The Custom House in
Boston
Boston (), officially the City of Boston, is the state capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, as well as the cultural and financial center of the New England region of the United States. It is the 24th- mo ...
,
, was established in the 17th century and stood near the
waterfront in several successive locations through the years. In 1849 the U.S. federal government constructed a neoclassical building on
State Street; it remains the "Custom House" known to Bostonians today. A
tower
A tower is a tall Nonbuilding structure, structure, taller than it is wide, often by a significant factor. Towers are distinguished from guyed mast, masts by their lack of guy-wires and are therefore, along with tall buildings, self-supporting ...
was added in 1915; the building joined the
National Register of Historic Places
The National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) is the United States federal government's official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures and objects deemed worthy of preservation for their historical significance or "great artistic v ...
in 1973 and was designated a
Boston Landmark
A Boston Landmark is a designation by the Boston Landmarks Commission for historic buildings and sites throughout the city of Boston based on the grounds that it has historical, social, cultural, architectural or aesthetic significance to New Engla ...
by the
Boston Landmarks Commission The Boston Landmarks Commission (BLC) is the historic preservation agency for the City of Boston. The commission was created by state legislation i1975
History
Urban renewal in the United States started with the Housing Act of 1949, part of Preside ...
in 1986.
History
1698–1786
The Royal Commissioners of Customs administered
customs
Customs is an authority or agency in a country responsible for collecting tariffs and for controlling the flow of goods, including animals, transports, personal effects, and hazardous items, into and out of a country. Traditionally, customs ...
in Boston during the colonial period. In the late 17th century, the customhouse was located at the waterfront, on the corner of Richmond St. and
Ann St."
[Boston Almanac. 1847]
At the time of the
Boston Massacre
The Boston Massacre (known in Kingdom of Great Britain, Great Britain as the Incident on King Street) was a confrontation in Boston on March 5, 1770, in which a group of nine British soldiers shot five people out of a crowd of three or four hu ...
in 1770, it was located on
King Street, very near the
Old State House. Private
Hugh White was on sentry guard duty. Paul Revere's illustration of the massacre depicts the customhouse (along the right-most edge of the picture).
1786–1849
After the revolution, the customhouse remained on State Street.
[Boston Directory. 1805] Employees included
Thomas Melvill
Thomas Melvill(e) (1726 – December 1753) was a Scottish natural philosopher, who was active in the fields of spectroscopy and astronomy.
Biography
The son of Helen Whytt and the Rev Andrew Melville, minister of Monimail (d. 29 July 1 ...
(1786–1820). In 1810 it moved into a new building on Custom House Street (between Broad St. and India St.).
[Boston Directory. 1823, 1832][Boston Almanac. 1841][Snow. History of Boston. Boston: Abel Bowen, 1825.] In the 1830s American author
Nathaniel Hawthorne
Nathaniel Hawthorne (July 4, 1804 – May 19, 1864) was an American novelist and short story writer. His works often focus on history, morality, and religion.
He was born in 1804 in Salem, Massachusetts, from a family long associated with that t ...
worked there.
1849–1913
A new site on State Street was purchased by the federal government on September 13, 1837. Construction of a
custom house
A custom house or customs house was traditionally a building housing the offices for a jurisdictional government whose officials oversaw the functions associated with importing and exporting goods into and out of a country, such as collecting c ...
was authorized by U.S. President
Andrew Jackson
Andrew Jackson (March 15, 1767 – June 8, 1845) was an American lawyer, planter, general, and statesman who served as the seventh president of the United States from 1829 to 1837. Before being elected to the presidency, he gained fame as ...
. When it was completed in 1849, it cost about $1.076 million, in contemporary U.S. currency, including the site, foundations, etc.
[Boston Custom House Tower, The City's First Real Skyscraper]
Celebrateboston.com. Retrieved on 2013-11-07.
Ammi Burnham Young
Ammi Burnham Young (June 19, 1798 – March 14, 1874) was a 19th-century American architect whose commissions transitioned from the Greek Revival to the Neo-Renaissance styles. His design of the second Vermont State House brought him fame and su ...
entered an 1837 competition to design the Boston Custom House, and won with his
neoclassical design. This building was a cruciform (cross-shaped) Greek Revival structure, combining a
Greek
Greek may refer to:
Greece
Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe:
*Greeks, an ethnic group.
*Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family.
**Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...
Doric Doric may refer to:
* Doric, of or relating to the Dorians of ancient Greece
** Doric Greek, the dialects of the Dorians
* Doric order, a style of ancient Greek architecture
* Doric mode, a synonym of Dorian mode
* Doric dialect (Scotland)
* Doric ...
portico
A portico is a porch leading to the entrance of a building, or extended as a colonnade, with a roof structure over a walkway, supported by columns or enclosed by walls. This idea was widely used in ancient Greece and has influenced many cult ...
with a
Roman
Roman or Romans most often refers to:
*Rome, the capital city of Italy
*Ancient Rome, Roman civilization from 8th century BC to 5th century AD
*Roman people, the people of ancient Rome
*''Epistle to the Romans'', shortened to ''Romans'', a letter ...
dome
A dome () is an architectural element similar to the hollow upper half of a sphere. There is significant overlap with the term cupola, which may also refer to a dome or a structure on top of a dome. The precise definition of a dome has been a m ...
, resembled a four-faced
Greek temple
Greek temples ( grc, ναός, naós, dwelling, semantically distinct from Latin , "temple") were structures built to house deity statues within Greek sanctuaries in ancient Greek religion. The temple interiors did not serve as meeting places, s ...
topped with a dome. It had 36 fluted Doric
column
A column or pillar in architecture and structural engineering is a structural element that transmits, through compression, the weight of the structure above to other structural elements below. In other words, a column is a compression member. ...
s, each carved from a single piece of
granite
Granite () is a coarse-grained (phaneritic) intrusive igneous rock composed mostly of quartz, alkali feldspar, and plagioclase. It forms from magma with a high content of silica and alkali metal oxides that slowly cools and solidifies undergro ...
from
Quincy, Massachusetts; each weighed 42
tons (37
metric ton
The tonne ( or ; symbol: t) is a unit of mass equal to 1000 kilograms. It is a non-SI unit accepted for use with SI. It is also referred to as a metric ton to distinguish it from the non-metric units of the short ton (United States c ...
s)
[Custom House]
iBoston.org. Retrieved on 2013-11-07. and cost about $5,200. Only half these actually support the structure; the others are free-standing. They are and 4 inches (162 cm) in diameter and 32 feet (9.7 m) high.
Inside, the
rotunda was capped with a
skylight
A skylight (sometimes called a rooflight) is a light-permitting structure or window, usually made of transparent or translucent glass, that forms all or part of the roof space of a building for daylighting and ventilation purposes.
History
Open ...
dome.
The entire structure sits on filled land and is supported by 3,000 wooden
piles driven through fill to
bedrock
In geology, bedrock is solid Rock (geology), rock that lies under loose material (regolith) within the crust (geology), crust of Earth or another terrestrial planet.
Definition
Bedrock is the solid rock that underlies looser surface mater ...
.
Before land reclamation was done in the mid-19th century, Boston's
waterfront extended right to this building.
Ships moored at
Long Wharf almost touched the eastern face of the building. The Custom House was built at the end of the City docks, to facilitate inspection and registration of cargo.
The
federal government
A federation (also known as a federal state) is a political entity characterized by a union of partially self-governing provinces, states, or other regions under a central federal government (federalism). In a federation, the self-governin ...
used the building to collect maritime duties in the age of Boston clipper ships.
This description of the original Custom House appears in the 1850 Boston Almanac:
:Situated at the head of the dock between Long and Central Wharves, fronts east on the dock, west on India Street, and is in the form of a Greek Cross,
ith
The Ith () is a ridge in Germany's Central Uplands which is up to 439 m high. It lies about 40 km southwest of Hanover and, at 22 kilometres, is the longest line of crags in North Germany.
Geography
Location
The Ith is immediatel ...
the opposite sides and ends being alike. It is long north and south, wide at the ends, and through the centre. It is built on about 3,000 piles, fully secured against decay; the construction throughout is fireproof and of the very best kind.
:The exterior of the building is purely Grecian Doric, not a copy, but adapted to the exigencies and peculiarities of the structure, and consists of a portico
verhangof 6 columns on each side, on a high flight of steps, and an order of engaged columns around the walls, 20 in number, on a high stylobate or basement; the order of engaged columns terminating with 4 andae
ilastersat their intersection with the porticos. The columns are in diameter and high, the shaft being in one place, each weighing about 42 tons.
:The cellar, which is high to the crown of the arches, is principally used for the storage of goods, which are conveyed to it through the basement story. The steam apparatus for warming the whole building (which it does effectively) is situated in the cellar, having easy access to the coal vaults under the sidewalk outside of the building.
