Brauron (; grc, Βραυρών) was one of the twelve cities of ancient
Attica
Attica ( el, Αττική, Ancient Greek ''Attikḗ'' or , or ), or the Attic Peninsula, is a historical region that encompasses the city of Athens, the capital of Greece and its countryside. It is a peninsula projecting into the Aegean Se ...
, but never mentioned as a ''
deme
In Ancient Greece, a deme or ( grc, δῆμος, plural: demoi, δημοι) was a suburb or a subdivision of Athens and other city-states. Demes as simple subdivisions of land in the countryside seem to have existed in the 6th century BC and ear ...
'', though it continued to exist down to the latest times. It was situated on or near the eastern coast of Attica, between
Steiria and
Halae Araphenides
Halae Araphenides or Halai Araphenides ( grc, Ἁλαὶ Ἀραφηνίδες, Halái Araphenídes) was a deme of ancient Attica, situated on its eastern coast between Brauron and Araphen, and was the harbour of Brauron, whence persons crossed ...
, near the river
Erasinus
''Erasinus'' is a genus of the spider family Salticidae (jumping spiders).
All three described species are only known from males. Simon thought that they were close to '' Viciria''. Judging from the shape of the male palp of ''E. gracilis'', it ...
. Brauron is celebrated on account of the worship of
Artemis Brauronia, in whose honour a festival was celebrated in this place.
The sanctuary of Artemis at Brauron (
Modern Greek
Modern Greek (, , or , ''Kiní Neoellinikí Glóssa''), generally referred to by speakers simply as Greek (, ), refers collectively to the dialects of the Greek language spoken in the modern era, including the official standardized form of the ...
: Βραυρώνα - ''Vravrona'') is an early sacred site on the eastern coast of Attica near the
Aegean Sea
The Aegean Sea ; tr, Ege Denizi (Greek language, Greek: Αιγαίο Πέλαγος: "Egéo Pélagos", Turkish language, Turkish: "Ege Denizi" or "Adalar Denizi") is an elongated embayment of the Mediterranean Sea between Europe and Asia. It ...
in a small inlet. The inlet has silted up since ancient times, pushing the current shoreline farther from the site. A nearby hill, c. 24 m high and 220 m to the southeast, was inhabited during the
Neolithic
The Neolithic period, or New Stone Age, is an Old World archaeological period and the final division of the Stone Age. It saw the Neolithic Revolution, a wide-ranging set of developments that appear to have arisen independently in several parts ...
era, c. 2000 BCE, and flourished particularly from
Middle Helladic
Helladic chronology is a relative dating system used in archaeology and art history. It complements the Minoan chronology scheme devised by Sir Arthur Evans for the categorisation of Bronze Age artefacts from the Minoan civilization within a his ...
to early
Mycenaean times (2000–1600 BCE) as a fortified site (acropolis).
[Hellenic Ministry of Culture] Occupation ceased in the
LHIIIb period, and the acropolis was never significantly resettled after this time. This gap in the occupation of the site lasted from LHIIIb (13th century) until the 8th century BCE. Brauron was one of the twelve ancient settlements of Attica prior to the ''synoikismos'' of
Theseus
Theseus (, ; grc-gre, Θησεύς ) was the mythical king and founder-hero of Athens. The myths surrounding Theseus his journeys, exploits, and friends have provided material for fiction throughout the ages.
Theseus is sometimes describe ...
, who unified them with Athens.
The following of Artemis Brauronia connected the coastal (rural) sanctuary at Brauron with another (urban) sanctuary on the
acropolis in Athens, the
Brauroneion
The Brauroneion was the sanctuary of Artemis Brauronia on the Athenian Acropolis, located in the southwest corner of the Acropolis plateau, between the Chalkotheke and the Propylaea in Greece. It was originally dedicated during the reign of Peisis ...
