Borys Dmytrovych Hrinchenko ( uk, Борис Дмитрович Грінченко, December 9, 1863 – May 6, 1910) was a classical

Ukrainian Ukrainian may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to Ukraine * Something relating to Ukrainians, an East Slavic people from Eastern Europe * Something relating to demographics of Ukraine in terms of demography and population of Ukraine * So ...

prose Prose is a form of written or spoken language that follows the natural flow of speech, uses a language's ordinary grammatical structures, or follows the conventions of formal academic writing. It differs from most traditional poetry, where the f ...

writer A writer is a person who uses written words in different writing styles and techniques to communicate ideas. Writers produce different forms of literary art and creative writing such as novels, short stories, books, poetry, travelogues, p ...

, political activist,

historian A historian is a person who studies and writes about the past and is regarded as an authority on it. Historians are concerned with the continuous, methodical narrative and research of past events as relating to the human race; as well as the stu ...

, publicist, and ethnographer. He was instrumental in the Ukrainian cultural revival of the late 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. Author of the first

dictionary A dictionary is a listing of lexemes from the lexicon of one or more specific languages, often arranged alphabetically (or by radical and stroke for ideographic languages), which may include information on definitions, usage, etymologies ...

of the Ukrainian language, editor of a number of Ukrainian periodicals. He advocated the spread of the Ukrainian language in schools and institutions. Hrinchenko was an editor of various Ukrainian periodicals. He was one of the founders of the Ukrainian Democratic Party. Hrinchenko also was an author of seminal ethnographic, lexicographic, and pedagogical works, literary studies, historical reviews, the first textbooks in the Ukrainian language, particularly ''Native word'', the school-book for reading. He was an editor of the four-volume ''Словарь української мови'' (Ukrainian Dictionary; "

Kievskaia starina ''Kievskaia starina'' (russian: Киевская старина, literally "Kievan antiquity") was a monthly historically ethographic and literary chronicle. It was published in Kyiv during 1882–1907 in Russian, and then in Ukrainian in 1906. ...

" publishing, Kyiv 1907–1909). One of the organizers and the first director of the Prosvita Society in

Kyiv Kyiv, also spelled Kiev, is the capital and most populous city of Ukraine. It is in north-central Ukraine along the Dnieper, Dnieper River. As of 1 January 2021, its population was 2,962,180, making Kyiv the List of European cities by populat ...

Biography

Borys Hrinchenko was born on December 9, 1863, in the khutir of Vilkhovy Yar, in the

Kharkiv Governorate Kharkiv Governorate ( uk, Харківська губернія, translit=Kharkivska huberniia) was a governorate of Ukraine from 1918 to 1925. The region was re-established in 1918 as the Kharkov Governorate plus southern regions of Kursk Gover ...

of the

Russian Empire The Russian Empire was an empire and the final period of the Russian monarchy from 1721 to 1917, ruling across large parts of Eurasia. It succeeded the Tsardom of Russia following the Treaty of Nystad, which ended the Great Northern War. ...

(today, a village of Ruski Tyshky,

Kharkiv Raion Kharkiv Raion ( uk, Харківський район) is a raion (district) of Kharkiv Oblast in eastern Ukraine. Its administrative center is the city of Kharkiv. Population: On 18 July 2020, as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, ...

), but was baptized in the Archangel-Michael church in a village of Borshcheve. His father was a retired army officer of an impoverished noble heritage. His mother Poliksenia Litryova, a daughter of a colonel.Cherkaska, H.
Borys Hrinchenko and his Ukrainian feat
'. Uamodna. 22 December 2014 His family possessed 19

desyatinas A dessiatin or desyatina (russian: десятина) is an archaic, rudimentary land measurement used in tsarist Russia. A dessiatin is equal to 2,400 square sazhens and is approximately equivalent to 2.702 English acres or 10,926.512 square metres ...

