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The bordered white or pine looper (''Bupalus piniaria''), is a
moth
Moths are a paraphyletic group of insects that includes all members of the order Lepidoptera that are not butterflies, with moths making up the vast majority of the order. There are thought to be approximately 160,000 species of moth, many of w ...
of the
family
Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ...
Geometridae. Among these, it belongs to
tribe
The term tribe is used in many different contexts to refer to a category of human social group. The predominant worldwide usage of the term in English language, English is in the discipline of anthropology. This definition is contested, in p ...
Bupalini of the
subfamily
In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: ', plural ') is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus. Standard nomenclature rules end subfamily botanical names with "-oideae", and zoologi ...
Ennominae. ''B. piniaria'' is a common species throughout the western
Palearctic
The Palearctic or Palaearctic is the largest of the eight biogeographic realms of the Earth. It stretches across all of Eurasia north of the foothills of the Himalayas, and North Africa.
The realm consists of several bioregions: the Euro-Sibe ...
region, the
Near East
The ''Near East''; he, המזרח הקרוב; arc, ܕܢܚܐ ܩܪܒ; fa, خاور نزدیک, Xāvar-e nazdik; tr, Yakın Doğu is a geographical term which roughly encompasses a transcontinental region in Western Asia, that was once the hist ...
and North
Africa
Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area ...
. However, its presence in certain regions – e.g. the northern
Balkans
The Balkans ( ), also known as the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographical area in southeastern Europe with various geographical and historical definitions. The region takes its name from the Balkan Mountains that stretch throughout the who ...
– is doubtful.
It is (under its original
scientific name
In taxonomy, binomial nomenclature ("two-term naming system"), also called nomenclature ("two-name naming system") or binary nomenclature, is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, bot ...
''Phalaena piniaria'') the
type species
In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specimen ...
of its
genus
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...
''
Bupalus
Bupalus ( el, Βούπαλος) and Athenis ( el, Ἄθηνις), were sons of Archermus, and members of the celebrated school of sculpture in marble which flourished in Chios in the 6th century BC. They were contemporaries of the poet Hipponax, ...
'', as well as the
junior objective synonyms ''Catograpta'', ''Chleuastes'' and ''Phaophyga'', and the
preoccupied
The Botanical and Zoological Codes of nomenclature treat the concept of synonymy differently.
* In botanical nomenclature, a synonym is a scientific name that applies to a taxon that (now) goes by a different scientific name. For example, Linn ...
''
Bupala''. Via its genus, it is also the type of the Bupalini.
Three
subspecies
In biological classification, subspecies is a rank below species, used for populations that live in different areas and vary in size, shape, or other physical characteristics (morphology), but that can successfully interbreed. Not all species ...
are generally recognized, while two additional ones are doubtfully distinct:
* ''Bupalus piniaria bernieri''
de Lajonquiere, 1958
* ''Bupalus piniaria espagnolus''
Eitschberger & Steiniger, 1975
* ''Bupalus piniaria flavescens''
White, 1876 (usually included in ''piniaria'')
* ''Bupalus piniaria mughusaria''
Gumppenberg, 1887 (usually included in ''piniaria'')
* ''Bupalus piniaria piniaria''
(Linnaeus, 1758)
In addition, many
form
Form is the shape, visual appearance, or configuration of an object. In a wider sense, the form is the way something happens.
Form also refers to:
*Form (document), a document (printed or electronic) with spaces in which to write or enter data
...
s (e.g. ''kolleri'') have also been named.
Description and ecology
File:Bupalus piniaria femelle par Nemos.jpg, Upperwings of southern adult female
File:Bupalus.piniaria.7489.jpg, Underwings of adult male from Dresden
Dresden (, ; Upper Saxon: ''Dräsdn''; wen, label=Upper Sorbian, Drježdźany) is the capital city of the German state of Saxony and its second most populous city, after Leipzig. It is the 12th most populous city of Germany, the fourth larg ...
(Germany)
File:Bupalus.piniaria.7513.jpg, Underwings of adult female from Dresden (Germany)
File:Bupalus piniarius 1 beentree.jpg, Caterpillar
Caterpillars ( ) are the larval stage of members of the order Lepidoptera (the insect order comprising butterflies and moths).
As with most common names, the application of the word is arbitrary, since the larvae of sawflies (suborder Sym ...
File:Bupalus_piniaria_ova.jpg, Eggs
This moth is an inhabitant of
coniferous
Conifers are a group of cone-bearing seed plants, a subset of gymnosperms. Scientifically, they make up the division Pinophyta (), also known as Coniferophyta () or Coniferae. The division contains a single extant class, Pinopsida. All extant ...
woodland
A woodland () is, in the broad sense, land covered with trees, or in a narrow sense, synonymous with wood (or in the U.S., the ''plurale tantum'' woods), a low-density forest forming open habitats with plenty of sunlight and limited shade (see ...