, from which there was a procession every four years during the Arkteia festival. The tyrant
Pisistratus
Pisistratus or Peisistratus ( grc-gre, Πεισίστρατος ; 600 – 527 BC) was a politician in ancient Athens, ruling as tyrant in the late 560s, the early 550s and from 546 BC until his death. His unification of Attica, the triangular ...
was Brauronian by birth, and he is credited with transferring the cult to the Acropolis, thus establishing it on the statewide rather than local level. The sanctuary contained a small temple of Artemis, a unique stone bridge, cave shrines, a sacred spring, and a pi-shaped (Π) stoa that included dining rooms for ritual feasting. The unfortified site continued in use until tensions between the Athenians and the Macedonians the 3rd century BCE caused it to be abandoned. After that time, no archaeologically significant activity occurred at the site until the erection of a small church in the 6th century CE.
Votive dedications at the sanctuary include a number of statues of young children of both sexes, as well as many items pertaining to feminine life, such as jewelry boxes and mirrors. Large numbers of miniature kraters (''krateriskoi'') have been recovered from the site, many depicting young girls — either nude or clothed — racing or dancing. The
Archaeological Museum of Brauron The Brauron Archaeological Museum is a museum in Markopoulo Mesogeias, Greece. Much of the collection is derived from excavations in the Sanctuary of Artemis at Brauron. Of note is a statue representing a small girl, a so-called "bear" (arktoi) (Med ...
— located around a small hill 330 m to the ESE — contains an extensive and important collection of finds from the site throughout its period of use.
Mythology and history
![Erasinos river](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Erasinos_river.jpg)
As the Greek fleet was preparing to sail to Troy to force the return of Helen, they gathered in
Aulis near the
Euripus Strait
The Euripus Strait ( el, Εύριπος ) is a narrow channel of water separating the Greek island of Euboea in the Aegean Sea from Boeotia in mainland Greece. The strait's principal port is Chalcis on Euboea, located at the strait's narrowest poi ...
. While there, king
Agamemnon
In Greek mythology, Agamemnon (; grc-gre, Ἀγαμέμνων ''Agamémnōn'') was a king of Mycenae who commanded the Greeks during the Trojan War. He was the son, or grandson, of King Atreus and Queen Aerope, the brother of Menelaus, the husb ...
killed a stag sacred to the goddess Artemis. The enraged deity caused a contrary wind and eventually forced the king to agree to sacrifice his daughter
Iphigeneia
In Greek mythology, Iphigenia (; grc, Ἰφιγένεια, , ) was a daughter of King Agamemnon and Queen Clytemnestra, and thus a princess of Mycenae.
In the story, Agamemnon offends the goddess Artemis on his way to the Trojan War by hunting ...
in order to ensure a favorable wind for the Greek fleet. In one version of the myth, a surrogate sacrifice was provided through the divine intervention of Artemis, and the saved girl then became a priestess of the goddess among the ''
Tauri
The Tauri (; in Ancient Greek), or Taurians, also Scythotauri, Tauri Scythae, Tauroscythae (Pliny, ''H. N.'' 4.85) were an ancient people settled on the southern coast of the Crimea peninsula, inhabiting the Crimean Mountains in the 1st millenni ...
'', a people living near the Black Sea in the
Crimean peninsula
Crimea, crh, Къырым, Qırım, grc, Κιμμερία / Ταυρική, translit=Kimmería / Taurikḗ ( ) is a peninsula in Ukraine, on the northern coast of the Black Sea, that has been occupied by Russia since 2014. It has a po ...
. Subsequent to these events, Iphigenia returns from among the Tauri with the assistance of her brother
Orestes
In Greek mythology, Orestes or Orestis (; grc-gre, Ὀρέστης ) was the son of Clytemnestra and Agamemnon, and the brother of Electra. He is the subject of several Ancient Greek plays and of various myths connected with his madness and ...
. In Euripides' version of the myth, the goddess Athena reveals that Iphigenia will make landfall in Brauron and there be the priestess of Artemis, die, and be buried:
ATHENA:
And Orestes, learn well my commands – for you hear
the voice of the goddess although you are not present –
set forth taking the (sacred) image and your sister,
and when you reach god-built Athens,
there is a place on the outermost borders
of Attica, a neighbor of the Karustia ridge,
sacred, and my people name it Halai.
Build a temple there and set up the wooden image
– named for the Tauric land and for your struggles,
which you endured wandering through Greece
due to the goads of the Furies. And in the future mortals
shall sing hymns to the goddess Artemis Tauropolos.
And set up this law: whenever the people keep the festival
as a payment of your sacrifice, hold a sword
at a man's throat and draw blood,
so that by this the goddess may have her holy honors.
And you, Iphigenia, beside the holy stairs
of Brauron you must hold the keys for the goddess herself:
where you will die and be buried, and – as a delight for you –
they will dedicate the finely woven material of woven cloth
which by chance women having lost their lives in childbirth
abandon in their homes. I command you to send forth
these Greek women from this land
due to their correct intentions.
Euripides, ''Iphigeneia in Tauris
''Iphigenia in Tauris'' ( grc, Ἰφιγένεια ἐν Ταύροις, ''Iphigeneia en Taurois'') is a drama by the playwright Euripides, written between 414 BC and 412 BC. It has much in common with another of Euripides's plays, '' Helen'', as ...
'' 1446–1468.
The poet asserts a close connection between the nearby sanctuary of Artemis Tauropolos at Halai (modern day
Loutsa) and the Sanctuary at Brauron, where Iphigenia is to receive honors in the cult of Artemis. As is often the case, there were multiple competing versions of the relevant myths, but the mythical connection between the three coastal sanctuaries of Artemis is clear. ''Halai Araphenides'' (the Salt Fields of ''Araphen'', modern
Rafina
Rafina ( el, Ραφήνα) is a suburban port town located on the eastern coast of Attica in Greece. It has a population of 13,091 inhabitants (2011 census). Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Rafina-Pikermi, of ...
) was the ancient name of modern Loutsa, a beach resort half-way between Rafina and Vravrona, where the ruins of a small temple to Artemis Tauropolos have been excavated from underneath the sand dunes originally covering the area.
Cult activity is known from the 8th century BCE forward from dedications in the sacred spring, and a temple was built in the 6th century BCE. In the 420s BCE, there was a period of significant architectural activity at the site, including the addition of the Π-shaped stoa, the bridge and reconstruction work on the temple. Since Artemis was connected in myth to both plague and healing — as was her brother Apollo — it may be that this activity was taken as a result of the plague that struck Athens in this period. The unfortified site continued in use until the 3rd century BCE, when tensions between Athens and the Macedonians caused it to be abandoned, perhaps after the site was damaged in a flood. In the 2nd century CE the periegetic writer
Pausanias Pausanias ( el, Παυσανίας) may refer to:
*Pausanias of Athens, lover of the poet Agathon and a character in Plato's ''Symposium''
*Pausanias the Regent, Spartan general and regent of the 5th century BC
*Pausanias of Sicily, physician of th ...
has uncharacteristically little to say concerning the Sanctuary at Brauron or its mythology/history, but what he does relate contradicts Euripides:
Brauron is some way from Marathon, they say that Iphigenia, the daughter of Agamemnon, having fled from the Taurians bearing an image of Artemis made landfall at this place. They say that she left the image here and went herself to Athens and then later to Argos. This xoanon
A xoanon (, el, ξόανον; plural: el, ξόανα , from the verb el, ξέειν, , to carve or scrape ood was an Archaic wooden cult image of Ancient Greece. Classical Greeks associated such cult objects, whether aniconic or effigy, with ...
(wooden image) of Artemis was ancient, but I will reveal just who — in my personal opinion — has the one taken from the Barbarians in another discussion.
Description of Greece
Pausanias ( /pɔːˈseɪniəs/; grc-gre, Παυσανίας; c. 110 – c. 180) was a Greek traveler and geographer of the second century AD. He is famous for his ''Description of Greece'' (, ), a lengthy work that describes ancient Greece ...
1.33.1
The author does not describe a visit to the sanctuary or enumerate its structures since there was apparently nothing impressive to see at that time. The site was preserved from dilapidation by the silting of the nearby Erasinos river; however, a Christian basilica was built in the 6th century CE on the other side of the valley using spoliated material from the sanctuary. After that time, no archaeologically significant activity occurred at the site until the erection of a small church dedicated to ''Hagios Georgios'' in the 15th century CE was erected immediately adjacent to the temple platform on the southwest side, perhaps on the remains of a small shrine.
Archaeology of the sanctuary
In 1945,
Ioannes Papadimitriou
Joannes or John ( la, Iohannes; died 425) was western Roman emperor from 423 to 425.
On the death of the Emperor Honorius (15 August 423), Theodosius II, the remaining ruler of the House of Theodosius, hesitated in announcing his uncle's dea ...
began excavating this site. Professor Ch. Bouras continued the restoration during the 1950s to 1962. Among the fifth-century monuments are the Π-shaped stoa around the interior courtyard, opening toward the temple of Artemis; the small temple (perhaps a heroon of Iphigeneia); and the stone bridge over the
Erasinos River
In Greek mythology, Erasinus or Erasinos (Ancient Greek: Ἐρασῖνος) was a river god of Arkadia and Argos in southern Greece. His daughters Byze, Melite, Maera and Anchiroe. The river itself appears in Pausanias' Description of Greec ...
.
Building repair inscriptions from the site list many more structures than have been recovered to this point, including a ''palaestra'' and a ''gymnasion''.
Temple of Artemis
![Temple of Artemis, Ancient Brauron (8188163756)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Temple_of_Artemis%2C_Ancient_Brauron_%288188163756%29.jpg)
The first known temple at the sanctuary - dating to the late 6th century BCE - rests on a low rock spur south of the river and is aligned toward the east on a foundation measuring c. 11 by 20 m. Little is preserved beyond partial lower courses and cuttings in the bedrock for the same. There are a few remains of the architecture that allow a certain identification of the temple as being of the Doric order. The Persians destroyed the sanctuary structures in 480 BCE and took the cult statue back to Susa. The temple was reconstructed in the 420s BCE. Although the temple is poorly preserved, it can be reconstructed to have had four columns in the cella and an ''adyton'' at the rear of the cella. The presence of an adyton is asserted for the temple of Artemis at Loutsa (Artemida) 6.1 km to the north and the temple of Artemis at Aulis 67 km northwest. This feature may also be shared by the 6th century BCE
Temple of Aphaea
The Temple of Aphaia ( el, Ναός Αφαίας) or Afea is located within a sanctuary complex dedicated to the goddess Aphaia on the Greek island of Aigina, which lies in the Saronic Gulf. Formerly known as the Temple of Jupiter Panhellenius, ...
on Aigina. Schwandner links the shared feature of an adyton with a common, regional practice in the cult of Artemis. There is disagreement on the question of the temple having been
hexastyle
A portico is a porch leading to the entrance of a building, or extended as a colonnade, with a roof structure over a walkway, supported by columns or enclosed by walls. This idea was widely used in ancient Greece and has influenced many cult ...
-
prostyle
Prostyle is an architectural term designating temples (especially Greek and Roman) featuring a row of columns on the front. The term is often used as an adjective when referring to the portico of a classical building, which projects from the m ...
(6 columns across the front only) or
distyle in antis
In classical architecture, distyle in antis denotes a temple with the side walls extending to the front of the porch and terminating with two antae, the pediment being supported by two pilasters or sometimes caryatids. This is the earliest type of ...
(2 columns between projecting walls) in plan. There is a stepped retaining wall on the northern side of the temple platform, which may be the steps mentioned by Euripides.
Π-shaped stoa
![Brauron - Π-shaped stoa and Classical Bridge](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Brauron_-_%CE%A0-shaped_stoa_and_Classical_Bridge.jpg)
The
Doric Doric may refer to:
* Doric, of or relating to the Dorians of ancient Greece
** Doric Greek, the dialects of the Dorians
* Doric order, a style of ancient Greek architecture
* Doric mode, a synonym of Dorian mode
* Doric dialect (Scotland)
* Doric ...
stoa wrapped around three sides of a central courtyard (20 by 27 m) and faced south toward the temple of Artemis. The foundations extend along the west wing for 38 m, the north wing for 48 m, and the east wing for 63 m. Only the north colonnade of the stoa (11 columns) and one column of each of the two wings were completed. Behind the colonnade, there was a passageway containing many votive
stelae
A stele ( ),Anglicized plural steles ( ); Greek plural stelai ( ), from Greek , ''stēlē''. The Greek plural is written , ''stēlai'', but this is only rarely encountered in English. or occasionally stela (plural ''stelas'' or ''stelæ''), whe ...
