''Botryotinia'' is a
genus
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...
of
ascomycete
Ascomycota is a phylum of the kingdom Fungi that, together with the Basidiomycota, forms the subkingdom Dikarya. Its members are commonly known as the sac fungi or ascomycetes. It is the largest phylum of Fungi, with over 64,000 species. The defi ...
fungi
A fungus ( : fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, separately from ...
causing several plant diseases. The
anamorph
In mycology, the terms teleomorph, anamorph, and holomorph apply to portions of the life cycles of fungi in the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota:
*Teleomorph: the sexual reproductive stage (morph), typically a fruiting body.
*Anamorph: an ase ...
s of ''Botryotinia'' are mostly included in the "
imperfect fungi
The fungi imperfecti or imperfect fungi, are fungi which do not fit into the commonly established Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic classifications of fungi that are based on biological species concepts or morphological characteristics of sexual str ...
" genus ''Botrytis''. The genus contains 22 species and one hybrid.
Plant diseases caused by ''Botryotinia'' species appear primarily as blossom
blight
Blight refers to a specific symptom affecting plants in response to infection by a pathogenic organism.
Description
Blight is a rapid and complete chlorosis, browning, then death of plant tissues such as leaves, branches, twigs, or floral organ ...
s and fruit
rot
Rot(s) or rotting may refer to:
Decay Organic matter
* Rot, decomposition of organic matter
** Dry rot, of wood
** Root rot
** Wet rot, of wood
* Necrosis, of tissue
Technology
* Bit rot, data degradation
** Software rot, a form of bit rot
* Di ...
s but also as leaf spots and bulb rots in the field and in stored products. The fungi induce
host cell
In biology and medicine, a host is a larger organism that harbours a smaller organism; whether a parasitic, a mutualistic, or a commensalist ''guest'' (symbiont). The guest is typically provided with nourishment and shelter. Examples include a ...
death resulting in progressive decay of infected plant tissue, whence they take nutrients.
Sexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction is a type of reproduction that involves a complex life cycle in which a gamete ( haploid reproductive cells, such as a sperm or egg cell) with a single set of chromosomes combines with another gamete to produce a zygote tha ...
takes place with
ascospore
An ascus (; ) is the sexual spore-bearing cell produced in ascomycete fungi. Each ascus usually contains eight ascospores (or octad), produced by meiosis followed, in most species, by a mitotic cell division. However, asci in some genera or s ...
s produced in
apothecia
An ascocarp, or ascoma (), is the fruiting body ( sporocarp) of an ascomycete phylum fungus. It consists of very tightly interwoven hyphae and millions of embedded asci, each of which typically contains four to eight ascospores. Ascocarps are mo ...
,
conidia
A conidium ( ; ), sometimes termed an asexual chlamydospore or chlamydoconidium (), is an asexual, non-motile spore of a fungus. The word ''conidium'' comes from the Ancient Greek word for dust, ('). They are also called mitospores due to the ...
are the means of
asexual reproduction
Asexual reproduction is a type of reproduction that does not involve the fusion of gametes or change in the number of chromosomes. The offspring that arise by asexual reproduction from either unicellular or multicellular organisms inherit the fu ...
.
Sclerotia
A sclerotium (; (), is a compact mass of hardened fungal mycelium containing food reserves. One role of sclerotia is to survive environmental extremes. In some higher fungi such as ergot, sclerotia become detached and remain dormant until favor ...
of plano-convexoid shape are typical. Some species also cause
damping off
Damping off (or damping-off) is a horticultural disease or condition, caused by several different pathogens that kill or weaken seeds or seedlings before or after they germinate. It is most prevalent in wet and cool conditions.
Symptoms
There ar ...
, killing seeds or
seedling
A seedling is a young sporophyte developing out of a plant embryo from a seed. Seedling development starts with germination of the seed. A typical young seedling consists of three main parts: the radicle (embryonic root), the hypocotyl (embry ...
s during or before
germination
Germination is the process by which an organism grows from a seed or spore. The term is applied to the sprouting of a seedling from a seed of an angiosperm or gymnosperm, the growth of a sporeling from a spore, such as the spores of fungi, fer ...
.
''
Botryotinia fuckeliana
''Botryotinia'' is a genus of ascomycete fungi causing several plant diseases. The anamorphs of ''Botryotinia'' are mostly included in the "imperfect fungi" genus ''Botrytis''. The genus contains 22 species and one hybrid.
Plant diseases caused ...
'' (or its
anamorph
In mycology, the terms teleomorph, anamorph, and holomorph apply to portions of the life cycles of fungi in the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota:
*Teleomorph: the sexual reproductive stage (morph), typically a fruiting body.
*Anamorph: an ase ...
''
Botrytis cinerea
''Botrytis cinerea'' is a necrotrophic fungus that affects many plant species, although its most notable hosts may be wine grapes. In viticulture, it is commonly known as "botrytis bunch rot"; in horticulture, it is usually called "grey mould" or ...
'') is an important species for
wine
Wine is an alcoholic drink typically made from fermented grapes. Yeast consumes the sugar in the grapes and converts it to ethanol and carbon dioxide, releasing heat in the process. Different varieties of grapes and strains of yeasts are m ...
industry as well as horticulture.
Other economically important species include ''
Botryotinia convoluta
''Botryotinia'' is a genus of ascomycete fungi causing several plant diseases. The anamorphs of ''Botryotinia'' are mostly included in the "imperfect fungi" genus ''Botrytis''. The genus contains 22 species and one hybrid.
