of the country and exported in very large quantities to Tibet via
Kangding Kangding (), also called Tachienlu and Dartsedo (; ), is a county-level city and the seat of Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Sichuan province of Southwest China. Kangding is on the bank of the Dadu River and has been considered the histor ...
and over the caravan routes through Batang (Paan) and Teko. Although the Chinese regard it as an inferior product, it is greatly esteemed by the Tibetans for its powerful flavor, which harmonizes particularly well with that of the rancid yak's butter which they mix with their tea. Brick tea comprises not only what we call tea leaves, but also the coarser leaves and some of the twigs of the shrub, as well as the leaves and fruit of other plants and trees (the alder, for instance). This amalgam is steamed, weighed, and compressed into hard bricks, which are packed up in coarse matting in subunits of four. These rectangular parcels weigh between twenty-two and twenty-six pounds—the quality of the tea makes a slight difference to the weight—and are carried to Kangting by coolies. A long string of them, moving slowly under their monstrous burdens of tea, was a familiar sight along the road I followed.
The brick tea is packaged n_Kangting.html"_;"title="Kangting.html"_;"title="n_Kangting">n_Kangting">Kangting.html"_;"title="n_Kangting">n_Kangtingeither_in_the_courtyard_or_in_the_street_outside,_and_it_is_quite_a_complicated_process._When_the_coolies_bring_it_in_from_Ya'an,_it_has_to_be_repacked_before_being_consigned_upcountry,_for_in_a_coolie's_load_the_standard_subunit_is_four_bricks_lashed_together,_and_these_would_be_the_wrong_shape_for_animal_transport._So_they_are_first_cut_in_two,_then_put_together_in_lots_of_three,_leaving_what_they_call_a_''gam'',_which_is_half_a_yak's_load._Tea_which_is_going_to_be_consumed_reasonably_soon_is_done_up_in_a_loose_case_of_matting,_but_the_''gams'',_which_are_bound_for_remote_destinations,_perhaps_even_for_''Lhasa'',_are_sewn_up_in_yakhides._These_hides_are_not_tanned_but_are_merely_dried_in_the_sun;_when_used_for_packing_they_are_soaked_in_water_to_make_them_pliable_and_then_sewn_very_tightly_around_the_load,_and_when_they_dry_out_again_the_tea_is_enclosed_in_a_container_which_is_as_hard_as_wood_and_is_completely_unaffected_by_rain,_hard_knocks,_or_immersion_in_streams._The_Tibetan_packers_are_a_special_guild_of_craftsmen,_readily_identifiable_by_the_powerful_aroma_of_untanned_leather_which_they_exude.
Another_prominent_guild_in_Kangting_is_that_of_the_women_tea_coolies_who_shift_the_stuff_from_the_warehouses_to_the_inns_where_the_caravans_start._They_have_a_monopoly_on_this_work_and_the_cheerful_gangs_of_girls_are_a_picturesque_element_in_the_city's_life._They_need_to_be_immensely_strong_to_do_a_job_which_consists_of_carrying_over_a_short_distance_anything_up_to_an_entire_yak's_load_several_times_a_day._Many_of_them_are_quite_pretty_(and_well_aware_of_the_fact);_they_look_very_gay_and_rather_brazen_as,_giggling_and_chattering_among_themselves,_they_move_along_with_their_heavy_burdens,_which_are_held_in_place_by_a_woolen_girdle_around_the_chest.


__Consumption_

Due_to_their_density_and_toughness_tea_bricks_were_consumed_after_they_were_broken_into_small_pieces_and_boiled._Traditionally_in_Tang_Dynasty,_they_were_consumed_after_having_been_ground_to_a_fine_powder._The_legacy_of_using_tea_bricks_in_powdered_form_can_be_seen_through_modern_Matcha.html" ;"title="Kangting">n_Kangting.html" ;"title="Kangting.html" ;"title="n Kangting">n Kangting">Kangting.html" ;"title="n Kangting">n Kangtingeither in the courtyard or in the street outside, and it is quite a complicated process. When the coolies bring it in from Ya'an, it has to be repacked before being consigned upcountry, for in a coolie's load the standard subunit is four bricks lashed together, and these would be the wrong shape for animal transport. So they are first cut in two, then put together in lots of three, leaving what they call a ''gam'', which is half a yak's load. Tea which is going to be consumed reasonably soon is done up in a loose case of matting, but the ''gams'', which are bound for remote destinations, perhaps even for ''Lhasa'', are sewn up in yakhides. These hides are not tanned but are merely dried in the sun; when used for packing they are soaked in water to make them pliable and then sewn very tightly around the load, and when they dry out again the tea is enclosed in a container which is as hard as wood and is completely unaffected by rain, hard knocks, or immersion in streams. The Tibetan packers are a special guild of craftsmen, readily identifiable by the powerful aroma of untanned leather which they exude.
Another prominent guild in Kangting is that of the women tea coolies who shift the stuff from the warehouses to the inns where the caravans start. They have a monopoly on this work and the cheerful gangs of girls are a picturesque element in the city's life. They need to be immensely strong to do a job which consists of carrying over a short distance anything up to an entire yak's load several times a day. Many of them are quite pretty (and well aware of the fact); they look very gay and rather brazen as, giggling and chattering among themselves, they move along with their heavy burdens, which are held in place by a woolen girdle around the chest.


