Carnotaurinae is a subfamily of the

theropod Theropoda (; ), whose members are known as theropods, is a dinosaur clade that is characterized by hollow bones and three toes and claws on each limb. Theropods are generally classed as a group of saurischian dinosaurs. They were ancestrally c ...

dinosaur Dinosaurs are a diverse group of reptiles of the clade Dinosauria. They first appeared during the Triassic period, between 243 and 233.23 million years ago (mya), although the exact origin and timing of the evolution of dinosaurs is t ...

family

Abelisauridae Abelisauridae (meaning "Abel's lizards") is a family (or clade) of ceratosaurian theropod dinosaurs. Abelisaurids thrived during the Cretaceous period, on the ancient southern supercontinent of Gondwana, and today their fossil remains are found ...

. It includes the dinosaurs ''

Aucasaurus ''Aucasaurus'' is a genus of medium-sized abelisaurid theropod dinosaur from Argentina that lived during the Late Cretaceous (Santonian to Campanian stage) of the Anacleto Formation. It was smaller than the related ''Carnotaurus'', although more ...

'' (from

Argentina Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, th ...

), ''

Carnotaurus ''Carnotaurus'' (; ) is a genus of theropod dinosaur that lived in South America during the Late Cretaceous period, probably sometime between 71 and 69 million years ago. The only species is ''Carnotaurus sastrei''. Known from a single well-p ...

'' (from Argentina). The group was first proposed by American paleontologist

Paul Sereno Paul Callistus Sereno (born October 11, 1957) is a professor of paleontology at the University of Chicago and a National Geographic "explorer-in-residence" who has discovered several new dinosaur species on several continents, including at sites ...

in 1998, defined as a

clade A clade (), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree. Rather than the English term, ...

containing all abelisaurids more closely related to ''Carnotaurus'' than to ''

Majungasaurus ''Majungasaurus'' (; ) is a genus of abelisaurid theropod dinosaur that lived in Madagascar from 70 to 66 million years ago, at the end of the Cretaceous Period (geology), Period, making it one of the last known non-avian dinosaurs that went ex ...

''.

Classification

*Subfamily Carnotaurinae **Brachyrostra ***''

Ekrixinatosaurus ''Ekrixinatosaurus'' ('explosion-born reptile') is a genus of abelisaurid theropod which lived approximately 100 to 97 million years ago during the Late Cretaceous period. Its fossils have been found in Argentina. Only one species is currently ...

'' (Argentina) ***''

Elemgasem ''Elemgasem'' (after a Tehuelche god of the same name) is an extinct genus of brachyrostran abelisaurid from the Late Cretaceous Portezuelo Formation of Patagonia, Argentina. The genus contains a single species, ''Elemgasem nubilis''. The cladi ...

'' (Argentina) ***''

Guemesia ''Guemesia'' (named after Martín Miguel de Güemes, whose death bicentenary was in 2021) is a genus of abelisaurid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous Los Blanquitos Formation of Salta Province, Argentina. The type and only species is ''Guemesi ...

'' (Argentina) ***''

Ilokelesia ''Ilokelesia'' is an extinct genus of abelisaurid theropod,Coria, R.A.; Salgado, L. & Calvo, J.O. (1991) "Primeros restos de dinosaurios Theropoda del Miembro Huincul, Formación Río Limay (Cretácico Tardío Presenoniano), Neuquén, Argentina." ...

'' (Argentina) ***''

Skorpiovenator ''Skorpiovenator'' ("scorpion hunter") is a genus of abelisaurid theropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian to Turonian) Huincul Formation of Argentina. It is one of the most complete and informative abelisaurids yet known, described ...

'' (Argentina) ***''

Thanos Thanos is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He was created by writer-artist Jim Starlin, and first appeared in '' The Invincible Iron Man'' #55 ( cover date February 1973). An Eternal– Deviant w ...

'' (Brazil) *** Furileusauria ****?'' Niebla'' (Argentina) ****''

Llukalkan ''Llukalkan'' (Mapuche for "one who causes fear") is a genus of abelisaurid theropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous Bajo de la Carpa Formation of Argentina. The type species is ''Llukalkan aliocranianus''. Discovery and naming The holotype ...

'' (Argentina) ****'' Viavenator'' (Argentina) ****''

Pycnonemosaurus ''Pycnonemosaurus'' (meaning 'dense forest lizard') is a genus of carnivorous theropod dinosaur that belonged to the family Abelisauridae. It was found in the Upper Cretaceous red conglomerate sandstones of the "Cabembe Unit", Mato Grosso, Brazi ...

'' (Brazil) ****''

Quilmesaurus ''Quilmesaurus'' is a genus of carnivorous abelisaurid theropod dinosaur from the Patagonian Upper Cretaceous (Campanian stage) of Argentina. It was a member of Abelisauridae, closely related to genera such as ''Carnotaurus''. The only known rema ...

'' (Argentina) ****

Carnotaurini Carnotaurini is a tribe of the theropod dinosaur family Abelisauridae from the Late Cretaceous period of Patagonia. It includes the dinosaurs ''Carnotaurus sastrei''; the type species, ''Aucasaurus garridoi'', and ''Abelisaurus comahuensis''. Thi ...

*****''

'' (Argentina) *****

Abelisaurinae Carnotaurini is a tribe of the theropod dinosaur family Abelisauridae from the Late Cretaceous period of Patagonia. It includes the dinosaurs ''Carnotaurus sastrei''; the type species, ''Aucasaurus garridoi'', and ''Abelisaurus comahuensis''. Thi ...

******''

'' (Argentina) ******''

Abelisaurus ''Abelisaurus'' (; "Abel's lizard") is a genus of predatory abelisaurid theropod dinosaur alive during the Late Cretaceous Period (Campanian) of what is now South America. It was a bipedal carnivore that probably reached about in length, althou ...

'' (Argentina)

Phylogeny

In 2008, Canale ''et al.'' published a

phylogenetic In biology, phylogenetics (; from Greek φυλή/ φῦλον [] "tribe, clan, race", and wikt:γενετικός, γενετικός [] "origin, source, birth") is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups o ...

analysis focusing on the South American carnotaurines. In their results, they found that all South American forms (including ''Ilokelesia'') grouped together as a sub-clade of Carnotaurinae, which they named Brachyrostra, meaning "short snouts." They defined the

Brachyrostra as "all the abelisaurids more closely related to ''Carnotaurus sastrei'' than to ''Majungasaurus crenatissimus''." An analysis conducted by Tortosa ''et al.'' in 2013 moved several carnotaurine taxa into the newly named

Majungasaurinae Majungasaurinae (after ''Majungasaurus'', itself named after the city of Mahajanga in Madagascar) is a subfamily of large carnivorous theropods from the Upper Cretaceous, found in Madagascar, India, and France. It is a subgroup within the thero ...

, and moved many abelisaurids into Carnotaurini. Carnotaurinae in clagodram according to Rafael Delcourt, 2018.

Classification

Phylogeny

See also

References

Further reading