() of land, mostly forest and a water mill. His father knew

well and used it only when talked with neighboring peasants, whereas at home everyone in the family spoke Russian. Early learning to read, the boy found an uncontrollable attraction to books. He studied at a real school in

Kharkiv Kharkiv ( uk, wikt:Харків, Ха́рків, ), also known as Kharkov (russian: Харькoв, ), is the second-largest List of cities in Ukraine, city and List of hromadas of Ukraine, municipality in Ukraine.realschule), young Hrinchenko was

home schooled Homeschooling or home schooling, also known as home education or elective home education (EHE), is the education of school-aged children at home or a variety of places other than a school. Usually conducted by a parent, tutor, or an onlin ...

. In 1874 he entered the Kharkiv Real School. It was then, under the influence of " Kobzar", he began to collect and record heard songs, legends, fairy tales and other folklore materials. Borys Hrinchenko calls

Walter Scott Sir Walter Scott, 1st Baronet (15 August 1771 – 21 September 1832), was a Scottish novelist, poet, playwright and historian. Many of his works remain classics of European and Scottish literature, notably the novels ''Ivanhoe'', ''Rob Roy (n ...

George Byron George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron (22 January 1788 – 19 April 1824), known simply as Lord Byron, was an English romantic poet and peer. He was one of the leading figures of the Romantic movement, and has been regarded as among the ...

Victor Hugo Victor-Marie Hugo (; 26 February 1802 – 22 May 1885) was a French Romantic writer and politician. During a literary career that spanned more than sixty years, he wrote in a variety of genres and forms. He is considered to be one of the great ...

Alexander Pushkin Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin (; rus, links=no, Александр Сергеевич ПушкинIn pre-Revolutionary script, his name was written ., r=Aleksandr Sergeyevich Pushkin, p=ɐlʲɪkˈsandr sʲɪrˈɡʲe(j)ɪvʲɪtɕ ˈpuʂkʲɪn, ...

Nikolay Nekrasov Nikolay Alexeyevich Nekrasov ( rus, Никола́й Алексе́евич Некра́сов, p=nʲɪkɐˈlaj ɐlʲɪkˈsʲejɪvʲɪtɕ nʲɪˈkrasəf, a=Ru-Nikolay_Alexeyevich_Nekrasov.ogg, – ) was a Russian poet, writer, critic and publi ...

and

Aleksey Koltsov Aleksey Vasilievich Koltsov (russian: link=no, Алексе́й Васи́льевич Кольцо́в; October 15, 1809 – October 29, 1842) was a Russian poet who has been called a Russian Burns. His poems, frequently placed in the mouth of wom ...

"the first literary teachers." They contributed to the formation of the strong-willed character of the writer. From 1874 to 1879 he studied at the Kharkiv Real School, where he became close to populist circles. At the fifth grade he was imprisoned on 29 December 1879 "for possession and distribution" of Serhiy Podolynsky's banned book "Steam Machine" ( uk, Парова машина, 1875). He was excluded from school and spent couple of months in prison where he became sick on

tuberculosis Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by '' Mycobacterium tuberculosis'' (MTB) bacteria. Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but it can also affect other parts of the body. Most infections show no symptoms, in ...

. Acquired self-education allowed Hrinchenko to pass exams for the title of public teacher at

Kharkiv University The Kharkiv University or Karazin University ( uk, Каразінський університет), or officially V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University ( uk, Харківський національний університет імені ...

. After passing the exams for the title of people's teacher at Kharkiv University, Hrinchenko taught in Slobozhanshchina and Ekaterinoslavshchina from 1881 to 1893 (except in 1886–1887, when he was a statistician in the Kherson Provincial Zemstvo). In 1887 he lived with his young wife in the

Donbas The Donbas or Donbass (, ; uk, Донба́с ; russian: Донба́сс ) is a historical, cultural, and economic region in eastern Ukraine. Parts of the Donbas are controlled by Russian separatist groups as a result of the Russo-Ukrai ...

in the village of Oleksiyivka (Katerynoslav province, now Luhansk region) and worked at the folk school of Christa Alchevskaya. In 1891, the Brotherhood of Tarasivtsi was founded, and Hrinchenko soon became an active member of it. He taught in the villages of Kharkiv, Sumy, Ekaterinoslav. He writes a lot, his works are regularly published in magazines and almanacs. His poetry collections "Songs of Vasyl Chaichenko" (1884), "Under the Village Roof" (1886), "Under the Cloudy Sky" (1893), "Songs and Thoughts" (1895), and "Minutes" (1903) were published. From 1884 to 1900 he worked in the Chernihiv Zemstvo and actively cooperated with the local community. At the expense of Ivan Cherevatenko, he organized the publishing of popular books in Ukrainian in

Dnieper } The Dnieper () or Dnipro (); , ; . is one of the major transboundary rivers of Europe, rising in the Valdai Hills near Smolensk, Russia, before flowing through Belarus and Ukraine to the Black Sea. It is the longest river of Ukraine and B ...