. The adults fly in May and June, sometimes later (up to August or so) in the north of the range. Their
wingspan
The wingspan (or just span) of a bird or an airplane is the distance from one wingtip to the other wingtip. For example, the Boeing 777–200 has a wingspan of , and a wandering albatross (''Diomedea exulans'') caught in 1965 had a wingspan of ...
is 34–40 mm. This is a variable species with strong
sexual dimorphism
Sexual dimorphism is the condition where the sexes of the same animal and/or plant species exhibit different morphological characteristics, particularly characteristics not directly involved in reproduction. The condition occurs in most ani ...
, always conspicuous in the
antennae which are combed in the males and plain in the females. Females, particularly when filled with ripe eggs, also have a plumper
abdomen
The abdomen (colloquially called the belly, tummy, midriff, tucky or stomach) is the part of the body between the thorax (chest) and pelvis, in humans and in other vertebrates. The abdomen is the front part of the abdominal segment of the torso. ...
.
The male has upperwings with broad dark brown borders and spots and a background varying from white in the north to deep yellow in southern populations. The female is plainer, varying from yellow to brown on the upperwings, which have slightly darker crosswise stripes. In both sexes, the wingtips are darkest. The underwings are less dimorphic, orange-brown with darker tips on the forewings and marbled light brown with a whitish lengthwise stripe on the hindwings in both sexes. The male's underwings have a wider whitish hindwing stripe and darker forewing tips, while the females have a more contrasting hindwing pattern. All four wings are bordered by a short fringe of alternating sections of white and dark brown hairs. Bilateral
gynandromorphs are easily recognized in this species.
The
caterpillar
Caterpillars ( ) are the larval stage of members of the order Lepidoptera (the insect order comprising butterflies and moths).
As with most common names, the application of the word is arbitrary, since the larvae of sawflies (suborder Sym ...
larva
A larva (; plural larvae ) is a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults. Animals with indirect development such as insects, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase of their life cycle.
The ...
is green with pale lines and usually feeds on various species of
pine
A pine is any conifer tree or shrub in the genus ''Pinus'' () of the family Pinaceae. ''Pinus'' is the sole genus in the subfamily Pinoideae. The World Flora Online created by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Missouri Botanical Garden accep ...
(''Pinus''), especially
Scots pine (''P. sylvestris'') and
European black pine (''P. nigra''). It has also been recorded feeding on
Douglas-fir (''Pseudotsuga''),
larch (''Larix'') and
spruce
A spruce is a tree of the genus ''Picea'' (), a genus of about 35 species of coniferous evergreen trees in the family Pinaceae, found in the northern temperate and boreal (taiga) regions of the Earth. ''Picea'' is the sole genus in the subfami ...
(''Picea'', e.g.
Norway spruce
''Picea abies'', the Norway spruce or European spruce, is a species of spruce native to Northern, Central and Eastern Europe.
It has branchlets that typically hang downwards, and the largest cones of any spruce, 9–17 cm long. It is very close ...
''P. abies''). This species overwinters as a
pupa
A pupa ( la, pupa, "doll"; plural: ''pupae'') is the life stage of some insects undergoing transformation between immature and mature stages. Insects that go through a pupal stage are holometabolous: they go through four distinct stages in their ...
. It can be a serious pest in conifer
plantation
A plantation is an agricultural estate, generally centered on a plantation house, meant for farming that specializes in cash crops, usually mainly planted with a single crop, with perhaps ancillary areas for vegetables for eating and so on. The ...
s.
[Skinner (1984), Chinery (2007): 180, and see references in Savela (2001)]
Footnotes
References
* (2007): ''Domino Guide to the Insects of Britain and Western Europe'' (Revised ed.). A. & C. Black, London.
* (2009)
''Bupalus piniaria'' Version 2.1, 22 December 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2010.
* (2004)
Butterflies and Moths of the World, Generic Names and their Type-species&ndash
''Bupalus'' Version of 5 November 2004. Retrieved 13 May 2010.
* (1942): Ein geteilter Zwitter von ''Bupalus piniarius'' L.
A bilateral gynandromorph of the Bordered White" ''Zeitschrift des Wiener Entomologen-Vereins'' 27: 287-288
n German
N, or n, is the fourteenth letter in the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is ''en'' (pronounced ), plural ''ens''.
History
...
br>
PDF fulltext* (2001): Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and some other life forms &ndash
'sic''">sic.html" ;"title="'sic">'sic'' Version of 1 October 2001. Retrieved 13 May 2010.
* (1984): ''Colour Identification Guide to Moths of the British Isles''.
External links
Bordered white at ''UKMoths''
''Vlindernet.nl''
{{Taxonbar">from=Q24342
Bupalini
Moths described in 1758
Moths of Europe">Moths_described_in_1758.html" ;"title="Bupalini
Moths described in 1758">Bupalini
Moths described in 1758
Moths of Europe
Moths of Asia
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus