Brahmabandhab Upadhyay

Brahmabandhav Upadhyay (born ''Bhavani Charan Bandyopadhyay'') ( bn, ব্রহ্মবান্ধব উপাধ্যায়; 11 February 1861 – 27 October 1907) was an Indian Bengali theologian, journalist and freedom fighter. He was closely attached with Keshub Chandra Sen, classmate of Swami Vivekananda and close acquaintance of Rabindranath Tagore.

Early life

Brahmabandhab Upadhyay was born as ''Bhavani Charan Bandyopadhyay'' in a ''Kulin'' Brahmin family. His father, Debi Charan Bandyopadhyay was a police officer of the British regime. Debicharan had three sons. The eldest was Hari Charan, who became a doctor in Calcutta, the second was Parbati Charan who practiced as a pleader, and the third was Bhavani Charan. He was born in village Khannyan in Hooghly district of undivided Bengal (presently in West Bengal). Bhavani Charan lost his mother Radha Kumari when he was only one year of age and was raised by one of his grand mothers.

Bhavani Charan received his education in institutions such as Scottish Mission School, Hooghly Collegiate School, Metropolitan Institution (now Vidyasagar College), and the General Assembly's Institution (now Scottish Church College in Calcutta. In the General Assembly's Institution, during 1880s, he was in the same class with Narendranath Dutta, who, at a later date, became Swami Vivekananda. He was a friend of Rabindranath Tagore.

Varied religious orientations

Born a Brahmin

Bhavani Charan was hailed from a religious Hindu Brahmin family. At 13 he had undergone the
Upanayana ceremony, the investiture of the sacred thread necessary to mark the coming of age of a
Brahmin boy.

Adoption of Brahmoism

While he was in the college, he was inclined to Brahmoism, under the influence of Keshub Chandra Sen and Debendranath Tagore, the father of Rabindranath Tagore. In 1881 he adopted Brahmoism and became a preacher. He went to Hyderabad town of the province of Sindh (presently in Pakistan) as a school teacher of a Brahmo school.

Deeply Christian

When Keshub Chandra Sen died in the year 1884, Bhavani Charan came back and slowly got inclined to Christianity. On February 1891, he was baptized a Christian by the Reverend Heaton of Bishop's college, an Anglican clergyman, and six months later,
conditionally, in the Catholic Church of Karachi. It was a remarkable journey in his life exploring the theological beliefs and ideologies which did not end there being converted to Catholicism, though, during this phase, he was successful in attracting a large number of educated Bengali Hindu youth to be converted to Christianity.

In 1894, Bhavani Charan adopted this name, ''Brahmabandhab Upadhyay'', declaring himself as a Christian Sanyasi (Monk). Latinized form of the Greek name Θεοφιλος (Theophilos), taken from Bhabani Charan's baptised name Theophilus, which meant "friend of god", derived from θεος (theos) "god" and φιλος (philos) "friend". "Upadhyay" is close to mean a Teacher. Theophilus (biblical)

In January 1894, Brahmabandhav started editing "Sophia", an apologetical journal, in Karachi. At one time, he shifted his base to Jabalpur in Central Province (now Madhya Pradesh). There he established Kanthalik Math, a hermitage for the converts. He also initiated the Concord Club and initiated a religious journal titled "Concord." When he shifted his base to Calcutta in 1900, Brahmabandhab lived in a rented house at Beadon Street, Calcutta. Within a short distance was Bethune Row, where he had established his office to run his weekly magazine "Sophia". He published a series of articles through which he defended the Catholic Church and its manifestations.

Brahmabandhab claimed himself to be called a ''Hindu Catholic'', and wore saffron clothes, walked barefoot and used to wear an ebony cross around his neck. In 1898 he argued in an article titled "Are we Hindus?", "By birth, we are Hindu and shall remain Hindu till death. .. We are Hindus so far as our physical and mental constitution is concerned, but in regard to our immortal souls we are Catholic. We are Hindu Catholic."

Brahmabandhab envisioned an indigenous church in India embracing the fundamental manifestation of Indian living. He is identified as one of the first Christians propagating ''Sannyasi'' lifestyle in Ashram.

Brahmabandhab toured England and Europe during 1902-3. The Archbishop of Calcutta gave him a recommendation: "By means of this statement we declare Brahmabandhav (Theophilus) Upadhyay, a Calcutta Brahmin, to be a Catholic of sound morals, burning with zeal for the conversion of his compatriots."