:The principal entrances to the basement story are at each end. They are for the receipt of goods for storage. Near the northwest corner, on the west side, is the entrance to the Night Inspectors' apartments, also to the private staircase leading to the Collector's room and the attic. South of the west portico is the entrance to the heating apparatus room, and on the south end is the entrance to the Custom House Truckmen's room. This story consists of rooms for the Night Inspectors, Custom House Truckmen, and Engineer of the Heating Apparatus, also three sets of Water Closets: the remainder is used for storage of goods, weigher's tabs, etc.
:The principal ingress to the entrance story is through the porticos, but it can be entered from the Collector's private staircase, and from two other private staircases in the basement. This story contains apartments and offices for the Assistant Treasurer, the Weighers and Gaugers, the Measurers, Inspectors, Markers, Superintendent of Building, etc. In the centre is a large vestibule, from which two broad flights of steps lead to the principal story, landing in two smaller vestibules therein, lighted by skylights in the roof, and these vestibules communicate with all the apartments in this story. The several rooms are for the Collector, Assistant Collector, Naval Officer, Surveyor, Public Store Keeper, their Deputies and Clerks; and for the facilities of doing business this arrangement is not surpassed. The grand-cross shaped Rotunda, for the general business of the Collector's department, in the centre of this story, is finished in the Grecian
Corinthian order
The Corinthian order (Greek: Κορινθιακός ρυθμός, Latin: ''Ordo Corinthius'') is the last developed of the three principal classical orders of Ancient Greek architecture and Roman architecture. The other two are the Doric order ...
; it is in its greatest length, 59 feet wide, and in the skylight.
:In one of the panels of the Rotunda is inserted a tablet of marble (Dedication Tablet 1847), containing the following inscription: Boston Custom House Building. Authorized by the 23d Congress, A.D. 1835.
Andrew Jackson
Andrew Jackson (March 15, 1767 – June 8, 1845) was an American lawyer, planter, general, and statesman who served as the seventh president of the United States from 1829 to 1837. Before being elected to the presidency, he gained fame as ...
, President U.S.A.;
Levi Woodbury
Levi Woodbury (December 22, 1789September 4, 1851) was an American attorney, jurist, and Democratic politician from New Hampshire. During a four-decade career in public office, Woodbury served as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the U ...
, Sec'y of the Treasury.—Opened August 1st, A.D. 1847,
James K. Polk
James Knox Polk (November 2, 1795 – June 15, 1849) was the 11th president of the United States, serving from 1845 to 1849. He previously was the 13th speaker of the House of Representatives (1835–1839) and ninth governor of Tennessee (183 ...
, President U.S.A.;
Robert J. Walker Sec'y of the Treasury;
Marcus Morton
Marcus Morton (1784 – February 6, 1864) was an American lawyer, jurist, and politician from Taunton, Massachusetts. He served two terms as Governor of Massachusetts and several months as Acting Governor following the death in 1825 of Willia ...
, Collector of the Port; Samuel S. Lewis, Robert G. Shaw, Commissioners;
Ammi Burnham Young
Ammi Burnham Young (June 19, 1798 – March 14, 1874) was a 19th-century American architect whose commissions transitioned from the Greek Revival to the Neo-Renaissance styles. His design of the second Vermont State House brought him fame and su ...
, Architect.
1915–1986
By 1905, increased shipping required the building's expansion. In 1913–1915, the architecture firm
Peabody and Stearns
Peabody & Stearns was a premier architectural firm in the Eastern United States in the late 19th century and early 20th century. Based in Boston, Massachusetts, the firm consisted of Robert Swain Peabody (1845–1917) and John Goddard Stearns J ...
added a tower to the base. It was the tallest building in both Boston and New England for almost half a century, until the
Prudential Tower
The Prudential Tower, also known as the Prudential Building or, colloquially, The Pru,subscription required'The Pru' everyone calls it: a resigned shrug of a name, as flat and uninflected as the wan moue its pronunciation requires." is an Inter ...
surpassed it in 1964.
1986–present
In 1986 when custom officials of the
United States Customs Service
The United States Customs Service was the very first federal law enforcement agency of the U.S. federal government. Established on July 31, 1789, it collected import tariffs, performed other selected border security duties, as well as conducted c ...
moved to the
Thomas P. O'Neill Jr. Federal Building in the
West End, the Custom House on State Street was declared "surplus property". On April 16, 1987, the city of Boston purchased the building from the
General Services Administration
The General Services Administration (GSA) is an independent agency of the United States government established in 1949 to help manage and support the basic functioning of federal agencies. GSA supplies products and communications for U.S. gover ...
. The building remained unoccupied and inaccessible for 14 years. It was converted into an 84-room time share resort by Marriott Vacation Club International starting in 1997.