Ukraine (On Thunder and Lightning, The Great Sahara Desert, Jeanne d'Arc, biographies of Ivan Kotlyarevsky, Yevhen Hrebinka, Hryhoriy Kvitka-Osnovyanenko, and others. ). From 1902 he lived and worked in Kyiv. From 1904 he became one of the leaders of the newly formed Ukrainian Democratic Party. While working in the zemstvo, Hrinchenko wrote a dilogy "In the middle of the dark night" (1901) and "Under the quiet willows" (1902), published plays "Forest Stars" (1897), "Cloud" (1897), "Steppe Guest" (1898), "Among the Storms" (1899), "On Public Work" (1901). B. Hrinchenko was an extremely hard-working man. Being a true patriot, he published "Ethnographic Materials Collected in Chernihiv and Neighboring Provinces" in three volumes (1895-1899), "From the Mouth" (1900), and "Literature of Ukrainian Folklore (1777-1900)" (1901). In 1902 the writer moved to

. Here, together with his wife Maria Zahirna, he worked on compiling his top work, the four-volume Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language (1907-1909). This outstanding work was awarded an academic prize. At the end of 1904 he headed the left wing of the UDP, which formed the

Ukrainian Radical Party The Ukrainian Radical Party, (URP), ( uk, Українська радикальна партія, УPП, ''Ukrajinśka Radykaľna Partija'') founded in October 1890 as Ruthenian-Ukrainian Radical Party and based on the radical movement in wester ...

, and at the end of 1905 it merged with the UDP into the

Ukrainian Democratic Radical Party Ukrainian Democratic Party (UDP), was a Ukrainian party that existed in Kiev in since 1897 first as a clandestine General Ukrainian nonpartisan democratic organization that grew into a political party just before the 1905 Russian revolution. The 1 ...

. From 1906 he was an employee of the newspaper Hromadska Dumka and editor of the magazine Nova Hromada. In 1906-1909 he headed the Kyiv Prosvita. Hrinchenko belonged to the group of the most prominent representatives of Ukrainian populism. During the period of the greatest scale of the great-power chauvinist policy of the Russian government in Ukraine, he advocated the consistent conduct of national and cultural work among Ukrainian society. He expressed his political views in his program of the UDRP and in "Letters from Dnieper Ukraine" (Bukovina newspaper, 1892–1893). In 1905, on the initiative of Hrinchenko and others, the All-Ukrainian Teachers' Union (VUUS) was formed, a professional Ukrainian organization of teachers and public educators. After the return of

Mykhailo Hrushevsky Mykhailo Serhiiovych Hrushevsky ( uk, Михайло Сергійович Грушевський, Chełm, – Kislovodsk, 24 November 1934) was a Ukrainian academician, politician, historian and statesman who was one of the most important figure ...

from Lviv to Kyiv, Hrinchenko sowed enmity and distrust of everything in Galicia (his personal motive was his disapproval of Mykhailo Hrushevsky). On behalf of the Kyiv Community, he collected materials and edited the Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language for 2 years, which included 70,000 Ukrainian words from literary works and folklore sources. The dictionary was published in 4 volumes (vols. 1–4, 1907–1909). This work by Hrinchenko even received an award from the Russian Academy of Sciences. It was an outstanding work of the early twentieth century, which was republished for the second time in 49 years. The writer's health, undermined by

(the consequences of the Kharkiv imprisonment), could not withstand the tense, continuous rhythm. The last straw of his life was the death of his daughter Nastya and her young son. The sharp exacerbation of the disease forced the writer to go for treatment in the Kingdom of Italy. He died on May 6, 1910, in the town of Ospedaletti in

Liguria Liguria (; lij, Ligûria ; french: Ligurie) is a Regions of Italy, region of north-western Italy; its Capital city, capital is Genoa. Its territory is crossed by the Alps and the Apennine Mountains, Apennines Mountain chain, mountain range and is ...

Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical re ...

. Hrinchenko was buried in Kyiv, in the Baikove Cemetery.

Bibliographic activity

Hrinchenko was one of the active contributors to the critical and bibliographic department of the Zorya magazine. He published his consolidated works on the current bibliography under the title "News of Ukrainian Literature" and "New Ukrainian Books" under the pseudonyms V. Chainenko and V. Vilkhivsky. These were information and bibliographic messages with cursory evaluations of publications or collections of reviews. The bibliographer submitted such a consolidated material in 1886 and 1889. In the 1890s he published separate reviews in Zora, and sometimes evaluated Lviv books. Hrinchenko demanded that the Zorya editorial office work systematically on current bibliographic information, pointed to insufficient review of Galician printing houses, omissions of certain works, and advocated the publication of reviews of monthly periodicals. Hrinchenko paid special attention to literature for public reading. He dedicated a special article "Popular Books" to her, often responding to novelties in this literature.

Works

He began his literary career in the 1980s. Author of about 50 short stories ("Wonderful Girl", 1884; "Exam", 1884; "Without Bread", 1884; "Alone, All Alone", 1885; "Olesya", 1890; "Stolen", 1891; "Bell", 1897, etc.), novels "Sunbeam", 1890; "At the Crossroads", 1891; "In the Middle of the Dark Night", 1900; "Under the Silent Willows", 1901), collections of poetry, "Songs of Vasily Chaichenko", 1884; "Under the village roof", 1886; "Under the cloudy sky", 1893, etc.). Dramas are devoted to the historical theme: "Among the Storms" (1897), "The Steppe Guest" (1897), and "Clear Stars" (1884-1900). He translated works by

Friedrich Schiller Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller (, short: ; 10 November 17599 May 1805) was a German playwright, poet, and philosopher. During the last seventeen years of his life (1788–1805), Schiller developed a productive, if complicated, friends ...

, Johann-Wolfgang Goethe,

Heinrich Heine Christian Johann Heinrich Heine (; born Harry Heine; 13 December 1797 – 17 February 1856) was a German poet, writer and literary critic. He is best known outside Germany for his early lyric poetry, which was set to music in the form of '' Lied ...

and others. He organized and published in three books "Ethnographic materials collected in Chernihiv and neighboring provinces" (vols. 1–3, 1895–99). He owns valuable collections of folk art "Songs and Thoughts" (1895), "Dumas of the Kobzar" (1897), "Merry Storyteller" (1898), "From the mouth of the people. Little Russian stories, fairy tales, etc. " (1901) and others. Working fruitfully in the field of public education, he set out his pedagogical views in the works: "What is now a public school in Ukraine" (1896), "People's teachers and the Ukrainian school" (1906), "On the path of ignorance. About the Ukrainian school "(1906) and others. He fought for the education of Ukrainian children in their native language, advocated the purity of the Ukrainian literary language. He created several school textbooks, including "Ukrainian Grammar", "Native Word". One of the brightest works of Hrinchenko is the poem "To compatriots who once a year gather to sing the anthem on Shevchenko's anniversary" (1898), in which the poet expressed his vision of the attitude of the Ukrainian pseudo-intelligentsia to Ukraine.