Remaining a Hindu

In course of time, Brahmabandhab's attachment to Hinduism became evident. In August 1907, two months before his untimely death, he declared to undergo ''prayashchittya'' (expression of reparation in Hindu custom) through a public ceremony for the purpose of readmission into the Hindu society (''Samaj''), completing a full circle in his religious voyage throughout his life.

Social activities

While Bramhabandhab was in Brahmosamaj, he initiated a boys' school in Sindh in the year 1888. He also taught for some time in Union Academy, which was established 1887 as the "Bengalee Boys High School" founded in Shimla under the chairmanship of Sir Nripendra Nath Sircar. He brought out a monthly journal titled The Twentieth Century in association with Nagendranath Gupta (1861-1940).

Brahmabandhab and his disciple Animananda started a school in Kolkata in 1901. The aim of the school was to teach and propagate the Vedic and Vedantic ideas of life along with modern education among the elite class of the society. Rabindranath Tagore was very much attracted to this idea of reviving the old Indian ideal of paedagogy and offered them to shift their school to Santiniketan in his father's estate. This way Tagore's school at Shantiniketan was conceived, which later became known and famous as Viswa Bharati. There were three teachers, namely Reba Chand, Jagadananda Roy, and Shibdhan Vidyarnab, apart from Rabindranath and Brahmabandhab, and there were five students, namely, Rathindranath Tagore, Gourgobinda Gupta, Premkumar Gupta, Ashok Kumar Gupta and Sudhir Chandra Nun. This collaboration could not continue for long and in 1902 Brahmabandhab and Animananda left Shantiniketan.

From 1902 to 1903 Brahmabandhab toured Europe. He lectured at Oxford and Cambridge Universities and preached Vedantism. When he came back, he saw Bengal as a hot seat of political activities, and he too fervently plunged into the political doldrums. He was gradually coming to the conclusion that before India could become Catholic, she must be politically free. His journal "Sofia" soon became the strongest critique of the British imperialism.

Patriotic activities

When he was in high school, Bhavani Charan became inclined toward the Indian nationalist movement for freedom, and during his college education, he plunged into the freedom movement. His biographer, Julius Lipner, says that Brahmabandhab "made a significant contribution to the shaping of the new India whose identity began to emerge from the first half of the nineteenth century". He was contemporary to and friend of the poet Rabindranath Tagore and Vivekananda. According to Lipner, "Vivekananda lit the sacrificial flame or revolution, Brahmabandhab in fuelling it, safeguarded and fanned the sacrifice."

Brahmabandhab Upadhyay acted as editor of ''Sandhya'', till the last day of his life. After the movement of partition of Bengal in 1905, there was a boost in nationalist ideologies and several publications took active and fierce role in propagating them, including Sandhya.

In March 1907, Sandhya elaborated its motto, "If death comes in the striving, the death will be converted to immortality." In May 1907, ''Sandhya'' reported, "People are soundly thrashing a ''feringhi'' whenever they are coming across one. And here whenever a ''feringhi'' is seen the boys throw a brickbat at him. And thrashing of European soldiers are continuing..." Further it added, "Listen and you will hear the Mother's trumpet are sounding. Mother's son do not tarry, but to get ready; go about from village to village and prepare the Indians for death." In September 1907 ''Sandhya'' wrote, "God gives opportunities to all nations to free themselves from their stupor and strength to make the necessary beginning." Bramhabandhab wrote in ''Sandhya'' on 26 October 1907, a day before his death, "I will not got to the jail of the feringhi to work as a prisoner.. I had never been at any one's beck and call. I obeyed none. At the fag end of my old age they will send me to jail for law's sake, and I will work for nothing. Impossible! I won't go to jail, I have been called."

Arrest, trial and death

On 10 September 1907, Bramhabandhab was arrested and prosecuted on a charge of sedition. His articles were found to be inflammatory. Bramhabandhab refused to defend himself in the court, and on 23 September 1907 a statement was submitted through his counsel to the court, Barrister Chittaranjan Das:

During the trial, Brahmabandhab reported pain in his abdomen and was admitted to the Campbell Hospital of Calcutta. He had undergone a hernia operation but could not overcome his sufferings and succumbed to death on 27 October 1907 under a precarious situation at the age of 46 only.

