''Breviata anathema'' is a single-celled
flagellate
A flagellate is a cell or organism with one or more whip-like appendages called flagella. The word ''flagellate'' also describes a particular construction (or level of organization) characteristic of many prokaryotes and eukaryotes and their ...
amoeboid
An amoeba (; less commonly spelled ameba or amœba; plural ''am(o)ebas'' or ''am(o)ebae'' ), often called an amoeboid, is a type of cell or unicellular organism with the ability to alter its shape, primarily by extending and retracting pseudopo ...
eukaryote
Eukaryotes () are organisms whose cells have a nucleus. All animals, plants, fungi, and many unicellular organisms, are Eukaryotes. They belong to the group of organisms Eukaryota or Eukarya, which is one of the three domains of life. Bacte ...
, previously studied under the name ''
Mastigamoeba
''Mastigamoeba'' is a genus of peolobionts, and treated by some as members of the Archamoebae group of protists. ''Mastigamoeba ''are characterized as anaerobic, amitochondriate organisms that are polymorphic. Their dominant life cycle stage is ...
invertens''. The cell lacks
mitochondria
A mitochondrion (; ) is an organelle found in the Cell (biology), cells of most Eukaryotes, such as animals, plants and Fungus, fungi. Mitochondria have a double lipid bilayer, membrane structure and use aerobic respiration to generate adenosi ...
but has remnant mitochondrial genes, and possesses an
organelle
In cell biology, an organelle is a specialized subunit, usually within a cell, that has a specific function. The name ''organelle'' comes from the idea that these structures are parts of cells, as organs are to the body, hence ''organelle,'' the ...
believed to be a modified
anaerobic
Anaerobic means "living, active, occurring, or existing in the absence of free oxygen", as opposed to aerobic which means "living, active, or occurring only in the presence of oxygen." Anaerobic may also refer to:
* Anaerobic adhesive, a bonding a ...
mitochondrion, similar to the
mitosomes
A mitosome is an organelle found in some unicellular eukaryotic organisms, like in members of the supergroup Excavata. The mitosome was found and named in 1999, and its function has not yet been well characterized. It was termed a ''crypton'' by o ...
and
hydrogenosomes
A hydrogenosome is a membrane-enclosed organelle found in some anaerobic ciliates, flagellates, and fungi. Hydrogenosomes are highly variable organelles that have presumably evolved from protomitochondria to produce molecular hydrogen and ATP in ...
found in other eukaryotes that live in low-oxygen environments.
Early molecular data placed ''Breviata'' in the
Amoebozoa
Amoebozoa is a major taxonomic group containing about 2,400 described species of amoeboid protists, often possessing blunt, fingerlike, lobose pseudopods and tubular mitochondrial cristae. In traditional and currently no longer supported classi ...
, but without obvious affinity to known amoebozoan groups.
More recently,
phylogenomic
Phylogenomics is the intersection of the fields of evolution and genomics. The term has been used in multiple ways to refer to analysis that involves genome data and evolutionary reconstructions. It is a group of techniques within the larger fields ...
analysis has shown that the class Breviatea is a sister group to the
Opisthokonta and
Apusomonadida
The Apusomonadida are a group of protozoan zooflagellates that glide on surfaces, and mostly consume prokaryotes. They are of particular evolutionary interest because they appear to be the sister group to the Opisthokonts, the clade that includ ...
. Together, these three groups form the clade
Obazoa
Obazoa (Brown et al., 2013) is a proposed sister clade of Amoebozoa (which together form Amorphea). Obazoa is composed of Breviatea, Apusomonadida and Opisthokonta. The term Obazoa is based on the OBA acronym for Opisthokonta, Breviatea, and Apu ...
(the term Obazoa is based on an acronym of Opisthokonta, Breviatea, and Apusomonadida, plus ‘zóa’ (pertaining to ‘life’ in Greek)).
Taxonomy
* Class
Breviatea
''Breviata anathema'' is a single-celled flagellate amoeboid eukaryote, previously studied under the name ''Mastigamoeba invertens''. The cell lacks mitochondria but has remnant mitochondrial genes, and possesses an organelle believed to be a m ...
Cavalier-Smith 2004 rotamoebaeref>
** Order
Breviatida Cavalier-Smith 2004
*** Family
Breviatidae Cavalier-Smith 2012
**** Genus ''Breviata''
Walker, Dacks & Martin Embley 2006
***** Species ''
Breviata anathema
''Breviata anathema'' is a single-celled flagellate amoeboid eukaryote, previously studied under the name ''Mastigamoeba invertens''. The cell lacks mitochondria but has remnant mitochondrial genes, and possesses an organelle believed to be a modif ...
''
(Klebs 1892) Walker, Dacks & Martin Embley 2006 'Mastigamoeba_invertens''_
Klebs_1892.html" ;"title="Mastigamoeba_invertens.html" ;"title="'Mastigamoeba invertens">'Mastigamoeba invertens''
Klebs 1892">Mastigamoeba_invertens.html" ;"title="'Mastigamoeba invertens">'Mastigamoeba invertens''
Klebs 1892**** Genus ''Lenisia limosa''
Hamann et al. 2016
***** Species ''Lenisia limosa''
Hamann et al. 2016
**** Genus ''Pygsuia''
Brown et al. 2013
***** Species ''Pygsuia biforma''
Brown et al. 2013
**** Genus ''
Subulatomonas''
Katz et al. 2011
***** Species ''
Subulatomonas tetraspora''
Katz et al. 2011
References
Obazoa
Eukaryote genera
{{Unikont-stub