(some with votive statues of children at top) and doorways into nine roughly square rooms (c. 5.5 by 5.5 m) on the north and west sides of the structure.
These doorways were off-center relative to the rooms, each of which had raised platforms extending from all sides. On these platforms are many cuttings (some still containing lead) designed to hold dining couches — eleven couches for each dining room. Some of the rooms preserve small stone tables situated in front of the location of the couches. These structures are among the most paradigmatic examples of Greek dining rooms known. The walls of these rooms were constructed of a single course of massive limestone ashlar blocks that have no cuttings on their upper surfaces. The walls were thus completed in mud brick to the level of the roof. On the western side of the stoa there was an entrance with wheel ruts worn into the stone floor and in line with the Classical bridge.
The stoa was built of local limestone covered in marble stucco, except for the Doric capitals, the metopes, the lintels, and the thresholds, which were produced from marble. A highly atypical feature of this design was the use of two triglyphs in the inter-columnar interval as opposed to the typical single triglyph. This was done to lower the total height of the entablature while allowing the metopes to remain square in form. In addition, the returning angles of the frieze demanded the architectural accommodation of corner expansion (as opposed to the corner contraction seen on many temples) to harmonize the intervals of the triglyphs, which could not be placed dead center over the corner column.
Immediately north of the stoa and sharing a common wall was a structure of unknown function with elaborate entrances on both west and east sides. On its long axis it measured 48m (equivalent to the stoa) and was c. 11 m wide. Along the northern wall of this structure there was a series of slotted bases for narrow (perhaps wooden) planks; these planks are hypothesized to have held the garments dedicated to Iphegenia, as discussed by Euripides.
Stone bridge
This stone bridge is the only known example of a Classical period bridge in Greece. It uses the standard post and lintel construction of its time, rather than arches as later bridges do. It measured c. 9 m wide with a span of c. 8 m that consisted of four rows of lintel blocks resting on five rows of posts (the two end points and three intermediate supports). Wheel ruts are cut into the stones of the bridge at an oblique angle toward a simple entrance on the west side of the stoa; these cuttings do not go toward the elaborate propylon (monumental entranceway) of the structure north of the stoa as might seem more likely.
Sacred spring
A spring emerged from the northwest end of the rock spur running down from the acropolis hill to the southeast of the site. This spring was the focus of cult activity from the 8th century BCE forward. The first activity on the site known after the Bronze Age is thus linked to cultic practice at this spring. Dedications were made by throwing objects into this sacred spring, which was located immediately northwest of the later temple platform.
Small shrine
About 12m southeast of the Temple of Artemis a small shrine (Μικρον ιερον) of c. 5.5 by 8 m was built into the space between the face of the rock spur and a mass of fallen rock measuring 25 m in length. The c. 6 m wide space between the face of the rock spur and the fallen rock is densely packed with structural remains of uncertain function. This area has been associated with the propitiation of Iphigenia, perhaps in the form of a heroon. It is probable that some of these structures were in place before the rock fall, and it is possible that the small shrine replaced a cult site (perhaps for Iphigenia) destroyed by the collapse of the rock overhang under which it was built. The area between the face of the rock spur and the fallen rock has been termed a “cave” in some publications. There is another cave higher on the rock, approximately over the entrance to the archaeological site. This was converted into a makeshift chapel of St. George, possibly several centuries ago.
Cult of Artemis Brauronia
The Arkteia festival was celebrated every four years and involved a procession from the shrine of Artemis Brauronia on the acropolis of Athens, 24.5 km WNW of the sanctuary.