Memory

* A monument to Borys Hrinchenko was unveiled in Kyiv on August 22, 2011 (sculptor Mykola Obeziuk and architect Mykola Bosenko). * The Taras Shevchenko All-Ukrainian Enlightenment Society annually awards the Borys Hrinchenko Prize to scientists, educators, public and political figures who have made a significant contribution to the development of independent Ukraine, the establishment of the state Ukrainian language, development of national culture, revival of historical memory and formation of national consciousness. and raising the spirituality and well-being of the Ukrainian people, educational and ascetic activities in the name of Ukraine. * On July 4, 2012, the Ukrainian Parliament adopted the Resolution "On the celebration of the 150th anniversary of the birth of Borys Hrinchenko". * On November 22, 2013, the National Bank of Ukraine put into circulation a commemorative coin "Borys Hrinchenko" with a face value of ₴2. * Hrinchenko Streets in Lviv and Kyiv. * The village of Hrinchenkove (Chupakhiv village OTG) in the Sumy region

Borys Hrinchenko Kyiv University

Scientific and pedagogical staff, students of the

Borys Hrinchenko Kyiv University Borys Grinchenko Kyiv Metropolitan University ( uk, Київський столичний університет імені Бориса Грінченка) is a higher education institution. The university was established by Kyiv municipal co ...

take care of the grave of the Scientist in Kyiv at the Baykovo Cemetery. To the 145th anniversary of B. Hrinchenko's birth, a badge "For personal contribution to the development of the University" was developed and a nominal scholarship for the best students was introduced. The first badge "For personal contribution to the development of the University" with a bas-relief of Hrinchenko was given to the wife of the former rector of the Interregional Institute for Teacher Training Victor Hryhorovych Slyusarenko (now deceased). In 2011, on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of Ukraine's independence, a monument to Borys Hrinchenko was unveiled in Kyiv, built at the expense of teachers and students of the

with the support of the

Kyiv City State Administration Kyiv City State Administration ( uk, Київська міська державна адміністрація, translit=Kyivska miska derzhavna administratsiia), is the national-level branch of the Government of Ukraine that administers Kyiv, t ...

. Biographical and literary portal "Hrinchenko online" contains the results of research on the life and work of Boris Dmitrievich, as well as the most complete library of his works on the Internet, the uniqueness of which lies in the chronological categorizer by periods of artistic activity. The resource was developed by computer science students Ivan Stepura and Milana Sablina, who took the first place with him at the All-Ukrainian student scientific-practical conference "Boris Hrinchenko through the eyes of students of the XXI century".

Museum in Luhansk region

The Hrinchenko Memorial Museum is located in the village of Oleksiyivka, Perevalsky District. “A short steppe path leads to the museum. In the yard of Oleksiyivska School there is an old building, in front of which stands a monument to a talented teacher, prominent writer and publicist, critic and linguist, publisher and public figure - Borys Dmytrovych Hrinchenko. " The Resolution of the Verkhovna Rada of 2013 on the celebration of the 150th anniversary of the birth of Borys Hrinchenko noted that by the date of birth (December 9) the Luhansk Regional Council and Luhansk Regional State Administration will provide repair and restoration work at the Hrinchenko Memorial Museum in Mykhailivtsi, Perevalskyi district, Luhansk region.

English Translations

English translations of Borys Hrinchenko's works include: * "Brother against Brother";Hrinchenko, B., 1998
''Brother against Brother''
pp.160-217, Language Lantern Publications, Toronto, (Engl. transl. * "January 9th"

Bibliography

Bibliography
at

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References

External links

* Hlobenko, M.
Borys Hrinchenko
'.

Encyclopedia of Ukraine The ''Encyclopedia of Ukraine'' ( uk, Енциклопедія українознавства, translit=Entsyklopediia ukrainoznavstva), published from 1984 to 2001, is a fundamental work of Ukrainian Studies. Development The work was creat ...

* Roszkowski, W., Kofman, J.
Borys Hrinchenko
'. Biographical Dictionary of Central and Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century.

Routledge Routledge () is a British multinational publisher. It was founded in 1836 by George Routledge, and specialises in providing academic books, journals and online resources in the fields of the humanities, behavioural science, education, law, and ...

, 2016
Hrinchenko's works

Biography and his works

Hrinchenko at chytanka.com
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hrinchenko Borys 1863 births 1910 deaths People from Kharkiv Oblast People from Kharkov Governorate National University of Kharkiv alumni Ukrainian people in the Russian Empire Ukrainian writers Ukrainian politicians Ukrainian ethnographers 19th-century Ukrainian historians Prosvita Ukrainian victims of human rights abuses Burials at Baikove Cemetery