Bow Bridge (London)

Bow Bridge was a stone bridge built over the River Lea, in what is now London, in the twelfth century. It took its name from the distinctively bow-shaped (curved) arches.

It linked Bow in Middlesex with Stratford in Essex. The name has also been applied to replacement structures, with the current structure also, and more commonly, known as ''Bow Flyover''.

The Roman Road from Aldgate to Essex and East Anglia had previously forded the Lea further north, half a mile upstream, at Old Ford; the new crossing led the highway to take a more southerly route. The road is known by various names throughout its length, for instance ''Bow Road'' (in Bow) and ''High Street'' and ''Romford Road'' in Stratford, while the whole road was long known as the ''Great Essex Road''.

Prior to the construction of the first bridge, settlements on both sides of the river were known as ''Stratford''. Afterwards, the western Stratford settlement become suffixed by “-atte-Bow” (at the Bow), eventually becoming known simply as Bow. The eastern Stratford became suffixed by "Langthorne" after a large and notable tree, but lost that suffix over time and is now know simply as Stratford.

Origin

In 1110 Matilda, wife of Henry I, attempted to cross the Lea to get to Barking Abbey. The Queen (or some of her retinue) fell into the water while fording the Lea, a dangerous situation, especially with the heavy clothes worn by many women of the era.

Building

As a result of the incident, Matilda ordered a distinctively bow-shaped (arched) bridge to be built over the River Lea, on which stood a chapel dedicated to St Katherine. The bridge was built in what was then an agricultural area, three miles east of the Aldgate on London's city wall. The bridge was accompanied by four smaller bridges over the associated Bow Back Rivers. These were to be linked by a new stretch of road on a raised causeway along the line now occupied by Stratford High Street.

The five bridges, from west to east, were:
* ''Bow Bridge'', the largest, crossing the main channel of the Lea.
* ''St Michael's Bridge'' (also known as ''Harrow Bridge''), over the western branch of the Waterworks River.
* ''Pegshole Bridge'', over the eastern branch of the waterworks River.
* ''St Thomas of Acre's Bridge'' (often abbreviated to ''St Thomas's Bridge''), over the Three Mills Back River.
* ''Channelsea Bridge'', the second largest, crossing the Channelsea River.
During the 19th century, confusion over the ownership of Pegshole and St Thomas Bridge led to the name of the two to be transposed

Maintenance

Initially, local land and Abbey Mill were given to Barking Abbey for the maintenance of the bridge, but these properties and the responsibility eventually passed to Stratford Langthorne Abbey. The Abbess of Barking and Abbot of West Ham (i.e. Stratford Langthorne Abbey) argued about the obligation, a dispute that was settled in 1315. West Ham was to maintain the bridge and highway, but the Abbess would pay £200 annually in recompense. The Abbey's subsequent dissolution caused further lengthy litigation over maintenance of the bridge at Bow – with the successor landowners found responsible in 1691.''Houses of Cistercian monks: Abbey of Stratford Langthorne'', A History of the County of Essex: Volume 2 (1907), pp. 129-133
accessed: 30 April 2008. The matter was not finally resolved until 1834, with the formation of a Turnpike Trust.

In Song

Various versions of the nursery rhyme London Bridge Is Falling Down make reference to Bow Bridge. The oldest known version could be that recalled by a correspondent to the ''Gentleman's Magazine'' in 1823, which he claimed to have heard from a woman who was a child in the reign of Charles II (r. 1660–1685) and had the lyrics:

There are a number of theories about the identity of the ''Fair Lady'', including the idea that it may refer to Matilda, the builder of Bow Bridge and its neighbours, or that it may apply to the River Lea itself.

In Literature

In 1724, Daniel Defoe began publication of his account, A Tour thro' the Whole Island of Great Britain, of his travels around Britain. He begins his tour in Essex, starting with the crossing of the Lea at Bow Bridge:

Battle of Bow Bridge

Background

The Battle of Naseby in June 1645 effectively ended Royalist hopes of victory in the First English Civil War, but the war continued with further Parliamentary success leading King Charles I to surrender to the Scots army besieging Newark in May 1646. He surrendered to the his Scots enemies, rather than his English enemies in the hope of dividing his opponents. Essex, London and the eastern counties backed Parliament in the First English Civil War, but by 1648, this loyalty was stretched.

Anticipating an invasion by a Scots army from the north, in support of the King, there were a series of largely unco-ordinated Royalist risings in parts of the Royal Navy, South Wales, Lancashire, Essex and perhaps most seriously in Kent.

Prelude

A Parliamentary force quickly moved on Maidstone and captured it after bitter street fighting on 1 June. Despite this, a large Kentish Royalist force under the Earl of Norwich were able to make for London in the hope the city would rise up in their favour, indeed some Londoners had rioted in the King's favour a month prior. Disheartened by the loss of Maidstone there were many desertions and the force was reduced to around 3,000 men by the time it reached Greenwich at noon on 3 June 1648, after an all-night march.

There were few parliamentarian forces left in London, but under the energetic leadership of Philip Skippon, they closed the City gates and the also the fortified London Bridge. Most of the Royalists gave up at this point and core of around 500 infantry and a few horsemen remained. The Earl of Norwich received word that around 2,000 Royalists had assembled at Bow Bridge with more at Chelmsford, so he crossed the river, with just his horse, in order to investigate the veracity of the information in order that the army could cross the Thames to rendez-vous with the other Royalists if the information was correct Sir William Compton was left in charge of the force at Greenwich. Norwich found no force at Bow Bridge so moved onto Chelmsford to seek a friendly army there.

When Norwich didn't return immediately from Bow Bridge, the Kentish force decided to cross the river, and landed on the east side of the Isle of Dogs peninsula, many at Blackwall.

Engagements

The Royalists had mistakenly believed they were in Essex - an area they believed lightly defended or perhaps friendly - rather than the Tower Hamlets of Middlesex, until a regiment of the much respected Tower Hamlets Militia arrived to confronted the Royalists. The Royalists, who had landed in disorder were in no position to resist. The leader of the Militia decided to avoid bloodshed and told the Royalists that they would be escorted to Bow Bridge, on the border of the Tower Hamlets district, disarmed and sent on their way.

Before reaching the bridge, the Royalists had formed into much better order and were able to intimidate the handful of Hamleteer musketeers on the bridge into letting them pass without giving up their arms. Shortly after crossing they met the Earl of Norwich and a force of Royalist cavalry, while a force of Parliamentarian horseman arrived on the scene. The Kentish Royalists turned on the Tower Hamlets Militia who retreated on Bow Church close by the bridge.
Further clashes followed before the combined Royalist force crossed the River Lea into Essex.

Although the Royalist march on London was a failure, the ability of the remnant of that force to link up with Essex Royalists, and proceed to Colchester makes the fight at Bow Bridge a tactical victory for the Royalists.

Aftermath

The combined force, bolstered by extra forces, marched towards Royalist held Colchester, but a Parliamentarian force caught up with them just as they were about to enter the city's medieval walls, a bitter battle was fought but the Royalists were able to retire to the security of the city walls. The Siege of Colchester followed, but after ten weeks starvation and news of Royalist defeats elsewhere led the Royalists to surrender.The campaign covered briefly in The English Civil War, A peoples History. Diane Purkiss. p534-6

Demolition

The Bridge was repaired and upgraded many times over the centuries until eventually demolished and replaced in 1838–39.

References

{{Coord, 51, 31, 46.96, N, 0, 0, 49.05, W, scale:6250_region:GB, display=title

River Lea
Bridges in London
Demolished bridges in England
Wars of the Three Kingdoms