At the isolated sanctuary of Artemis at Brauron, young Athenian girls approaching marriageable age formed groups consecrated for a time to Artemis as ''arktoi'', she-bears, and spent their time in sacred dances, wearing honey-colored saffron robes, running races and making sacrifice. Vase paintings show that cultic nudity was an element in these preparations for womanhood. An epigram in the ''
Anthologia Graeca
The ''Greek Anthology'' ( la, Anthologia Graeca) is a collection of poems, mostly epigrams, that span the Classical and Byzantine periods of Greek literature. Most of the material of the ''Greek Anthology'' comes from two manuscripts, the ''Pa ...
'' concerns the offerings of childish playthings a nubile young girl dedicates to Artemis on the eve of marriage; many such tokens have been recovered from the spring at Brauron. There may have been joint worship of Iphegenia accociated with a cult site, or ''
heroon'' that may have been located in the “cave” between the face of the rock spur and the fallen rock. The goddess Artemis was a danger to be propitiated by women during child-birth and of the newborn: to her were dedicated the clothes of women who had successfully borne a child;. The garments of women who died in childbirth were dedicated to Iphigeneia at Brauron.
[Burkert 1985:151; ref. Glowacki]
Gary Corby
Gary Corby is an Australian author of historical mysteries set in the world of Classical Greece.
His novels feature historical figures from the time as recurring characters, notably Socrates, Pericles, and the priestess Diotima of Mantinea
...
's mystery novel ''The Marathon Conspiracy'' is mostly set at the Brauron shrine.
Vravrona Signal Tower
![Vravron tower](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Vravron_tower.JPG)
The tower was within optical range of other similar towers used for signalling with smoke during the day and fire during the night. Messages could be relayed very quickly and it is said that a message could be transferred from the shores of Asia to the shores of Europe within an hour. The towers of Vravron as well as Liada were also used to signal the appearance of pirates to the residents of the region. Local lore suggests that the tower was of Venetian origin between 1394 and 1405, but archeological investigations show that it was probably built by the
Burgundian Dukes De La Roche (1204–1311) at least one hundred years earlier.
Modern Vravrona
The modern Brauron, known as Vravrona, is a tiny settlement of
Markopoulo located nearly 1 km southeast of the archaeological site. It contains dozens of homes; the population in 2011 was 195. The urban area lies about 200 m northward and is linked with a road between Markopoulo and
Artemis (Loutsa)
Artemida ( el, Αρτέμιδα, until 1977 ''Loutsa'', el, Λούτσα) is an Eastern suburb of Athens. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Spata-Artemida, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit ha ...
. The town never grew because the adjacent gulf of Vravrona is rocky and not suited to swimming. The area, amply watered by the seasonal Erasinos river, was once famous for its
tomato
The tomato is the edible berry of the plant ''Solanum lycopersicum'', commonly known as the tomato plant. The species originated in western South America, Mexico, and Central America. The Mexican Nahuatl word gave rise to the Spanish word ...
es and
fig
The fig is the edible fruit of ''Ficus carica'', a species of small tree in the flowering plant family Moraceae. Native to the Mediterranean and western Asia, it has been cultivated since ancient times and is now widely grown throughout the world ...
s. The locally grown ''batala'' tomato varietal is considered the best in Greece: it is sweet, very flavorful, very large and fleshy, and consequently very heavy. This spelled the varietal's commercial doom, as the fruit cannot be stored at all because it collapses under its own weight within a few days after picking. It was only sold at roadside stands by local farmers. Nowadays ''batala'' tomatoes are found only in home gardens. The Vravrona or "royal" figs are also very large, sweet, with a thin, light green skin even when fully ripe. They are also practically impossible to store, and furthermore they grow so large that, as soon as they are perfectly ripe, their underside starts bursting apart. This means they are commercially non-viable and their cultivation is restricted to home orchards.
Archaeological Museum
The museum is about a 5-minute walk from the archaeological site. It was renovated in 2009 and the exhibits were rearranged. The site remains open daily from 8:30am to 3pm.