A detailed account of the last moments of Brahmabandhab Upadhyay and the funeral procession to the cremation ground can be found in Animananda, The Blade (p. 173-178):

Primary bibliography (Writings)

* Hundreds of articles in Bengali and English in short-lived journals and magazines of Bengal such as ''Sophia'', ''Jote'', ''Sandhya'', ''The Twentieth Century'', ''Swaraj'', etc.
* ''The Writings of Brahmabandhab Upadhyay'' (ed. by J.Lipner and G.Gispert-Sauch), 2 vols., Bangalore, 1991 and 2001.

Secondary bibliography

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*De Smet, Richard. "Upadhyay's Interpretation of Sankara." ''Understanding Sankara: Essays by Richard De Smet.'' Ed. Ivo Coelho. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 2013. 454-462.
*Nayak, Biren Kumar. "The Christology of Brahmabandhab Upadhyay in an Advaitic Framework." ''Asia Journal of Theology'' 22/1 (April 2008) 107-125.
*Lipner, Julius. "A Case-Study in 'Hindu Catholicism': Brahmabandhav Upadhyay (1861-1907)." ''Zeitschrift fur Missionswissenschaft und Religionswissenschaft'' 72 (1988) 33-54. maladass and Young 374.*Pulikkan, Jiby. "Brahmabandhab Upadhyay: An Indian Christian for All Times and Seasons." ''Vidyajyoti Journal of Theological Reflection'' 71/10 (2007) 777-786.
*"Editorial: Swami Brahmabandhab Upadhyay." ''Vidyajyoti Journal of Theological Reflection'' 71/10 (2007) 721-724.
*Gispert-Sauch, G. "Note: Four Little Poems by Brahmabandhab Upadhyay." ''Vidyajyoti Journal of Theological Reflection'' 71/9 (2007) 689-695.
*Gispert-Sauch, G. "Note: Brahmabandhab Upadhyay on Notovitch." ''Vidyajyoti Journal of Theological Reflection'' 71 (2007) 624-625.
*Lipner, Julius J. "Brahmabandhab Upadhyay (1861-1907) and his Significance for our Times." ''Vidyajyoti Journal of Theological Reflection'' 71/3 (2007) 165-184.
*Fernando, Leonard. "Brahmabandhab Upadhyay and Sind Catholic Community." ''Studies on the History of the Church in India: Festschrift for Dr Joseph Thekkedathu, SDB.'' Ed. Joy Kaipan. Bangalore: Kristu Jyoti Publications, 2011. 184-202.
*Raj, Felix. "Brahmabandhab Upadhyay (1861-1907): A Prophet for All Seasons." ''Vidyajyoti Journal of Theological Reflection'' 82 (2018) 888-892.
*Bagal, Jogescandra. ''Brahmabandhab Upadhyay.'' Calcutta: Bangiya Sahitya Parisat, 1964.
*Debsarma, Bolai. ''Brahmabandhab Upadhyay.'' Calcutta: Prabartak Publishers, 1961.
*Guha, Manoranjan. ''Brahmabandhav Upadhyay.'' Siksa Niketan, Bardhaman, 1976.
*Lavaranne, C. "Swami Brahmabandhab Upadhyay (1861–1907): Theologie chretienne et pensee du Vedanta." Ph.D. diss. Universite de Provence, 1992.
*Mukhopadhyay, Uma. ''India's Fight for Freedom or the Swadeshi Movement (1905–06)''. Calcutta, 1958.
*Painadath, Sebastian and Jacob Parappally, eds. ''A Hindu-Catholic: Brahmabandhab Upadhyay's Significance for Indian Christian Theology.'' Bangalore: Asia Trading Corporation, 2008.
*Joseph, P. V. ''An Indian Trinitarian Theology of "Missio Dei": Insights from St. Augustine and Brahmabandhab Upadhyay''." Eugene, Oregon, 2019.
*Spendlove, Gregory Blake. ''A Critical Study of the Life and Thought of Brahmabandhab Upadhyay.'' Deerfield: Trinity International University, 2005.
*Tennent, Timothy C. ''Building Christianity on Indian Foundations: The Legacy of Brahmabāndhav Upādhyāy.'' Delhi: ISPCK, 2000.

References

External links

Vidyajyoti College of Theology

{{DEFAULTSORT:Upadhyay, Brahmabandhav
1861 births
1907 deaths
Vidyasagar College alumni
Scottish Church College alumni
Hooghly Mohsin College alumni
Bengali writers
Indian Christian theologians
Indian Roman Catholics