Plant diseases caused ...
'' (the
type species
In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specimen ...
of the genus), ''
Botryotinia polyblastis
''Botryotinia polyblastis'' is a fungal plant pathogen that causes Narcissus Fire of daffodils, genus '' Narcissus''.
Host and symptoms
''Botryotinia polyblastis'' is known to attack ornamental plants of the genus ''Narcissus''. Plants in this ...
'', ''
Botrytis allii
''Botrytis allii'' is a plant pathogen, a fungus that causes neck rot in stored onions (''Onion, Allium cepa'') and related crops. Its teleomorph is unknown, but other species of ''Botryotinia, Botrytis'' are anamorphs of ''Botryotinia'' species ...
'' and ''
Botrytis fabae
''Botrytis fabae'' is a plant pathogen, a fungus that causes chocolate spot disease of broad or fava bean plants, ''Vicia faba''. It was described scientifically by Mexican-born Galician microbiologist Juan Rodríguez Sardiña in 1929.
Sympto ...
''. ''
Botrytis tulipae Botrytis may refer to:
* ''Botrytis'' (fungus), the anamorphs of fungi of the genus ''Botryotinia''
**''Botrytis cinerea'', a mold important in wine making
*Botrytis, the cauliflower cultivar group of ''Brassica oleracea
''Brassica oleracea'' is ...
'' is a serious pest of
tulip
Tulips (''Tulipa'') are a genus of spring-blooming perennial herbaceous bulbiferous geophytes (having bulbs as storage organs). The flowers are usually large, showy and brightly coloured, generally red, pink, yellow, or white (usually in warm ...
crops and ''
Botrytis narcissicola
''Botrytis narcissicola'' is a plant pathogen, a fungus that causes narcissus smoulder of daffodils, genus ''Narcissus
Narcissus may refer to:
Biology
* ''Narcissus'' (plant), a genus containing daffodils and others
People
* Narcissus (mytho ...
'' the bulbs of ''
Narcissus
Narcissus may refer to:
Biology
* ''Narcissus'' (plant), a genus containing daffodils and others
People
* Narcissus (mythology), Greek mythological character
* Narcissus (wrestler) (2nd century), assassin of the Roman emperor Commodus
* Tiberiu ...
''.
Taxonomy
For a complete list of species, see Beever and Weeds, Table 1.
Selected species (anamorph, teleomorph) include;
* ''
Botrytis allii
''Botrytis allii'' is a plant pathogen, a fungus that causes neck rot in stored onions (''Onion, Allium cepa'') and related crops. Its teleomorph is unknown, but other species of ''Botryotinia, Botrytis'' are anamorphs of ''Botryotinia'' species ...
'' Munn
* ''
Botrytis cinerea
''Botrytis cinerea'' is a necrotrophic fungus that affects many plant species, although its most notable hosts may be wine grapes. In viticulture, it is commonly known as "botrytis bunch rot"; in horticulture, it is usually called "grey mould" or ...
'' Pers.:Fr.— ''
Botryotinia fuckeliana
''Botryotinia'' is a genus of ascomycete fungi causing several plant diseases. The anamorphs of ''Botryotinia'' are mostly included in the "imperfect fungi" genus ''Botrytis''. The genus contains 22 species and one hybrid.
Plant diseases caused ...
'' (de Bary) Whetzel
* ''
Botryotinia convoluta
''Botryotinia'' is a genus of ascomycete fungi causing several plant diseases. The anamorphs of ''Botryotinia'' are mostly included in the "imperfect fungi" genus ''Botrytis''. The genus contains 22 species and one hybrid.
Plant diseases caused ...
'' (Drayton) Whetzel
* ''
Botrytis fabae
''Botrytis fabae'' is a plant pathogen, a fungus that causes chocolate spot disease of broad or fava bean plants, ''Vicia faba''. It was described scientifically by Mexican-born Galician microbiologist Juan Rodríguez Sardiña in 1929.
Sympto ...
'' Sardiña
* ''
Botrytis narcissicola
''Botrytis narcissicola'' is a plant pathogen, a fungus that causes narcissus smoulder of daffodils, genus ''Narcissus
Narcissus may refer to:
Biology
* ''Narcissus'' (plant), a genus containing daffodils and others
People
* Narcissus (mytho ...
'' Kleb. ex Westerd. & JFH Beyma syn. ''Sclerotinia narcissicola''
* ''
Botryotinia polyblastis
''Botryotinia polyblastis'' is a fungal plant pathogen that causes Narcissus Fire of daffodils, genus '' Narcissus''.
Host and symptoms
''Botryotinia polyblastis'' is known to attack ornamental plants of the genus ''Narcissus''. Plants in this ...
'' Dowson syn. ''Sclerotinia polyblastis''
* ''
Botrytis tulipae Botrytis may refer to:
* ''Botrytis'' (fungus), the anamorphs of fungi of the genus ''Botryotinia''
**''Botrytis cinerea'', a mold important in wine making
*Botrytis, the cauliflower cultivar group of ''Brassica oleracea
''Brassica oleracea'' is ...
'' Lind
References
Bibliography
WR Jarvis.Botryotinia and Botrytis species : taxonomy, physiology and pathogenicity : a guide to the literature (1977)*
External links
Index Fungorum*
* Staats et al.200
* Synoptic keys to the inoperculate stromatic discomycetes in the Nordic countrie
Sclerotiniaceae
Fungal plant pathogens and diseases
{{plant-disease-stub