File:Brauron - Head of Artemis.jpg, Head of Artemis
File:Brauron - Grave Stele.jpg, Grave stele
File:Brauron - Votive Relief1.jpg, Votive relief
Image:Brauron2.jpg, A marble votive statue
Nearest places
*
Artemida (Loutsa), To the north, also has a temple of Artemis beside the shore
*
Limani Mesogeias (most known as
Porto Rafti), south
*
Markopoulo Mesogeias, southwest
Images of the Sanctuary of Artemis at Brauron
Image:Brauron-4.jpg, A dining room with tables
Image:Brauron3.jpg, The “cave” that may have functioned as the ''Heroon'' of Iphigeneia
Image:Brauron-3.jpg, Wheel ruts on the classical bridge
Image:Brauron-6.jpg, The series of slotted bases in the building north of the stoa
Image:Brauron-5.jpg, Stylobate of the west wind on the stoa; no anathyrosis
Anathyrosis is the technical word for the ancient method of dressing the joints of stone blocks in dry stone construction, i. e., masonry without mortar, which was then commonly used. Because the stone blocks are set in immediate contact with each ...
indicates it never extended further
Image:Brauron-9.jpg, Cuttings in the raised platforms in the dining rooms for the legs of couches. The lead used to secure the legs is visible
Image:Brauron-7.jpg, Wheel ruts in the western entrance to the stoa
Image:Brauron-8.jpg, The pool of the sacred spring with the stepped retaining wall (L), the temple podium and the church of Hagios Georgios at center
See also
*
List of ancient Greek cities
A ''list'' is any set of items in a row. List or lists may also refer to:
People
* List (surname)
Organizations
* List College, an undergraduate division of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America
* SC Germania List, German rugby union ...
Notes
References
*
Burkert, Walter. 1985. ''Greek Religion.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
* Cole, Susan Guettel. 2004. "Domesticating Artemis." In ''Landscapes, Gender, and Ritual Space: the Ancient Greek Experience.'' Berkeley: University of California Press.
* Ekroth, Gunnel. 2003. "Inventing Iphigeneia? On Euripides and the Cultic Construction of Brauron." ''Kernos'' 16: 59–118.
* Fowler, Robert. 1995. "Greek Magic, Greek Religion." ''Illinois Classical Studies'', 20, 1-22.
* Lundgreen, Birte. 2009. "Boys at Brauron." In ''From Artemis to Diana: The Goddess of Man and Beast. Acta hyperborea 12.'' Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, University of Copenhagen. 117–126.
* McInerney, Jeremy. 2015. ""There will be blood...": The Cult of Artemis Tauropolos at Halai Araphenides. In ''Cities called Athens: Studies Honoring John McK. Camp II.'' Edited by Kevin F. Daly and Lee Ann Riccardi. Bucknell University Press.
* Nielsen, Inge. 2009. "The Sanctuary of Artemis Brauronia: Can Architecture and Iconography Help to Locate the Settings of the Rituals ? ''From Artemis to Diana: The Goddess of Man and Beast. Acta hyperborea 12.'' Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, University of Copenhagen. 83-116.
* Sourvinou-Inwood, Christiane. 1988. ''Studies in Girls’ Transitions: Aspects of the Arkteia and Age Representation in Attic Iconography.'' Athens, Greece: Kardamitsa.
* Scanlon, Thomas F. 2002. "Race or Chase of The Bears at Brauron?" In ''Eros and Greek Athletics.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press.
*Schwandner, Ernst-Ludwig. 1985. ''Der ältere Porostempel der Aphaia auf Aegina''. Berlin: W. de Gruyter.
* Venit, Marjorie Susan. 2003. "A Reconsideration of the 'Relief of the Gods' from Brauron." ''Antike Kunst'' 46: 44-55.
* Vikela, Evgenia. 2008. "Artemis: The Worship of Artemis in Attica: Cult Places, Rites, Iconography." In''Worshiping Women: Ritual and Reality in Classical Athens.'' Edited by Nikolaos Kaltsas and Alan Shapiro. New York: Alexander S. Onassis Public Benefit Foundation (USA).
External links
Official websiteBibliography
Brauron — perseus.tufts.edu''Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites'': Brauron (Vraona) Attica, Greece*Coordinates: This is the exact center of the sanctuary.
{{Authority control
Ancient Greek sanctuaries in Greece
Former populated places in Greece
Tourist attractions in Attica
Archaeological sites in Attica
Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Greece