Bragi Inn Gamli

Bragi Boddason, known as Bragi the Old (Old Norse: ''Bragi hinn gamli'') was a Norwegian skald active in the first half of the 9th century, the earliest known skald from whom verses have survived. Portions of his ''Ragnarsdrápa'' are preserved in Snorri Sturluson's ''Edda''.

Life and career

Bragi is known as "the Old" to distinguish him from a 12th-century skald, Bragi Hallsson. He was a member of a prominent family in southwestern Norway;"Bragi Boddason the Old", in: Lee M. Hollander, ''The Skalds: A Selection of Their Poems, With Introductions and Notes'', The American-Scandinavian Foundation, 1945, repr. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University, 1947, , p. 25. according to ''Landnámabók'', he married LopthÅ“na, the daughter of Erpr lútandi, another skald, and among their descendants was the early 11th-century skald Gunnlaugr ormstunga.Finnur Jónsson, "Om skjaldepoesien og de ældste skjalde (To foredrag)", ''Arkiv för nordisk filologi'' 7 (N.S. 2) (1890) 121–55, pp.&nbs
141


. ''Skáldatal'' lists him as a court poet to three kings, Ragnarr Loðbrók, Eysteinn Beli, and BjÇ«rn at haugi,Margaret Clunies Ross, "Bragi inn gamli Boddason" in: Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold, eds., ''Poetry from Treatises on Poetics'', Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3, Turnhout: Brepols, 2017, , p. 26
online
at Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages, retrieved June 4, 2021. which has led to his life being dated to the 9th century, usually to the first half of that century. However, the dating of the reigns of all but King BjÇ«rn in Sweden suggest a later date, and some including Guðbrandur Vigfússon have preferred dates of 835–900."Bragi enn gamli Boddason", in: Rudolf Simek and Hermann Pálsson, ''Lexikon der altnordischen Literatur'', Kröners Taschenausgabe 490, Stuttgart: Kröner, 1987, , pp. 44–45 . ''Landnámabók'' also reports that when visiting Ljúfvina, the wife of king HjÇ«rr of HÇ«rðaland, he perceived that she had substituted the fair-skinned son of a thrall woman for her dark-skinned twin sons Geirmundr and Hámundr and persuaded her to reinstate her own sons.Finnur Jónsson, ''Den islandske litteraturs historie: tilligemed den old norske'', Copenhagen: Gad, 1907,
p. 91
. This story and the story of his confronting a troll-woman, are probably legends.

Bragi has the same name as the god Bragi, which has led some to doubt his historicity, but there are enough mentions of him to attest to his having lived, so that it is likely he was deified and gave his name to the god. He has been credited with inventing the ''dróttkvætt'' meter characteristic of skaldic poetry, possibly under the influence of Irish verse forms, but although later skalds imitated some of his kennings, the complexity of his verse makes it more probable that earlier poetry representing the development of the tradition has been lost.

Works

In ''Egils saga'', ch. 59, Bragi is said to have composed a poem to "ransom his head" after angering King Bjǫrn; Egill Skallagrímsson is persuaded to follow his example by his friend and Bragi's great-grandson Arinbjǫrn, leading him to compose his '' Hǫfuðlausn'' for Erik Bloodax.

Most of his verses that we have preserved appear to be part of his ''Ragnarsdrápa''. This is a shield lay, composed in return for the gift of a decorated shield, according to Snorri from Ragnarr Loðbrók, but many scholars consider it more likely the poem was dedicated to a different Ragnarr. It appears to have consisted of an introductory verse followed by four sets of four verses, each describing a scene depicted on the shield: two mythological, Gefjon plowing the island of Zealand out of Sweden and Thor fishing for the World Serpent JÇ«rmungandr, and two heroic, Hamðir and SÇ«rli's attack on King JÇ«rmunrekkr, and the never-ending battle between Heðinn and HÇ«gni, and presumably a concluding verse. Parts or all of twenty verses survive; one verse attributed to Bragi in all but one manuscript of the ''Edda'' is probably correctly assigned to Úlfr Uggason's ''Húsdrápa'', which also describes a portrayal of Thor's fishing expedition.Ursula Dronke, ed. and trans., ''The Poetic Edda'', 3 vols. published, Volume 3, Oxford: Oxford University, 2011, , p. 98 (Úlfr Uggason III).

See also

* List of skalds

References

External links

''Ragnarsdrápa'' text and translation
at Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages

{{Authority control

9th-century Norwegian poets