Consumption

Due to their density and toughness tea bricks were consumed after they were broken into small pieces and boiled. Traditionally in Tang Dynasty, they were consumed after having been ground to a fine powder. The legacy of using tea bricks in powdered form can be seen through modern Matcha">Japanese tea powders as well as the pulverized tea leaves used in the ''lei cha'' () eaten by the Hakka people and some people in Hunan province.


Beverage

In ancient China the use of tea bricks involved three separate steps: #''Toasting'': A piece was broken from the tea brick and usually first toasted over a fire. This was probably done to sanitize the tea brick and destroy any mold or insect infestation that may have occurred when the bricks were stored uncovered in warehouses and storerooms or in covered jars underground. Toasting also imparted a pleasant flavor to the resulting beverage. #''Grinding'': The toasted tea brick was broken up and ground to a fine powder. #''Whisking'': The powdered tea was mixed into hot water and frothed with a whisk before serving. The color and patterns formed by the powdered tea were enjoyed while the mixture was being drunk. In modern times bricks of ''pu-erh'' type teas are flaked, chipped, or broken and directly steeped after thorough rinsing; the process of toasting, grinding, and whisking to make tea from tea bricks has become uncommon. '' Tteokcha'' (), also called ''byeongcha'' (), was the most commonly produced and consumed type of tea in pre-modern Korea. Pressed tea made into the shape of ''
yeopjeon A ''yeopjeon'' (Hangul: 엽전; Hanja: 葉錢; "leaf coin") was a Korean brass coin with a square cut out which was first issued in 1678 and continued until the final years of the Chosun Dynasty. New history of Korea - Page 516 Hyŏn-hŭi Yi, S ...
'', the coins with holes, was called ''
doncha ''Doncha'' (), also called ''jeoncha'' (), is a coin-shaped post-fermented tea produced in Korea. The tea has been called ''cheongtae-jeon'' () in the Jangheung region in South Jeolla Province. History The history of ''doncha'' dates back t ...
'' (), ''jeoncha'' (), or ''cheongtaejeon'' (). ''Borim-cha'' () or ''Borim-baengmo-cha'' (), named after its birthplace, the Borim temple in
Jangheung Jangheung County (''Jangheung-gun'') is a county in South Jeolla Province, South Korea. Slow city In 2007 Jangheung was designated as a slow city. It was the first slow city designation in Asia. Spot for filming ''Festival'' (1996) was filmed ...
,
South Jeolla Province South Jeolla Province (; ''Jeollanam-do''; ), also known as Jeonnam, is a province of South Korea. South Jeolla has a population of 1,902,324 (2014) and has a geographic area of located in the Honam region at the southwestern tip of the Korean ...
, is a popular ''tteokcha'' variety.


Food

Tea bricks are used as a form of food in parts of
Central Asia Central Asia, also known as Middle Asia, is a subregion, region of Asia that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to western China and Mongolia in the east, and from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north. It includes t ...
and
Tibet Tibet (; ''Böd''; ) is a region in East Asia, covering much of the Tibetan Plateau and spanning about . It is the traditional homeland of the Tibetan people. Also resident on the plateau are some other ethnic groups such as Monpa people, ...
in the past as much as in modern times. In Tibet pieces of tea are broken from tea bricks, and boiled overnight in water, sometimes with
salt Salt is a mineral composed primarily of sodium chloride (NaCl), a chemical compound belonging to the larger class of salts; salt in the form of a natural crystalline mineral is known as rock salt or halite. Salt is present in vast quantitie ...
. The resulting concentrated tea infusion is then mixed with
butter Butter is a dairy product made from the fat and protein components of churned cream. It is a semi-solid emulsion at room temperature, consisting of approximately 80% butterfat. It is used at room temperature as a spread, melted as a condiment ...
, cream or milk and a little salt to make
butter tea Butter tea, also known as ''po cha'' (, "Tibetan tea"), ''cha süma'' (, "churned tea"), Mandarin Chinese: ''sūyóu chá'' ( 酥 油 茶) or ''gur gur cha'' in the Ladakhi language, is a drink of the people in the Himalayan regions of Nepal, Bhut ...
, a staple of Tibetan cuisine. The tea mixed with ''
tsampa Tsampa or Tsamba (; ) is a Tibetan and Himalayan staple foodstuff, particularly prominent in the central part of the region. It is glutinous meal made from roasted flour, usually barley flour and sometimes also wheat flour. It is usually mixed ...
'' is called Pah. Individual portions of the mixture are kneaded in a small bowl, formed into balls and eaten. Some cities of the
Fukui prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūbu region of Honshū. Fukui Prefecture has a population of 778,943 (1 June 2017) and has a geographic area of 4,190 km2 (1,617 sq mi). Fukui Prefecture borders Ishikawa Prefecture to the north, Gi ...
in
Japan Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north ...
have food similar to ''tsampa'', where concentrated tea is mixed with grain flour. However, the tea may or may not be made of tea bricks. In parts of
Mongolia Mongolia; Mongolian script: , , ; lit. "Mongol Nation" or "State of Mongolia" () is a landlocked country in East Asia, bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south. It covers an area of , with a population of just 3.3 million, ...
and central Asia, a mixture of ground tea bricks, grain flours and boiling water is eaten directly. It has been suggested that tea eaten whole provides needed
roughage Dietary fiber (in British English fibre) or roughage is the portion of plant-derived food that cannot be completely broken down by human digestive enzymes. Dietary fibers are diverse in chemical composition, and can be grouped generally by the ...
normally lacking in the diet.