Since 2003, customs functions lie under the dominion of the
U.S. Customs and Border Protection
United States Customs and Border Protection (CBP) is the largest federal law enforcement agency of the United States Department of Homeland Security. It is the country's primary border control organization, charged with regulating and facilit ...
, housed in Boston's O'Neill Federal Building.
Locations
* Richmond St. and Ann St.; built 1674, demolished 1847. "It was built in 1674, for a Custom House, and used some time for that purpose. Originally, it stood on the water's edge."
* State Street, ca.1770–1805
* Custom House Street (between Broad St. and India St.); ca.1823–1841
* McKinley Square, India Square and State Street, 1849–1986
[Bacon. The book of Boston: fifty years' recollections of the New England. 1916]
Image gallery
Image:1835 CustomHouse BostonBewickCo Boyton Boston map detail.png, Custom House, Custom House St., 1835
Image:1851 CustomHouse Boston byHartwell DearbornsReminiscences.png, Custom House, India St., Boston, ca.1851; engraving by Alonzo Hartwell
Alonzo Hartwell (19 February 1805 in Littleton, Massachusetts – 17 January 1873 in Waltham, Massachusetts) was an engraver and portrait artist in Boston, Massachusetts, in the 19th century. He trained with Abel Bowen in BostonW. J. Linton. The ...
Image:1870 FinancialDistrict Boston map byFFuchs JohnWeik detail2.png, Overview of Boston's Financial District and harbor, showing the Custom House, next to State Street Block (Boston)
State Street Block (built 1857) is a granite building near the waterfront in the Financial District of Boston, Massachusetts. Architect Gridley James Fox Bryant designed it. In the 1850s "the Long and Central Wharf Corporation ... sold each bay to ...
, between Long Wharf and India Wharf
India Wharf (1804-c. 1962) in Boston, Massachusetts, flourished in the 19th century, when it was one of the largest commercial wharves in the port. The structure began in 1804 to accommodate international trade at a time when several other improve ...
, 1870
Image:1899 BroadSt Boston map byAEDowns BPL.png, Overview of Boston's Financial District, showing the Custom House, India St., 1899
See also
*
Custom House Tower
The Custom House Tower is a skyscraper in McKinley Square, in the Financial District neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. The original building was constructed in 1837–47 and was designed by Ammi Burnham Young in the Greek Revival style. The ...
, built 1915
*
Custom House District
Custom House District is a historic district in Boston, Massachusetts, located between the Fitzgerald Expressway (now Purchase St. / the Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy Greenway) and Kilby Street and South Market and High and Batterymarch Streets. Nam ...
References
Further reading
* A State of importations from Great-Britain into the port of Boston. From the beginning of January 1770. To which is added an account of all the goods that have been re-shipt from the above port for Great-Britain, since January 1769. The whole taken from the Custom-House of the Port of Boston. 1770.
* Boston, December 2, 1773. Whereas it has been reported that a permit will be given by the Custom-House for landing the tea now on board a vessel laying in this harbour, commanded by Capt. Hall. ... it was solemnly voted by the body of the people of this and the neighbouring towns assembled at the Old-South Meeting House on Tuesday the 30th day of November, that the said tea never should be landed in this province, or pay one farthing of duty ...
* New Custom-House, Boston.
Merry's Museum
''Merry's Museum'' (1841–1872) was an illustrated children's magazine established by Samuel Griswold Goodrich in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1841. Louisa May Alcott served as editor for a year or so, and also contributed stories, as did Lucretia ...
, 1841
Google books* Morison. Custom-House Records in Massachusetts, as a Source of History. Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, Third Series, Vol. 54, 1921, p. 324+
* Daniel Bluestone. Civic and Aesthetic Reserve: Ammi Burnham Young's 1850s Federal Customhouse Designs. Winterthur Portfolio, Vol. 25, No. 2/3 (Summer – Autumn, 1990), pp. 131–156.
External links
Google news archive Articles about Boston's customs house
* City of Boston
Landmarks Commission https://www.cityofboston.gov/images_documents/U.S.%20Custom%20House%20Study%20Report%20108_tcm3-43424.pdf US Custom House Study Report], 1986
{{Coord, 42.3591, -71.0535, type:landmark_region:US-MA, display=title
Government buildings completed in 1674
Government buildings completed in 1810
Government buildings completed in 1849
Rotundas (architecture)
Custom houses in the United States
Ammi B. Young buildings
1674 establishments in Massachusetts
Custom houses on the National Register of Historic Places
National Register of Historic Places in Boston
Government buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
Landmarks in Financial District, Boston
Government buildings in Boston