Use as currency

Due to the high value of tea in many parts of Asia, tea bricks were used as a form of currency throughout
China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...
,
Tibet Tibet (; ''Böd''; ) is a region in East Asia, covering much of the Tibetan Plateau and spanning about . It is the traditional homeland of the Tibetan people. Also resident on the plateau are some other ethnic groups such as Monpa people, ...
,
Mongolia Mongolia; Mongolian script: , , ; lit. "Mongol Nation" or "State of Mongolia" () is a landlocked country in East Asia, bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south. It covers an area of , with a population of just 3.3 million, ...
, and
Central Asia Central Asia, also known as Middle Asia, is a subregion, region of Asia that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to western China and Mongolia in the east, and from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north. It includes t ...
. This is quite similar to the use of salt bricks as currency in parts of Africa. Tea bricks were in fact the preferred form of currency over metallic coins for the
nomad A nomad is a member of a community without fixed habitation who regularly moves to and from the same areas. Such groups include hunter-gatherers, pastoral nomads (owning livestock), tinkers and trader nomads. In the twentieth century, the popu ...
s of Mongolia and
Siberia Siberia ( ; rus, Сибирь, r=Sibir', p=sʲɪˈbʲirʲ, a=Ru-Сибирь.ogg) is an extensive geographical region, constituting all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has been a part of ...
. The tea could not only be used as money and eaten as food in times of hunger but also brewed as allegedly beneficial medicine for treating coughs and colds. Until
World War II World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...
, tea bricks were still used as a form of edible currency in Siberia. Tea bricks for Tibet were mainly produced in the area of
Ya'an Ya'an (, Tibetan: Yak-Nga ) is a prefecture-level city in the western part of Sichuan province, China, located just below the Tibetan Plateau. The city is home to Sichuan Agricultural University, the only 211 Project university and the largest ...
(formerly Yachou-fu) in Sichuan province. The bricks were produced in five different qualities and valued accordingly. The kind of brick which was most commonly used as currency in the late 19th and early 20th century was that of the third quality which the Tibetans called "brgyad pa" ("eighth"), because at one time it was worth eight
Tibetan tangka The tangka (Tibetan: ''Tam'' or = ''silver tangka'') was a currency of Tibet until 1941. It was subdivided into 15 or and, from 1909, it circulated alongside the '' srang'', worth 10 sho. Coins Coins struck to the tangka standard were first ...
s (standard silver coin of Tibet which weighs about 5.4 grams) in
Lhasa Lhasa (; Lhasa dialect: ; bo, text=ལྷ་ས, translation=Place of Gods) is the urban center of the prefecture-level city, prefecture-level Lhasa (prefecture-level city), Lhasa City and the administrative capital of Tibet Autonomous Regio ...
. Bricks of this standard were also exported by Tibet to Bhutan and Ladakh.


Health effects

All tea plant tissues accumulate
fluorine Fluorine is a chemical element with the symbol F and atomic number 9. It is the lightest halogen and exists at standard conditions as a highly toxic, pale yellow diatomic gas. As the most electronegative reactive element, it is extremely reacti ...
to some extent. Tea bricks that are made from old tea leaves and stems can accumulate large amounts of this element, which can make them unsafe for consumption in large quantities or over prolonged periods. Use of such teas has led to fluorosis, a form of fluoride poisoning that affects the bones and teeth, in areas of high brick tea consumption such as Tibet. ''Pu-erh'' and other teas are claimed to have many beneficial effects on health.


References


Citations


Sources

* Bertsch, Wolfgang (2006) ''The Use of Tea Bricks as Currency among the Tibetans ("Der Gebrauch von Teeziegeln als Zahlungsmittel bei den Tibetern")'', Der Primitivgeldsammler. Europäische Vereinigung zum Erforschen, Sammeln und Bewahren von ursprünglichen und außergewöhnlichen Geldformen (European Association for the Research, Collection and Preservation of Original and Curious Money), No. 75, Rüsselsheim. This article was also published in the ''Tibet Journal'' and is available as websit

* * *
National Palace Museum Exhibition Brochure "Empty Vessels, Replenished Minds: the Culture, Practice and Art of Tea" Taiwan 2002
* * Rosthorn, Arthur de (1895): On the Tea Cultivation in Western Ssuch´uan and the Trade with Tibet via Tachienlu. Luzac & Co., London, 1895. * *


External links


Tea Money of China. Ken Bressett.
{{Teas Currencies of China Korean tea Tea Tea culture Alternative currencies